The DOI matches its Crossref record; 134 of the 134 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 39 of the 126 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing?
Open accessAbstract
Adolescence is a period of formative biological and social transition. Social cognitive processes involved in navigating increasingly complex and intimate relationships continue to develop throughout adolescence. Here, we describe the functional and structural changes occurring in the brain during this period of life and how they relate to navigating the social environment. Areas of the social brain undergo both structural changes and functional reorganization during the second decade of life, possibly reflecting a sensitive period for adapting to one's social environment. The changes in social environment that occur during adolescence might interact with increasing executive functions and heightened social sensitivity to influence a number of adolescent behaviors. We discuss the importance of considering the social environment and social rewards in research on adolescent cognition and behavior. Finally, we speculate about the potential implications of this research for society.
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Claims the paper makes
46 No full text of the sources · 24 Supported · 22 Own interpretation · 17 Sources not found · 10 Partly supported · 5 Not checked yet · 2 Supported so far · 2 No basis given · accuracy not yet measured
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Mild stress exposure during the pubertal transition in rats (postnatal days 28-42) increases risk-taking and noveltyseeking behavior and decreases anxious behavior in later adolescence (postnatal days 45-51), suggesting that stress experienced during puberty motivates the rats to hasten independencebuilding behaviors (Toledo-Rodriguez & Sandi 2011).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES OF SOCIAL ISOLATION IN ADOLESCENCE
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Toledo-Rodriguez & Sandi 2011 source
The Abstract reports stress exposure on postnatal days 28–42 and increased risk-taking and novelty seeking, alongside decreased anxiety-like behavior, on days 45–51. The Discussion describes the resulting behaviors as an exacerbation of independence-building behaviors during adolescence. (LLM, conf=0.94)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Introspective awareness of one's performance on a perceptual task also improves across adolescence, following a trajectory similar to mentalizing (Weil et al. 2013).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Social Cognitive Development in Adolescence
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Weil et al. 2013 source
The Discussion reports that metacognitive ability—awareness of one’s own task performance—improves across adolescence. It also says that previous mentalising studies found a similar improvement, while noting that this study did not include a mentalising task. (LLM, conf=0.91)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Although much evidence for adolescence as a sensitive period for social processing comes from rodent studies, there is evidence that socioenvironmental conditions experienced during human adolescence can impact attitudes toward health and reproduction in young adulthood (Brumbach et al. 2009).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES OF SOCIAL ISOLATION IN ADOLESCENCE
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Brumbach et al. 2009 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Structural Model) link harsh and unpredictable adolescent environments to life-history strategy in young adulthood. But the young-adult measures described in Results (Measurement Model) are health, sexual behavior, and contraception use—not attitudes toward health or reproduction specifically. (LLM, conf=0.83)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Although this idea remains contentious, there exists a network of brain regions consistently involved in social cognitive processes (Adolphs 2009, Frith 2007).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > SOCIAL BRAIN NETWORK
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Adolphs 2009 source
In “Perceiving Social Stimuli” (page not supplied), Adolphs describes a set of brain structures involved in social behavior and a scheme linking multiple regions in social information processing. “Evaluating Social Stimuli” (page not supplied) also describes regions routinely activated during relevant emotional and social processes. The paper treats specialization of these regions as an open question, consistent with the citing sentence’s caveat. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Supportedcites Frith 2007 source
Section 1, “The social brain” (page not provided), identifies several brain regions involved in social cognition and says imaging evidence has supported the proposed social brain. It also reports that medial prefrontal regions have been consistently implicated in mental-state tasks, supporting the citing sentence’s qualified description of a network. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Mild stress exposure during the pubertal transition in rats (postnatal days 28-42) increases risk-taking and noveltyseeking behavior and decreases anxious behavior in later adolescence (postnatal days 45-51), suggesting that stress experienced during puberty motivates the rats to hasten independencebuilding behaviors (Toledo-Rodriguez & Sandi 2011).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES OF SOCIAL ISOLATION IN ADOLESCENCE
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Toledo-Rodriguez & Sandi 2011 source
The Abstract reports that peri-pubertal stress on postnatal days 28–42 decreased anxiety-like behavior during late adolescence, on days 45–51. The Discussion likewise states that stress reduced anxiety-like behavior in adolescent male and female rats. (LLM, conf=0.94)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“suggesting that stress experienced during puberty motivates the rats to hasten independencebuilding behaviors (Toledo-Rodriguez & Sandi 2011).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES OF SOCIAL ISOLATION IN ADOLESCENCE
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Toledo-Rodriguez & Sandi 2011 source
The Discussion (page not supplied) concludes that peri-pubertal stress increases novelty seeking and risk taking in adolescent rats and suggests that it exacerbates independence-building behavior. This supports the citing sentence’s tentative interpretation. (LLM, conf=0.88)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“These and many other animal studies (reviewed in Toledo-Rodriguez & Sandi 2011) show that stress exposure during adolescence has a significant impact on the adult.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES OF SOCIAL ISOLATION IN ADOLESCENCE
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Toledo-Rodriguez & Sandi 2011 source
The Introduction (page unavailable) says that earlier studies investigated the long-term effects of peri-adolescent stress on adult behavior, endocrine responses, and brain measures. This supports the citing sentence’s broad claim about effects in adulthood, although this paper’s own experiment measured outcomes in late adolescence rather than adulthood. (LLM, conf=0.89)
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“This study correlated longitudinal changes in ventral striatal activity with decreasing susceptibility (i.e., increasing resistance) to peer influence”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Functional Development of the Social Brain Network in Adolescence
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Pfeifer et al. 2011 source
The Results section, under “Longitudinal Relationships between Brain and Behavior,” reports that increases in ventral striatal activity over time were positively correlated with increases in resistance to peer influence over time. That directly supports the citing sentence’s description of decreasing susceptibility to peer influence. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In some studies, higher activity in more posterior regions, such as the pSTS/TPJ (Blakemore et al. 2007), and in the ATC (Burnett et al. 2009), was observed in adults as compared to adolescents.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Mentalizing.
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Blakemore et al. 2007 source
The Functional imaging results report higher right STS activity for intentional versus physical causality in adults than in adolescents. The Discussion describes this as a shift toward posterior STS activity with age. The ATC portion of the citing sentence is attributed to a different paper and is not part of this verdict. (LLM, conf=0.92)
- Not matchedcites Burnett et al. 2009
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Histological studies of postmortem human brain tissue support the idea that the prefrontal cortex continues to undergo synaptic pruning across adolescence (Huttenlocher & Dabholkar 1997, Petanjek et al. 2011).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Structural Development
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Huttenlocher & Dabholkar 1997
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Supportedcites Petanjek et al. 2011 source
The Results (p. 1) describe measuring dendritic spine density in postmortem human prefrontal tissue using the rapid Golgi method. The Discussion (p. 4) concludes that elimination of dendritic spines extends into the third decade of life, supporting pruning across adolescence. (LLM, conf=0.94)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
- Probably not a substantial claim. 19
- It may state two separate claims as one. 37
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“It is suggested that the TPJ is activated specifically in situations when one is inferring the mental states of others rather than just information known about another (Saxe & Kanwisher 2003, Saxe et al. 2009).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > SOCIAL BRAIN NETWORK
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Saxe & Kanwisher 2003 source
- Partly supportedcites Saxe et al. 2009 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper says the right TPJ in adults responds selectively to thinking about mental states rather than other facts about people. But the Discussion reports that this selectivity emerges between ages 6 and 11; in younger children, the response extends to other social information. The claim omits that developmental qualification and refers to the TPJ generally. (LLM, conf=0.85)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In contrast, dmPFC is activated in multiple conditions: when inferring the mental states of others, when reflecting on knowledge of another's traits, and when reflecting on the traits of oneself (Frith 2007).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > SOCIAL BRAIN NETWORK
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Frith 2007 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 6(b) says that mentalizing, judging another person’s dispositions, and judging one’s own dispositions all elicit MPFC activity. But the paper attributes this three-task pattern to MPFC, not specifically to dorsal MPFC (dmPFC); section 6(c) describes the associated activity as anterior rostral MPFC. (LLM, conf=0.82)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Despite these limitations, it is thought that reductions in gray matter volume might reflect synaptic reorganization and/or increases in white matter integrity (Paus et al. 2008).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Structural Development
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Paus et al. 2008 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The “Adolescence = pruning + myelination?” section suggests that reduced synapses could indirectly reduce cortical grey-matter volume and that increased myelination of intra-cortical axons could produce an apparent loss of grey matter. It does not specifically attribute the reduction to increased white-matter integrity, and it cautions that MRI findings cannot be assigned to a single biological process. (LLM, conf=0.84)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Adolescents within socially unpredictable environments not only experienced decreased physical and mental health in the short term but also adopted faster life history strategies in young adulthood, such as decreased health, less sexual restrictedness, and less resource-accruing potential (Brumbach et al. 2009).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES OF SOCIAL ISOLATION IN ADOLESCENCE
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Brumbach et al. 2009 source
The Methods > Measures section defines adolescent health using physical and mental health indicators. Results > Structural Model reports that greater environmental unpredictability was associated with poorer adolescent health and a faster life history strategy in young adulthood; Results > Overview of Findings identifies health, sexual restrictedness, and resource-accruing potential as components of that young-adult strategy. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“A combination of lesion, nonhuman primate, and fMRI studies has prompted researchers to theorize the involvement of the ATC in applying social knowledge (Olson et al. 2013) and processing social scripts (Frith 2007, Frith & Frith 2003).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > SOCIAL BRAIN NETWORK
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Olson et al. 2013 source
- Supportedcites Frith 2007 source
Frith (2007) is cited for the social-scripts part of the sentence. In §3(a), “Social scripts,” the paper links the temporal poles to knowledge of social situations and its use in current situations; §7(b) says scripts for different circumstances are instantiated there. Page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Supportedcites Frith & Frith 2003 source
The Frith & Frith citation is attached to the claim about processing social scripts, not the separate claim about applying social knowledge. In the “Temporal pole” section, the authors tentatively propose that the temporal poles, especially on the left, retrieve scripts used to interpret and predict behaviour. (LLM, conf=0.90)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Although recruitment of the dmPFC and ATC appeared to be related to self-reported trait empathy, only the anterior insula showed a positive correlation with prosocial behavior.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Peer evaluation.
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Masten et al. 2010 source
The Neuroimaging Results report positive correlations between self-reported trait empathy and activity in the DMPFC and temporal pole (an anterior temporal region) during observed exclusion relative to inclusion. In the same section, anterior insula activity positively correlated with prosocial ratings of participants’ emails; the other reported correlations with those ratings were negative. (LLM, conf=0.90)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Successful emotion regulation in early adolescence (10 to 13 years) is impacted by the adolescent's sensitivity to rejection as well as situational factors of the emotional stimuli.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Executive Functions
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Silvers et al. 2012 source
Study 2’s Results and Discussion (page not provided) report that rejection sensitivity and the social content of emotional stimuli affected regulation success, especially early in adolescence. The General Discussion likewise identifies both factors as affecting younger adolescents; the paper studied participants aged 10–22. (LLM, conf=0.91)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Perceived threats and crime expectations in the environment, but not actual experience with violence, correlated with mortality judgments (Fischhoff et al. 2010).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Social Implications
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Fischhoff et al. 2010 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results section reports that perceived threat and crime expectations correlated with mortality judgments in the UCSF study, while reports of violent events did not correlate significantly. But it also reports that all four threat measures correlated significantly with mortality judgments in NLSY97, so the claim's unqualified statement about actual experience with violence does not hold across both studies. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Developmental fMRI studies suggest that distinct neural systems develop at different rates across childhood and adolescence and that these age-related changes in regions involved in feedback processing may underlie behavioral differences in flexible performance adjustment (Crone et al. 2008).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Executive Functions
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Crone et al. 2008 source
Split into 2 atoms — 2 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Relative to adults, adolescents showed greater risk-adverse behavior after receiving expert advice, and this effect is modulated by increased engagement of the dorsolateral PFC by adolescents during valuation in the presence of advice (Engelmann et al. 2012).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Figure 4
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Engelmann et al. 2012 source
The section on the differential influence of expert advice reports significantly greater risk-averse behavior in both adolescent groups relative to adults when advice was present. The Discussion reports that advice modulated adolescent DLPFC activity during valuation, strengthening its correlation with parameters reflecting safe choices. The paper does not establish that overall DLPFC activity increased, but its reported valuation-specific effect supports the paraphrase. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“A recent report suggested that adolescents perceive their risk of dying soon as higher than it actually is (Fischhoff et al. 2010).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Social Implications
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Fischhoff et al. 2010 source
The Abstract Results state that adolescents in both samples greatly overestimated their chance of dying. The Discussion specifies that their estimates for dying in the next year exceeded the statistical death rate, directly supporting the paraphrase. (LLM, conf=0.94)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Supported
In the paper
“Gray matter volume and cortical thickness in medial Brodmann area 10 (a proxy for dmPFC), TPJ, and pSTS decreased from childhood into the early twenties, whereas the ATC increased in gray matter volume until adolescence and in cortical thickness until early adulthood.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Structural Development
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Mills et al. 2013
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The changes in social environment that occur during adolescence might interact with increasing executive functions and heightened social sensitivity to influence a number of adolescent behaviors.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Abstract
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Structural MRI studies have consistently shown continuing neuroanatomical development in gray matter and white matter (Brain Dev.Coop.Group 2012, Giedd et al. 1999, Sowell et al. 2003, Tamnes et al. 2013), with association cortices reducing in gray matter volume across adolescence and white matter increasing into adulthood.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Structural Development
What the sources say
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Electrophysiological and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies consistently report the involvement of the pSTS in the perception of biological motion and eye gaze (Puce & Perrett 2003) and in grasping the intentionality and appropriateness of biological motion (Pelphrey et al. 2004).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > SOCIAL BRAIN NETWORK
What the sources say
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For example, male rats exposed to chronic social instability stress during adolescence were, in adulthood, more anxious and less socially interactive (Green et al. 2012)”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Figure 1
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Green et al. 2012
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Although accuracy improved until mid-adolescence in both conditions, accuracy in the director condition continued to improve after mid-adolescence.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Social Cognitive Development in Adolescence
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Dumontheil et al. 2010a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“young and mid-adolescents (11-16 years) reported lowered overall mood”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Figure 1
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Sebastian et al. 2010 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, it appears that the desire to be accepted by one's peers, and avoidance of social rejection, is particularly acute in adolescence and might drive adolescent behavior (Figure 1).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Figure 1
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mentalizing (theory of mind), the process of mental state attribution, has been associated with a network of brain regions including the dorsal medial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC), temporoparietal junction (TPJ), posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS), and anterior temporal cortex (ATC) (Figure 3).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > SOCIAL BRAIN NETWORK
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Exposure to social isolation during adolescence increases the likelihood of depressive-like behaviors as well as alterations in the structure of the prefrontal cortex (Leussis & Andersen 2008).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Figure 1
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Leussis & Andersen 2008 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If so, the consequences of social exclusion can be so great that mechanisms and behaviors promoting peer acceptance are considered adaptive.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES OF SOCIAL ISOLATION IN ADOLESCENCE
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Findings from rodent models of adolescent social stress generalize to human adolescent health and life trajectories.
In the paper
“In one study, recruitment of the mPFC during exclusion relative to inclusion was associated with greater selfreported susceptibility to peer influence in adolescents but not in adults (Sebastian et al. 2011).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Peer evaluation.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Sebastian et al. 2011 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Older adolescents and emerging adults were more likely to reciprocate when the first player stood to lose more money, whereas the younger adolescents did not differentiate, supporting the idea that the ability to understand the intentions of others increases into adulthood.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Mentalizing.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites van den Bos et al. 2011 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Together, these studies suggest the vlPFC plays a role in regulating distress following social exclusion and that this region is still developing functionally between adolescence and adulthood.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Peer evaluation.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Although both adults and adolescents recruited the dmPFC when the social cues were needed to accurately perform the task, adolescents also recruited the dmPFC when social cues were not needed.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Mentalizing.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Dumontheil et al. 2012 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“showed greater recruitment in the dmPFC when making self-oriented choices (defecting), but only young adolescents engaged this region when making reciprocal choices.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Mentalizing.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites van den Bos et al. 2011 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Recruitment of the prefrontal cortex during face-processing tasks increases between childhood and adolescence and then decreases between adolescence and adulthood (reviewed in Blakemore 2008).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Functional Development of the Social Brain Network in Adolescence
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Blakemore 2008 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Understanding the mental states of others by processing facial expressions is a crucial skill and is one that continues to develop across adolescence (McGivern et al. 2002).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Functional Development of the Social Brain Network in Adolescence
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites McGivern et al. 2002 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This heightened activation in the dmPFC for reciprocal choices decreased between early and late adolescence and remained stable into early adulthood, possibly reflecting a shift away from engaging in social interactions from an egocentric perspective (van den Bos et al. 2011).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Mentalizing.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites van den Bos et al. 2011 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These changes in functional recruitment have been hypothesized to reflect changes in neurocognitive strategy and/or neuroanatomy (Blakemore 2008).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Mentalizing.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Blakemore 2008 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The recruitment of the left TPJ when participants were shown that the first player trusted them increased with age, and this level of activation correlated with participants' sensitivity to the first player's intentions.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Mentalizing.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites van den Bos et al. 2011 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In contrast, peers had no impact on risk taking in adults and had an intermediate effect on risk taking in youths (Gardner & Steinberg 2005) (see Figure 4).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Peer evaluation.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gardner & Steinberg 2005 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Adolescents (13 to 16 years), young adults (18 to 22 years), and adults (24+ years) took around the same number of driving risks when alone, whereas the adolescents took significantly more in the presence of their friends (Gardner & Steinberg 2005).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Peer evaluation.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gardner & Steinberg 2005 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adults can have a large impact on the social cognitive development and life course trajectories of adolescents by creating and maintaining the structures of social environments.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Additional information
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Children and adolescents show adult levels of probability estimation and reward evaluation during one such gambling task, suggesting that heightened risky decision making in adolescents is probably not related to a change in risk perception (Van Leijenhorst et al. 2008).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Risky Decision Making
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Van Leijenhorst et al. 2008 source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Twenty years ago, Terrie Moffitt presented evidence supporting the idea that the majority of adolescents who engage in criminal behavior will do so during adolescence and at no other period of their life (Moffitt 1993).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Legal Implications
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Moffitt 1993 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“They pointed out the potential for neuroscience research to perpetuate stereotypes or combat stereotypes, depending on how adults incorporate research in their understanding of adolescence (Choudhury et al. 2012).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Social Implications
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Choudhury et al. 2012 source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“And yet the adolescent brain is malleable and adaptable-this is an excellent opportunity for learning and creativity.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Educational Implications
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Developmental improvements in executive functions likely influence-and are influenced by-social cognitive processing during adolescence.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Executive Functions
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Adolescents also rate the potential reward to be gained as very high, which may make the perceived benefits outweigh the perceived risk (Reyna & Farley 2006).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Risky Decision Making
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Reyna & Farley 2006 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The participating adolescents in this study felt that although research on the adolescent brain is necessary and important, the model of the adolescent brain as an explanation for adolescent behavior is insufficient (Choudhury et al. 2012).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Social Implications
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Choudhury et al. 2012 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Acculturation, or adaptation to the mainstream culture of where one has immigrated, occurs more rapidly at younger ages (1 to 15 years) (Cheung et al. 2011), suggesting that the sensitive period for cultural learning is not adolescent specific but instead that cultural sensitivity may begin to close during adolescence.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > IMPLICATIONS FOR SOCIETY Is the Human Brain Particularly Sensitive to Social Signals During Adolescence?
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Cheung et al. 2011 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Cognitive abilities such as processing speed, voluntary response suppression, delay discounting, future planning, and working memory all mature into adolescence (Luna et al. 2004, Steinberg et al. 2009).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Executive Functions
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Research on brain development suggests that adolescence might represent a period of relatively high neural plasticity, in particular in brain regions involved in executive function and social cognition.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Educational Implications
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adolescence represents a period of brain development during which environmental experiencesincluding teaching-can and do profoundly shape the developing brain.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Educational Implications
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Interestingly, participants were less interested in how neuroscience could influence how they understand themselves and more interested in how research on the adolescent brain could influence the perspectives of adults (Choudhury et al. 2012).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Social Implications
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Choudhury et al. 2012 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adolescence might represent a period of enhanced sensitivity to social signals in the environment, and these signals might influence an adolescent's life course trajectory by motivating certain behaviors.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Additional information
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adolescents are sensitive to the signals within their social environment, and these signals can impact how likely they are to invest in the future.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Social Implications
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Areas of the brain involved in understanding the mental states of others continue to develop structurally and functionally across adolescence.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Additional information
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the discussion on culpability and the brain is ongoing, evidence from multiple fields supports the need for special consideration in prosecuting and punishing adolescents.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Legal Implications
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Both young adolescents (12 to 14 years) and older adolescents (16 to 18 years) showed heart rate slowing after erring on a task-switching task, which might indicate an increasing ability to monitor performance (Crone et al. 2006a).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Executive Functions
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Crone et al. 2006a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The ability to consider future consequences of actions continues to improve across adolescence (Crone & van der Molen 2004), which might impact how adolescents interact in social situations.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Executive Functions
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper relies on this without support.
Findings from rodent models of adolescent social stress generalize to human adolescent health and life trajectories.
“Although the study involved rodents, the impact of social isolation on adolescent health and life trajectories likely applies to humans.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Adolescence represents a sensitive period for social interaction.4”
From The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health (2020) · cites this paper as [4]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“During adolescence, the acceptation by peers becomes an important purpose in everyday life and guides decision-making [55].”
From Medical decision-making in children and adolescents: developmental and neuroscientific aspects (2017) · cites this paper as [55]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The sensitivity to rewards together with increased value of social cues creates a perfect situation for learning new skills that are important to function in a social context [53, 55].”
From Medical decision-making in children and adolescents: developmental and neuroscientific aspects (2017) · cites this paper as [55]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Past research has demonstrated that each life stage exhibits its own unique trajectories, goals, and influences19,45–47, and activities can therefore differ from being of no impact, to being adaptive or maladaptive depending on which developmental period one examines46,48.”
From Windows of developmental sensitivity to social media (2022) · cites this paper as [19]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The heightened susceptibility to social influence in adolescence, combined with increased concern about social rejection, increases the likelihood that adolescents will conform to their peers in order to gain social acceptance and avoid the social risk of being excluded by their peer group. 141-143”
From The Lancet Psychiatry Commission on youth mental health (2024) · cites this paper as [141]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In articulating their perceptions of well-being, participants' views showed hallmarks of normal adolescent development such as a reliance on peer relationships and adult role models, 15,16 and a heightened sensitivity to criticism. 12,13”
From “It Feels Kind of Like a Feather”: Perceptions of Well-Being Among Adolescent Ballet Dancers (2026) · cites this paper as [12]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“the brain undergoes significant changes through adolescence and early adulthood (Blakemore & Mills, 2014; Mills, Lalonde, CLasen, Giedd, & Blakemore, 2014; Pinto, Hornby, Jones, & Murphy, 2010; Shafee, Buckner, & Fischl, 2015; Tamnes et al., 2010).”
From A critical period for second language acquisition: Evidence from 2/3 million English speakers (2018) · cites this paper as Blakemore & Mills, 2014
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Indeed, adolescence can be considered a sensitive period for social development,4 which might be partly dependent on the development of the social brain: the network of brain areas involved in social perception and cognition that allows us to understand others.18”
From The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health (2020) · cites this paper as [4]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In this Viewpoint, we discuss evidence that human adolescents are hypersensitive to social stimuli and to the negative effects of social exclusion.4”
From The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health (2020) · cites this paper as [4]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Adolescence is marked by strong reward sensitivity, new social goals, and developing self-control (45-50).”
From Developmental Trajectories and Outcomes of Online Child Sexual Abuse: A Systematic Review of Longitudinal Studies (2026) · cites this paper as [45]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In addition, self-awareness increases during adolescence [55].”
From Medical decision-making in children and adolescents: developmental and neuroscientific aspects (2017) · cites this paper as [55]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“It has been proposed that substantial biological changes in the social brain make adolescence a sensitive period for social development19, self-perception, and social interaction20.”
From Windows of developmental sensitivity to social media (2022) · cites this paper as [19]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Adolescence is characterised by substantial biological, psychological and social change, including heightened sensitivity to peer relationships, identity development, reward processing and social evaluation [31, 32].”
From The Complex and Multifaceted Nature of Social Media: Perspectives From Young Adolescents, Parents and Experts (2026) · cites this paper as [31]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Adolescence is a period of heightened neurobiological, cognitive, and psychosocial change, characterized by asynchronous brain development, identity formation, and shifting social orientation. 12,13”
From “It Feels Kind of Like a Feather”: Perceptions of Well-Being Among Adolescent Ballet Dancers (2026) · cites this paper as [12]
In the citing paper
“Virus containment measures may have more adverse effects on adolescents as an age group than on adults or children because many of the key tasks of adolescent development are achieved through interactions with others (Blakemore and Mills, 2014; La Greca and Prinstein, 1999; Papini et al., 1990).”
From Loneliness, social relationships, and mental health in adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic (2021) · cites this paper as Blakemore and Mills, 2014
In the citing paper
“Developing the capacity to navigate complex social relationships is a critical aspect of adolescence (Blakemore & Mills, 2014).”
From Feeling left out or just surprised? Neural correlates of social exclusion and overinclusion in adolescence (2020) · cites this paper as Blakemore & Mills, 2014
In the citing paper
“While much behavioral research shows that adolescence is a developmental period characterized by heightened sensitivity to social experiences in particular (e.g., peer interactions), recent reviews of neuroimaging-based evidence corroborate this characteristic of adolescence”
From Adolescent neurobiological susceptibility to social context (2016) · cites this paper as Blakemore and Mills, 2014
In the citing paper
“This research indicates that adolescents’ social lives both leading up to and during adolescence relate to the sensitivity of the brain when perceiving, processing, and responding to social information (Blakemore and Mills, 2014).”
From Adolescent neurobiological susceptibility to social context (2016) · cites this paper as Blakemore and Mills, 2014
Citations
Cites
Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593 · Cited by 20,391
Adolescence-limited and life-course-persistent antisocial behavior: a developmental taxonomy
Moffitt, T. E. (1993) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.100.4.674 · Cited by 9,987
Brain development during childhood and adolescence: a longitudinal MRI study
Giedd, J. N., Blumenthal, J., Jeffries, N. O., Castellanos, F. X., Liu, H., Zijdenbos, A., Paus, T., Evans, A. C., & Rapoport, J. L. (1999) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/13158 · Cited by 5,552
Casey, B. J., Jones, R. M., & Hare, T. A. (2008) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1440.010 · Cited by 3,345
Why do many psychiatric disorders emerge during adolescence?
Paus, T., Keshavan, M., & Giedd, J. N. (2008) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2513 · Cited by 3,123
Social cognition, joint attention, and communicative competence from 9 to 15 months of age.
Carpenter, M., Nagell, K., Tomasello, M., Butterworth, G., & Moore, C. (1998) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.2307/1166214 · Cited by 2,727
Understanding adolescence as a period of social–affective engagement and goal flexibility
Crone, E. A., & Dahl, R. E. (2012) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3313 · Cited by 2,507
Mapping cortical change across the human life span
Sowell, E. R., Peterson, B. S., Thompson, P. M., Welcome, S. E., Henkenius, A. L., & Toga, A. W. (2003) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1008 · Cited by 2,328
People thinking about thinking peopleThe role of the temporo-parietal junction in “theory of mind”
Saxe, R., & Kanwisher, N. (2003) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/s1053-8119(03)00230-1 · Cited by 2,316
Development and neurophysiology of mentalizing
Frith, U., & Frith, C. D. (2003) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2002.1218 · Cited by 2,306
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Items 601–700 of 2,276
Masters, S. L., Hixson, K., & Hayes, A. R. (2020) · The Journal of Early Adolescence · doi:10.1177/0272431620931193 · Cited by 21
“More so than children, adolescents are highly sensitive to social cues from their peers about what is and is not acceptable (Blakemore & Mills, 2014).”
BackgroundAhinkorah, B. O., Okyere, J., Hagan, J. E., Seidu, A., Aboagye, R. G., & Yaya, S. (2021) · Reproductive Health · doi:10.1186/s12978-021-01177-w · Cited by 18
“It is worthy of note that age 16 is within the period of adolescence where the individual is exploring his/her sexuality [33].”
BackgroundNeuroimaging brain growth charts: A road to mental health
Chen, L.-Z., Holmes, A. J., Zuo, X., & Dong, Q. (2021) · Psychoradiology · doi:10.1093/psyrad/kkab022 · Cited by 18
“During this period, multiple brain areas undergo both structural changes and functional reorganization (Blakemore and Mills, 2014).”
BackgroundSalutogenesis and the Sense of Coherence During the Adolescent Years
Braun‐Lewensohn, O., Idan, O., Lindström, B., & Margalit, M. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-79515-3_16 · Cited by 23
“The period of adolescence is a particularly important developmental stage since social, emotional, and cognitive processes are involved in attempts to navigate increasingly complex relationships (Blakemore & Mills, 2014).”
BackgroundSullivan, N. J., Li, R., & Huettel, S. A. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-10115-0 · Cited by 25
The personality and cognitive traits associated with adolescents’ sensitivity to social norms
Tate, C., Kumar, R., Murray, J., Sánchez-Franco, S., Sarmiento, O. L., Montgomery, S. C., Zhou, H., Ramalingam, A., Krupka, E. L., Kimbrough, E. O., et al. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-18829-x · Cited by 17
“Ciranka and van den Bos79 adapted the expected utility model to three processes underpinning social influence: (1) social motivation; (2) reward sensitivity; and (3) distraction.”
BackgroundMethodAdolescents' motivation to use social network sites from a psychological needs perspective
Wong, S. L., & McLellan, R. (2023) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1002/jad.12276 · Cited by 24
A comparison of the accessibility of Web applications in TV and Desktop
Costa, D., Dias, R., & Duarte, C. (2014) · Electronic workshops in computing · doi:10.14236/ewic/hci2014.23 · Cited by 18
“Advances in developmental neuroscience, have enabled researchers to demonstrate how developing teen brains actually process information differently to both adults and children Steinberg (2005), particularly social information (Blakemore & Mills, 2014).”
BackgroundNeural mediators of the intergenerational transmission of family aggression
Saxbe, D., Piero, L. B. D., Immordino‐Yang, M. H., Kaplan, J., & Margolin, G. (2015) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579415000528 · Cited by 18
“Increasing evidence points to the importance of social context for neurodevelopment and for adolescence as a potentially sensitive period for the influence of social relationships on the mind and brain (Blakemore & Mills, 2014).”
Childhood poverty dynamics and adulthood overweight/obesity: Unpacking the black box of childhood
Li, M., Mustillo, S., & Anderson, J. G. (2018) · Social Science Research · doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2018.05.009 · Cited by 18
Neural correlates of sibling closeness and association with externalizing behavior in adolescence
Rogers, C. R., McCormick, E. M., van Hoorn, J., Ivory, S. L., & Telzer, E. H. (2018) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsy063 · Cited by 21
Markkanen, I., Välimaa, R. S., & Kannas, L. K. (2019) · Children & Society · doi:10.1111/chso.12334 · Cited by 18
Morningstar, M. A., Grannis, C., Mattson, W. I., & Nelson, E. E. (2019) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00108 · Cited by 19
“These developmental changes coincide with increases in social cognition abilities, including mentalizing and the recognition of facial emotional expressions (Steinberg, 2005; Blakemore and Mills, 2014; Kilford et al., 2016; Foulkes and Blakemore, 2018).”
Mattacola, E. (2020) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12529-020-09878-5 · Cited by 18
Okoye, H. U., & Saewyc, E. (2021) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.1186/s12939-021-01446-x · Cited by 25
“During adolescence, attitudes and behaviours that influence adult life are formed and become embedded in an individual [6, 54, 55].”
BackgroundMain, K. (2018) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci8030143 · Cited by 33
“More recently, advances in our understanding of neuroscience has also recognised that the major changes that are occurring in the brain during early adolescence provide another small but significant window of opportunity to explicitly teach and make a marked difference in the development of a young person’s social and…”
BackgroundExamining the predictors of prosocial behavior in young offenders and nonoffenders
García, P. S., Llorca, A., Malonda, E., & Mestre, M. V. (2021) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/0165025421995930 · Cited by 18
Shame and Guilt-Proneness in Adolescents: Gene-Environment Interactions
Szentágotai-Tătar, A., Chiş, A., Vulturar, R., Dobrean, A., Nechita, D., & Miu, A. C. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0134716 · Cited by 18
“Considering that shame and guilt are concerned with how one is being perceived and evaluated by others [8], these emotions may undergo important changes during adolescence [9,10], when emotional reactivity to the social environment increases [11].”
BackgroundTironi, M., Mora, S. C., Liotti, M., Bincoletto, A. F., Tanzilli, A., Cavanna, D., Lingiardi, V., Speranza, A. M., Giovanardi, G., & Bizzi, F. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23733 · Cited by 24
Generational Shifts in Adolescent Mental Health: A Longitudinal Time-Lag Study
Borg, M. E., Heffer, T., & Willoughby, T. (2024) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-024-02095-3 · Cited by 25
“…adolescence is thought to be a period of enhanced reactivity to stressful and emotional situations (likely related to puberty) during a time when their capacity for cognitive control is still developing (Blakemore & Mills, 2014; Casey, 2015; Foulkes & Bla-kemore, 2016; Willoughby et al., 2021).”
Tao, S., Lan, M., Wang, M., & Li, H. (2026) · Computers and Education Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.caeai.2026.100561 · Cited by 34
Downstream consequences of pubertal timing for young women's body beliefs
Grower, P. L., Ward, L. M., & Beltz, A. M. (2019) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2019.02.012 · Cited by 17
Lockyer, B., Endacott, C., Dickerson, J., & Sheard, L. (2022) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-022-00851-3 · Cited by 17
Longitudinal exposure to neighborhood poverty and obesity risk in emerging adulthood
Huang, Y., & Sparks, P. J. (2022) · Social Science Research · doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2022.102796 · Cited by 18
Mentalizing strategies for navigating the social world in adolescence
Guazzelli Williamson, V., & Mills, K. L. (2023) · Infant and Child Development · doi:10.1002/icd.2374 · Cited by 17
Self-citationKim, H., Lee, Y. J., & Jung, S. J. (2023) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2023.02.014 · Cited by 18
Testing the interpersonal theory of suicide in adolescents: A multi‐wave longitudinal study
Pagliaccio, D., Bitran, A., Kirshenbaum, J. S., Alqueza, K. L., Durham, K., Chernick, L. S., Joyce, K. J., Lan, R., Porta, G., Brent, D. A., et al. (2023) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13868 · Cited by 21
Anthony, R., Moore, G. F., Page, N., Ollerhead, C., Parker, J., Murphy, S., Rice, F. J., Armitage, J. M., & Collishaw, S. (2023) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13924 · Cited by 18
“Developmental theory emphasises the importance of social relationships in adolescence (Blakemore & Mills, 2014).”
BackgroundLancy, D. F. (2024) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197645598.001.0001 · Cited by 20
Social influence in adolescence: Behavioral and neural responses to peer and expert opinion
Irani, F., Muotka, J. S., Lyyra, P., Parviainen, T. M., & Monto, S. (2024) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2024.2323745 · Cited by 33
“During this period, individuals start to navigate broader social environments, as they form their identities and social roles (Blakemore & Mills, 2014).”
BackgroundResultKimbrough, E. O., Krupka, E. L., Kumar, R., Murray, J., Ramalingam, A., Sánchez-Franco, S., Sarmiento, O. L., Kee, F., & Hunter, R. F. (2024) · Experimental Economics · doi:10.1007/s10683-024-09821-5 · Cited by 24
“Further, all of these studies employ adult populations while we are focusing on stability among a younger group who, there is some evidence to suggest, may be more sensitive to norms or for whom norms may be less stable than for adult populations (Blakemore & Mills, 2014; Do et al., 2020).”
Ryan, N. P., Mihaljevic, K., Beauchamp, M. H., Catroppa, C., Crossley, L. H., Hearps, S. J. C., Silk, T. J., Godfrey, C., Yeates, K. O., & Anderson, V. A. (2016) · Brain Impairment · doi:10.1017/brimp.2016.20 · Cited by 17
Lee, S., Walker, Z., Hale, J. B., & Chen, S. A. (2017) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2017.02.032 · Cited by 17
“Not only re teens more highly influenced by peers than children or adults 84,85,87–89], but it is also a time when social context plays n important role in a teen’s social decision-making [88,90,91].”
Cultivating a mindset of civic engagement among young adolescents
Quinn, B. P., & Bauml, M. (2017) · The Journal of Social Studies Research · doi:10.1016/j.jssr.2017.05.003 · Cited by 17
Rogers, C. R., Perino, M. T., & Telzer, E. H. (2019) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12500 · Cited by 20
“Adolescence is characterized by a series of psychobiological changes that coincide with a reorientation toward social cues as individuals navigate new developmental challenges and goals (Blakemore & Mills, 2014; Crone & Dahl, 2012; Nelson, Jarcho, & Guyer, 2016).”
Weissman, D. G., Guyer, A. E., Ferrer, E. E., Robins, R. W., & Hastings, P. D. (2019) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579419000646 · Cited by 19
“…of social relationships, the adolescent brain is theorized to be uniquely attuned to the social environment (Nelson et al., 2016), and particularly sensitive to influences from that environment on its development and later functioning (Blakemore & Mills, 2014; Schriber & Guyer, 2016; Šimic, 2012).”
BackgroundInformation Technology, Internet Use, and Adolescent Cognitive Development
Joshi, S. C., & Rose, G. L. (2018) · International Conference on Computation System and Information Technology for Sustainable Solutions (CSITSS) · doi:10.1109/csitss.2018.8768780 · Cited by 18
“Since the teenage brain changes significantly during adolescence, their concern is warranted [1, 37].”
BackgroundThe developmental precursors of blunted cardiovascular responses to stress
Loeb, E. L., Davis, A. A., Narr, R. K., Uchino, B. N., de Grey, R. G. K., & Allen, J. P. (2020) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21977 · Cited by 16
“Adolescence is considered a sensitive period of psychosocial development, and stressors during this time are likely to reverberate into adulthood (Blakemore & Mills, 2014; Steinberg, 2005).”
BackgroundLongitudinal network re-organization across learning and development
McCormick, E. M., Peters, S., Crone, E. A., & Telzer, E. H. (2021) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.117784 · Cited by 20
Miklikowska, M., Eckstein, K., & Matera, J. (2021) · New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development · doi:10.1002/cad.20414 · Cited by 17
“It is also a time when individuals are particularly sensitive to their social environment such as parent, peer, and the school context (Blakemore & Mills, 2014).”
BackgroundLongitudinal evidence on adolescent social network position and cardiometabolic risk in adulthood
Kim, J., & Park, K. (2022) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.114909 · Cited by 17
Use of the Brief Shame and Guilt Questionnaire in Deaf and Hard of Hearing Children and Adolescents
Broekhof, E., Kouwenberg, M., Oosterveld, P., Frijns, J. H. M., & Rieffe, C. J. (2017) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191117725169 · Cited by 21
“A need to belong and to be accepted by peers makes children more susceptible to social evaluation (Blakemore & Mills, 2014; Somerville, 2013; van Hoorn, van Dijk, Meuwese, Rieffe, & Crone, 2016).”
BackgroundNot just social sensitivity: Adolescent neural suppression of social feedback during risk taking
McCormick, E. M., Perino, M. T., & Telzer, E. H. (2018) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2018.01.012 · Cited by 20
“In contrast with previous theoretical (Blakemore and Mills, 2014; Nelson et al., 2016) and empirical (Lau et al., 2011; Guyer et al., 2012; Somerville et al., 2013; Knoll et al., 2015) research highlighting increased sensitivity to social information in adolescence, our results indicated that…”
InfluentialBegni, V., Zampar, S., Longo, L., & Riva, M. A. (2020) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.04.018 · Cited by 18
Social influence shifts valuation of appetitive cues in early adolescence and adulthood.
Martin, R. E., Villanueva, Y., Stephano, T., Franz, P. J., & Ochsner, K. N. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/xge0000469 · Cited by 16
Sequeira, S. L., Butterfield, R. D., Silk, J. S., Forbes, E. E., & Ladouceur, C. D. (2019) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00222 · Cited by 16
Allostatic-interoceptive anticipation of social rejection
Migeot, J., Hesse, E., Fittipaldi, S., Mejía, J., Fraile, M., García, A. M., García, M. D. C., Ortega, R., Lawlor, B., Lopez, V., et al. (2023) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120200 · Cited by 15
Trajectories of adolescent life satisfaction
Orben, A., Lucas, R. E., Fuhrmann, D., & Kievit, R. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/y8ruw · Cited by 16
Cherewick, M., Lama, R., Rai, R. P., Dukpa, C., Mukhia, D., Giri, P., & Matergia, M. (2024) · PLOS Global Public Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pgph.0003904 · Cited by 44
Fang, Y., Yang, R., Song, R., Gu, Y., Lu, X., Chen, Z., Hu, W., Cao, Z., Sun, M., Wang, H., et al. (2025) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2025.115060 · Cited by 18
Bauml, M., Quinn, B. P., Blevins, B. E., Magill, K. R., & LeCompte, K. N. (2021) · Journal of Adolescent Research · doi:10.1177/07435584211006785 · Cited by 17
“Young adolescents undergo significant structural and functional brain changes (Blakemore & Mills, 2014).”
BackgroundDesmyth, K., Eagar, S. C., Jones, M., Schmidt, L., & Williams, J. (2021) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.14910 · Cited by 18
Lee, H., & Chung, D. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.846535 · Cited by 26
Ojha, A., Teresi, G. I., Slavich, G. M., Gotlib, I. H., & Ho, T. C. (2022) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291722002239 · Cited by 15
Kubiszewski, V., Carrizales, A., & Lheureux, F. (2023) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2023.101223 · Cited by 19
Picci, G., Ott, L. R., Penhale, S. H., Taylor, B. K., Johnson, H. J., Willett, M. P., Okelberry, H. J., Wang, Y., Calhoun, V. D., Stephen, J. M., et al. (2023) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.26496 · Cited by 16
“…behaviors critical to adolescent development, including reward processing (Braams et al., 2015; Op de Macks et al., 2011), social-affective processing (Blakemore & Mills, 2014; Cservenka et al., 2015; Spielberg et al., 2015; van Buuren et al., 2020), and risk-taking behaviors (Peters et al., 2015).”
BackgroundGrigorian, K., Östberg, V., Raninen, J., & Låftman, S. B. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-18059-y · Cited by 24
“Furthermore, changes in the social environment may interact with the heightened social sensitivity among young people, including hypersensitivity to the negative consequences of social exclusion [27].”
BackgroundFrey, K. S., Strong, Z. H., & Onyewuenyi, A. C. (2016) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/edu0000118 · Cited by 16
“For example, approval for retaliation increases during these grades (Frey, Hirschstein, Edstrom, & Snell, 2009; Huesmann & Guerra, 1997), as does sensitivity to social cues (Blakemore & Mills, 2014).”
BackgroundThe Effects of Middle School Weight Climate on Youth With Higher Body Weight
Juvonen, J., Lessard, L. M., Schacter, H. L., & Enders, C. K. (2018) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12386 · Cited by 17
“Focusing on early adolescence—a time when youth are particularly reactive to negative peer treatment (Blakemore & Mills, 2014)—we examine the effects of weight climate on adolescents’ social-emotional difficulties in middle school.”
BackgroundAdolescent Neural Responses to Antismoking Messages, Perceived Effectiveness, and Sharing Intention
Kranzler, E. C., Schmälzle, R., O’Donnell, M. B., Pei, R., & Falk, E. B. (2018) · Media Psychology · doi:10.1080/15213269.2018.1476158 · Cited by 16
“Neural development is accompanied by sociocultural changes, as an increased awareness of and receptivity to social signals exert substantial influence on individuals’ thoughts and actions (Blakemore & Mills, 2014; Crone & Dahl, 2012).”
BackgroundCaqueo‐Urízar, A., Mena‐Chamorro, P., Atencio‐Quevedo, D., Flores, J., & Alfonso Urzúa, M. (2021) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.22572 · Cited by 27
McGrath, A. G., & Briand, L. A. (2021) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147755 · Cited by 17
The Multidimensional Wellbeing in Youth Scale (MWYS): Development and Psychometric Properties
Green, K. H., van de Groep, S., van der Cruijsen, R., POLAK, M. G., & Crone, E. A. (2022) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2022.112038 · Cited by 23
Effects of adolescent sociocognitive development on the cortisol response to social evaluation.
van den Bos, E., van Duijvenvoorde, A. C. K., & Westenberg, P. M. (2016) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000133 · Cited by 19
Pössel, P. (2016) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-016-0551-x · Cited by 21
“ment, executive functioning, and social information processing demonstrate that the cognitive development that starts with puberty is not concluded until the early tween years and that none of these developments is linear (Blakemore and Mills 2014; Taylor et al. 2015).”
BackgroundPérez, J. J. N., & Seller, E. P. (2016) · Psychosocial Intervention · doi:10.1016/j.psi.2016.08.001 · Cited by 16
Cortisol during adolescence organises personality traits and behavioural syndromes
Guenther, A., Groothuis, T. G. G., Krüger, O., & Goerlich, V. C. (2018) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2018.06.010 · Cited by 16
Nyarko, F., Peltonen, K., Kangaslampi, S., & Punamäki, R. (2020) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04629 · Cited by 16
Crone, E. A., & van Drunen, L. (2024) · Human Development · doi:10.1159/000539844 · Cited by 17
“The environmental in fl uences suggest that the slope of structural brain development in these social regions can be affected by social experiences (Blakemore & Mills, 2014).”
Cooper, K., Kumarendran, S. M., & Barona, M. (2024) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2024.102411 · Cited by 19
Monzonís‐Carda, I., Adelantado‐Renau, M., Beltran‐Valls, M. R., & Moliner‐Urdiales, D. (2025) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.23382 · Cited by 25
Haskell, E., Sigmarsdottir, B., Þórisdóttir, I. E., Valborgarson, A., Aparicio, E. B., Kiviruusu, O. H., Suvisaari, J., Chang, Z., Ystrøm, E., Butwicka, A., et al. (2025) · The Lancet Regional Health - Europe · doi:10.1016/j.lanepe.2025.101301 · Cited by 20
Cognitive Stimulation In Adolescents At Risk Of Exclusion Using The BAPNE® Method
Latre-Nava, S., Martínez-Fernández, X., Rodríguez-Masafrets, A., Puigdevall-Cayuela, A., Torre, G., & Finestres-Alberola, J. (2019) · The European Proceedings of Social & Behavioural Sciences · doi:10.15405/epsbs.2019.04.02.62 · Cited by 15
Future orientation of youth with a history of war trauma: a qualitative study in the African context
Nyarko, F., & Punamäki, R. (2019) · Medicine, Conflict and Survival · doi:10.1080/13623699.2019.1706879 · Cited by 2
Engagement norms buffer academic risks associated with peer rejection in middle school
Lessard, L. M., & Juvonen, J. (2020) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/0165025420915779 · Cited by 15
“Driven by the desire to gain peer approval (Blakemore & Mills, 2014), adolescents are especially attuned to the behaviors of their high-status peers and modify their conduct to align with those at the top of the social hierarchy (Cohen & Prinstein, 2006; Dijkstra & Gest, 2015).”
BackgroundAdolescent Prosociality Scale: Validity and Reliability Study
Ata, S., & Artan, I. Z. (2021) · Çocuk ve Gençlik Ruh Sağlığı Dergisi / Turkish Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.4274/tjcamh.galenos.2020.14632 · Cited by 15
Lesnick, J., & Mendle, J. (2021) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2021.100998 · Cited by 21
Miklikowska, M., Rekker, R., & Kudrnáč, A. (2022) · Political Communication · doi:10.1080/10584609.2022.2032502 · Cited by 16
“…develop in adolescence (Raabe & Beelmann, 2011; Rekker et al., 2015) and youth’s attitudes are particularly sensitive to the influence of social environments such as their teachers, peers, or parents (Blakemore & Mills, 2014; Miklikowska, Bohman et al., 2019; Miklikowska, Thijs et al., 2019).”
BackgroundProsocial Behavior and Aggression in the Daily School Lives of Early Adolescents
Arbel, R., Maciejewski, D. F., Ben-Yehuda, M., Shnaider, S., Benari, B., & Benita, M. (2022) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-022-01616-2 · Cited by 22
“At this time, the peer arena takes center stage (Blakemore & Mills, 2014), and * Reout Arbel reout.arbel@gmail.com 1 Department of Counseling and Human Development, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel 2 Department of Developmental Psychopathology, Behavioral Science Institute, Radboud University…”
BackgroundKemp, B. J., Parrish, A., Batterham, M. J., & Cliff, D. P. (2022) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-022-01311-2 · Cited by 18
“However, it also reflects the evolving landscape of social norms and expectations during the transition to adolescence [29], which may influence adolescents’ future PA participation.”
BackgroundParental Self-Efficacy and Intra- and Extra-Familial Relationships
Salo, A., Junttila, N., & Vauras, M. (2022) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-022-02380-4 · Cited by 25
“Parents continue to have a crucial impact on their preadolescents’ social environments and relationships therein, although the importance of peers is starting to increase (Blakemore & Mills, 2014).”
BackgroundGreen, K. H., Becht, A., van de Groep, S., van der Cruijsen, R., Sweijen, S., & Crone, E. A. (2023) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/sode.12674 · Cited by 19
Developing an understanding of the relationship between anxiety and dissociation in adolescence
Lofthouse, K., Waite, P., & Černis, E. (2023) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115219 · Cited by 17
van der Meulen, M., Dobbelaar, S., van Drunen, L., Heunis, S., van IJzendoorn, M. H., Blankenstein, N. E., & Crone, E. A. (2023) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120445 · Cited by 18
“…behavior is an important foundation for reciprocal relationships, in particular for adolescents, who spend relatively more and qualitatively different time with their peers compared to younger children (Blakemore and Mills, 2014; Crone and Achterberg, 2022; Crone et al., 2022; Nelson et al., 2016).”
BackgroundMcKeon, S. D., Perica, M. I., Calabro, F. J., Foran, W., Hetherington, H. P., Moon, C., & Luna, B. (2024) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2024.102695 · Cited by 18
Weissman, D. G., Gelardi, K. L., Conger, R. D., Robins, R. W., Hastings, P. D., & Guyer, A. E. (2017) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12358 · Cited by 15
“…adolescent-specific timing of structural and functional changes in brain regions associated with representing the thoughts of one’s self and others, such as the mPFC, TPJ, and PCC, may create a sensitive developmental window for shaping the circuitry of the social brain (Blakemore & Mills, 2014).”
BackgroundGardner, A., Cotton, S., O'Donoghue, B. N., Killackey, E. J., Norton, P. J., & Filia, K. (2019) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764019868749 · Cited by 15
“It is important to examine social inclusion during this stage because it appears to be a sensitive period for related processes, for example, peer group acceptance (Blakemore & Mills, 2014).”
BackgroundKennedy, J. A., Hembry, P., Green, D. J., et al. (2020) · Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1359104519898215 · Cited by 15
“Neuroscientific investigations have found that adolescence is a time of particular brain sensitivity to social environmental cues; social signals can motivate certain behavioural patterns and have a major impact on the adolescent’s life course (Blakemore & Mills, 2014).”
BackgroundBorjas, M.-P., Ricardo, C., Escalante-Barrios, E. L., Valencia, J., & Aparicio, J. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01330 · Cited by 15
Mother-Daughter Mutual Arousal Escalation and Emotion Regulation in Adolescence
McKone, K. M. P., Woody, M. L., Ladouceur, C. D., & Silk, J. S. (2021) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-020-00763-z · Cited by 17
Sociocultural Influences on Compulsive Exercise in Young People: A Systematic Review
Reynolds, K. A., Plateau, C. R., & Haycraft, E. (2022) · Adolescent Research Review · doi:10.1007/s40894-022-00180-x · Cited by 15
“Sociocultural Influences Young people are more susceptible to social influences than older adults (Blakemore & Mills, 2014), and such influences can significantly impact engagement in exercise behaviors at this age (Davison & Jago, 2009).”
BackgroundCole, E., Su, S., Diaz, A., & Zhang, M. (2022) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2022.106647 · Cited by 18
Family factors contributing to emotional and behavioral problems in Korean adolescents with epilepsy
Han, S., Lee, S., Eom, S., & Kim, H. D. (2016) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.01.010 · Cited by 15
“As children enter adolescence, the dynamics of the relationships with their parents change [9,10].”
Fitton, D., Bell, B. T., Little, L., Horton, M., Read, J. C., Rouse, M., & Toth, N. (2016) · Human-computer interaction series · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-33450-9_10 · Cited by 16
Brown, R. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108868396.020 · Cited by 15
Virtual Social Interaction and Loneliness Among Emerging Adults Amid the COVID-19 PandemicPreprint
Towner, E., Tomova, L., Ladensack, D., et al. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/2ghtd · Cited by 15
Lee, S. J., Jeong, E. J., Choi, J. I., & Park, M. S. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1353969 · Cited by 14
“Consequently, adolescents become more responsive to social stimuli as well (46).”
BackgroundNagata, J. M., Shim, J. E., Balasubramanian, P., Leong, A. W., Smith-Russack, Z., Shao, I. Y., Al-Shoaibi, A. A. A., Helmer, C. K., Ganson, K. T., Testa, A. M., et al. (2025) · The Lancet Regional Health - Americas · doi:10.1016/j.lana.2025.101002 · Cited by 28
Cash transfers in adolescence: a developmental perspective
Pozuelo, J. R., Stein, A. L., Blakemore, S., et al. (2020) · The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/s2352-4642(19)30432-8 · Cited by 14
Self-citationTang, A., Wade, M., Fox, N. A., Nelson, C. A., Zeanah, C. H., & Slopen, N. B. (2020) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579420001479 · Cited by 16
“It is also possible that early, as opposed to later, adolescence might be a period of increased vulnerability to stressors, given that social and cognitive skills are less well developed during this time (Blakemore & Choudhury, 2006; Blakemore & Mills, 2014; Crone & Dahl, 2012).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Blakemore, S.-J., & Mills, K. L.
- Affiliations
- University College London (GB)
- National Institute of Mental Health (US)
- Venue
- Annual Review of Psychology
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2014-01-03
- Volume
- 65
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 187-207
- ISSN
- 0066-4308 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-2085
- OpenAlex
- W2103167256
- Cited by
- 2,264
- References
- 131
- Citations by year
- 2026: 292 · 2025: 290 · 2024: 243 · 2023: 318 · 2022: 202 · 2021: 220 · 2020: 173 · 2019: 120 · 2018: 140 · 2017: 96 · 2016: 90 · 2015: 45 · 2014: 30
- FWCI
- 4.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Annual Review of Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Leverhulme Trust
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- adolescence, sensitive period, social cognition, social brain, brain development, social environment, social reward, executive function, social sensitivity, adolescent behavior, interpersonal relationships
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Brain, Cognition, Humans, Social Behavior, Social Environment, Social Perception, Adolescent Development, Executive Function
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