Decoding Patterns of Human Brain Activity
Open accessAbstract
Considerable information about mental states can be decoded from noninvasive measures of human brain activity. Analyses of brain activity patterns can reveal what a person is seeing, perceiving, attending to, or remembering. Moreover, multidimensional models can be used to investigate how the brain encodes complex visual scenes or abstract semantic information. Such feats of “brain reading” or “mind reading,” though impressive, raise important conceptual, methodological, and ethical issues. What does successful decoding reveal about the cognitive functions performed by a brain region? How should brain signals be spatially selected and mathematically combined to ensure that decoding reflects inherent computations of the brain rather than those performed by the decoder? We highlight recent advances and describe how multivoxel pattern analysis can provide a window into mind-brain relationships with unprecedented specificity, when carefully applied. However, as brain-reading technology advances, issues of neuroethics and mental privacy will be important to consider.
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Decoding and other types of multivariate pattern analysis have helped reveal the content of regional representations, providing evidence that brain-computational models must incorporate.
“Decoding and other types of multivariate pattern analysis have helped reveal the content of regional representations55,56,58,59, providing evidence that brain-computational models must incorporate.”
From Cognitive computational neuroscience (2018) · cites this paper as [56]
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Multivoxel Pattern Selectivity for Perceptually Relevant Binocular Disparities in the Human Brain
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Detecting individual memories through the neural decoding of memory states and past experience
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Fine-scale activity patterns in high-level visual areas encode the category of invisible objects
Sterzer, P., Haynes, J., & Rees, G. E. (2008) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/8.15.10 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
The frontal cortex and the criminal justice system
Zeki, S., Goodenough, O. R., & Sapolsky, R. M. (2004) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2004.1547 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Temporary Activation of Long-Term Memory Supports Working Memory
Lewis‐Peacock, J. A., & Postle, B. R. (2008) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1953-08.2008 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Reproducibility Distinguishes Conscious from Nonconscious Neural Representations
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Multivariate Patterns in Object-Selective Cortex Dissociate Perceptual and Physical Shape Similarity
Haushofer, J., Livingstone, M. S., & Kanwisher, N. (2008) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0060187 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Decoding and reconstructing color from responses in human visual cortex
Brouwer, G. J., & Heeger, D. J. (2010) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/9.8.365 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
The Coding of Color, Motion, and Their Conjunction in the Human Visual Cortex
Seymour, K. J., Clifford, C. W. G., Logothetis, N. K., & Bartels, A. (2009) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2008.12.050 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Predicting visual stimuli on the basis of activity in auditory cortices
Meyer, K., Kaplan, J., Essex, R., Webber, C., Damásio, H., & Damásio, A. R. (2010) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.2533 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
A Motion Direction Map in Macaque V2
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Classifying instantaneous cognitive states from fMRI data
Mitchell, T. M., Hutchinson, R., Just, M. A., Niculescu, R. S., Pereira, F., & Wang, X. (2018) · PubMed · doi:10.1184/r1/6613946 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Selective Adaptation to Color Contrast in Human Primary Visual Cortex
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Shmuel, A., Chaimow, D., Raddatz, G., Ugurbil, K., & Yacoub, E. (2010) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.08.040 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Coding and Binding of Color and Form in Visual Cortex
Seymour, K. J., Clifford, C. W. G., Logothetis, N. K., & Bartels, A. (2009) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhp265 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Attention and biased competition in multi-voxel object representations
Reddy, L., Kanwisher, N., & VanRullen, R. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0907330106 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Feature-Specific Attentional Priority Signals in Human Cortex
Liu, T., Hospadaruk, L., Zhu, D. C., & Gardner, J. L. (2011) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5745-10.2011 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Cortical representations of bodies and faces are strongest in commonly experienced configurations
Chan, A. W.-Y., Kravitz, D. J., Truong, S., Arizpe, J. M., & Baker, C. I. (2010) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.2502 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
The Representation of Behavioral Choice for Motion in Human Visual Cortex
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Decoding Near-Threshold Perception of Fear from Distributed Single-Trial Brain Activation
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Visual Cortex Allows Prediction of Perceptual States during Ambiguous Structure-From-Motion
Brouwer, G. J., & van Ee, R. (2007) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4593-06.2007 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
McDuff, S. G. R., Tsibris, H. C., & Norman, K. A. (2009) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3587-08.2009 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
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The Gender of Face Stimuli is Represented in Multiple Regions in the Human Brain
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Dissociable Neural Patterns of Facial Identity across Changes in Viewpoint
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The role of early visual cortex in visual short-term memory and visual attention
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Combination of subcortical color channels in human visual cortex
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The Emergence of Perceived Position in the Visual System
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Prior knowledge of illumination for 3D perception in the human brain
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Spatial Attention Improves the Quality of Population Codes in Human Visual Cortex
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Neural decoding of goal locations in spatial navigation in humans with fMRI
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Basing Perceptual Decisions on the Most Informative Sensory Neurons
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Combined orientation and colour information in human V1 for both L–M and S-cone chromatic axes
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The confounding effect of response amplitude on MVPA performance measures
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Law and Neuroscience in the United States
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Radial Biases in the Processing of Motion and Motion-Defined Contours by Human Visual Cortex
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Self-citationfMRI Lie Detection Fails a Legal Test
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Flagged first, then by citations
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Decoding Neural Representational Spaces Using Multivariate Pattern Analysis
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Cognitive computational neuroscience
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A Primer on Pattern-Based Approaches to fMRI: Principles, Pitfalls, and Perspectives
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Distributed Representations in Memory: Insights from Functional Brain Imaging
Rissman, J., & Wagner, A. D. (2012) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100344 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
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Multivoxel neurofeedback selectively modulates confidence without changing perceptual performance
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Attention gates visual coding in the human pulvinar
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Mind Reading and Writing: The Future of Neurotechnology
Roelfsema, P. R., Denys, D., & Klink, P. C. (2018) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2018.04.001 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
The Role of the Parietal Cortex in the Representation of Task-Reward Associations
Wisniewski, D., Reverberi, C., Momennejad, I., Kahnt, T., & Haynes, J.-D. (2015) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4882-14.2015 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
- Authors
- Tong, F., & Pratte, M. S.
- Affiliations
- Vanderbilt University (US)
- Venue
- Annual Review of Psychology
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2012-01-10
- Volume
- 63
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 483-509
- ISSN
- 0066-4308 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-2085
- PMC
- PMC7869795
- OpenAlex
- W2109883003
- Cited by
- 375
- References
- 146
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 79 · 2017: 42 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 32 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 1.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Annual Review of Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Eye Institute (R01EY017082)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Keywords
- multi-voxel pattern analysis, brain decoding, theory of mind, mental state inference, visual perception, memory, semantic encoding, neuroethics, mental privacy, mind-brain relationship, non-invasive brain imaging
- MeSH terms
- Brain, Brain Mapping, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Memory, Visual Perception, Functional Neuroimaging
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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