Unconscious determinants of free decisions in the human brain
Abstract
There has been a long controversy as to whether subjectively 'free' decisions are determined by brain activity ahead of time. We found that the outcome of a decision can be encoded in brain activity of prefrontal and parietal cortex up to 10 s before it enters awareness. This delay presumably reflects the operation of a network of high-level control areas that begin to prepare an upcoming decision long before it enters awareness.
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A free motor decision could be decoded from BOLD signals in the frontal and parietal cortex long (seconds) before it entered awareness.
“Moreover, a recent study showed that a free motor decision could be decoded from BOLD signals in the frontal and parietal cortex long (seconds) before it entered awareness (Soon et al., 2008).”
From Decision Making in Recurrent Neuronal Circuits (2008) · cites this paper as Soon et al., 2008
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“A similar region was also identified by Soon et al. (2008), from which it was possible to decode which of two motor responses participants were preparing to make.”
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- Authors
- Soon, C. S., Brass, M., Heinze, H.-J., & Haynes, J.-D.
- Affiliations
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences (DE)
- Ghent University (BE)
- Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Haynes, John-Dylan
- Venue
- Nature Neuroscience
- Published
- 2008-04-13
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 543-545
- ISSN
- 1097-6256 (ISSN-L)
- 1546-1726
- OpenAlex
- W2025271685
- Cited by
- 1,741
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 63 · 2025: 64 · 2024: 72 · 2023: 141 · 2022: 117 · 2021: 103 · 2020: 66 · 2019: 115 · 2018: 91 · 2017: 100 · 2016: 87 · 2015: 82 · 2014: 122 · 2013: 106 · 2012: 140
- FWCI
- 46.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) (submittedVersion)
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
- Max Planck Digital Library (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Free Will and Agency
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Keywords
- free will, unconscious decision-making, prefrontal cortex, parietal cortex, awareness, decision preparation, free will debate
- MeSH terms
- Brain, Brain Mapping, Choice Behavior, Cognition, Consciousness, Decision Making, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Nerve Net, Neural Pathways, Neuropsychological Tests, Parietal Lobe, Photic Stimulation, Psychomotor Performance, Reaction Time, Time Factors, Unconscious, Psychology, Prefrontal Cortex
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