Partitioning of time as an ecological resource

Kronfeld-Schor, Noga; Dayan, Tamar

doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.34.011802.132435

Cited by 1,021Circadian rhythm and melatoninWildlife Ecology and ConservationAnimal Ecology and Behavior Studies

Partitioning of time as an ecological resource

Kronfeld-Schor, Noga, Dayan, Tamar·2003·Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics

DOI 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.34.011802.132435

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Abstract

▪ Abstract Animal species have evolved different diel activity rhythms that are of adaptive value. Theory suggests that diel temporal partitioning may facilitate coexistence between competitors and between predators and prey. However, relatively few studies demonstrate a temporal shift that is predation- or competition-induced. Recorded shifts are usually within the preferred activity phase of animal species (day or night), although there are some inversions to the opposite phase cycle. Temporal partitioning is not perceived as a common mechanism of coexistence. This rarity has been variously ascribed to theoretical considerations and to the rigidity of time-keeping mechanisms, as well as to other physiological and anatomical traits that may constrain activity patterns. Our decade-long study of spiny mice of rocky deserts demonstrates that, while different factors select for activity patterns, endogenous rhythmicity may be an evolutionary constraint.

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There is growing evidence that within-species competition can influence the timing of an individual's activity within the species' normal active period (temporal partitioning).
“Similarly, there is growing evidence that within-species competition can influence the timing of an individual’s activity within the species’ normal active period (called “Temporal Partitioning”; [98]).”
From The neuroendocrine control of the circadian system: Adolescent chronotype (2012) · cites this paper as [98]

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Untitled work
Taylor (1984) · doi:10.1577/1548-8659(1984)113
Untitled work
Getz (2001) · doi:10.1644/1545-1542(2001)082
WOLF–BISON INTERACTIONS IN YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK
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The influence of human disturbance on wildlife nocturnality
Gaynor, K. M., Hojnowski, C. E., Carter, N., & Brashares, J. S. (2018) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aar7121 · Cited by 1,307 · see citing works
The ecological impacts of nighttime light pollution: a mechanistic appraisal
Gaston, K. J., Bennie, J., Davies, T. W., & Hopkins, J. (2013) · Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · doi:10.1111/brv.12036 · Cited by 1,120 · see citing works
The biological impacts of artificial light at night: the research challenge
Gaston, K. J., Visser, M. E., & Hölker, F. (2015) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2014.0133 · Cited by 516 · see citing works
“Indeed, biological systems are arguably organized foremost by light [5–7].”
Background
A meta-analysis of biological impacts of artificial light at night
Sanders, D., Frago, E., Kehoe, R., Patterson, C., & Gaston, K. J. (2020) · Nature Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1038/s41559-020-01322-x · Cited by 456 · see citing works
“The dataset includes almost double the number of field studies (82) compared to laboratory experiments (42), with the majority of field studies in the meta-analysis from Europe (46), North America (17) and Australia (7).”
Result
Plasticity in circadian activity patterns of mesocarnivores in Southwestern Europe: implications for species coexistence
Monterroso, P., Alves, P., & Ferreras, P. (2014) · Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology · doi:10.1007/s00265-014-1748-1 · Cited by 348 · see citing works
“It is internally regulated by each specie’s endogenous 71 clock (Kronfeld-Schor and Dayan 2003) and by external abiotic and biotic factors which, in the 72 case of predator species, are strongly constrained by the accessibility to preys, that often have 73 5 their own well defined activity patterns…”
Background
Investigating animal activity patterns and temporal niche partitioning using camera‐trap data: challenges and opportunities
Frey, S., Fisher, J. T., Burton, A. C., & Volpe, J. (2017) · Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation · doi:10.1002/rse2.60 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
Biogeography of time partitioning in mammals
Bennie, J., Duffy, J. P., Inger, R., & Gaston, K. J. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1216063110 · Cited by 340 · see citing works
“The ecology of diel time partitioning by organisms remains rather poorly understood (19, 20).”
Background
Phylogeny and geography predict pathogen community similarity in wild primates and humans
Davies, T. J., & Pedersen, A. B. (2008) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2008.0284 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
“Differences in host ecology might also limit the possibilities for epidemiological contacts across species; for example, interspecific interactions may be low even where the overlap is great, as species may occupy different microhabitats (Bowers & Brown 1982 )o r have different activity cycles ( Kronfeld-Schor & Dayan…”
Background
Niche partitioning and species coexistence in a Neotropical felid assemblage
Bitetti, M. S. D., Angelo, C. D., Blanco, Y. E. D., & Paviolo, A. (2010) · Acta Oecologica · doi:10.1016/j.actao.2010.04.001 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
“Several studies have focused on morphological characters as evidence of character displacement; behavioral differences have been relatively less explored, particularly the temporal segregation of species (but see Kronfeld-Schor and Dayan, 2003).”
Background
Species co‐existence and character divergence across carnivores
Davies, T. J., Meiri, S., Barraclough, T. G., & Gittleman, J. L. (2007) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2006.01005.x · Cited by 272 · see citing works
“Direct interspecific interactions may be low even where overlap is great, as species may occupy different microhabitats (Bowers & Brown 1982) or have different activity cycles ( Kronfeld-Schor & Dayan 2003 ) and dietary preferences.”
Background
Effects of predator control on behaviour of an apex predator and indirect consequences for mesopredator suppression
Brook, L. A., Johnson, C. N., & Ritchie, E. (2012) · Journal of Applied Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2012.02207.x · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Trade-Offs (and Constraints) in Organismal Biology
Garland, T., Downs, C. J., & Ives, A. R. (2021) · Physiological and Biochemical Zoology · doi:10.1086/717897 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
“For an example related to time (Kronfeld-Schor and Dayan 2003), if an organism is strictly diurnal and lives near the equator, then itwill have about 12hwithinwhich to accomplish its normal activities, such as foraging.”
Background
Spatial and temporal structure of a mesocarnivore guild in midwestern north America
Lesmeister, D. B., Nielsen, C. K., Schauber, E. M., & Hellgren, E. C. (2015) · Wildlife Monographs · doi:10.1002/wmon.1015 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
“If members of Carnivora occupy different microhabitats, exhibit different diel activity cycles, or have varied diets, direct interspecific interactions may be low even with a high degree of space-use overlap (Bowers and Brown 1982, Kronfeld-Schor and Dayan 2003, Davies et al. 2007).”
Background
Landscapes of Coexistence for terrestrial carnivores: the ecological consequences of being downgraded from ultimate to penultimate predator by humans
Cotterill, A., Valeix, M., Frank, L. G., Riginos, C., & Macdonald, D. W. (2015) · Oikos · doi:10.1111/oik.02224 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
“The most effective way in which animals might avoid predation but still utilise high risk areas or features is by showing temporal changes in activity patterns and using more risky areas at times when predators are the least active (reviewed by Kronfeld-Schor and Dayan 2003).”
Background
Catch Me If You Can: Diel Activity Patterns of Mammalian Prey and Predators
Monterroso, P., Alves, P. C., & Ferreras, P. (2013) · Ethology · doi:10.1111/eth.12156 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Two sides of a coin: ecological and chronobiological perspectives of timing in the wild
Helm, B., Visser, M. E., Schwartz, W. J., Kronfeld‐Schor, N., Gerkema, M. P., Piersma, T., & Bloch, G. (2017) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2016.0246 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Worldwide variations in artificial skyglow
Kyba, C. C. M., Tong, K. P., Bennie, J., Birriel, I., Birriel, J., Cool, A., Danielsen, A., Davies, T. W., den Outer, P. N., Edwards, W., et al. (2015) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep08409 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Dynamic landscapes of fear: understanding spatiotemporal risk
Palmer, M. S., Gaynor, K. M., Becker, J. A., Abraham, J. O., Mumma, M. A., & Pringle, R. M. (2022) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.tree.2022.06.007 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
“Prey should increase their activity levels or reduce risk-mitigating behaviors during safe periods when predators are resting [28,40,47], hibernating [60], migrating [34,75], or have lower hunting success [45,46,50].”
Background
Cascading effects of artificial light at night: resource-mediated control of herbivores in a grassland ecosystem
Bennie, J., Davies, T. W., Cruse, D., Inger, R., & Gaston, K. J. (2015) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2014.0131 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
“Species have evolved to differentiate their activity time along temporal gradients of daylight and darkness giving rise to niche partitioning of the 24 h cycle [76,77].”
The impact of native competitors on an alien invasive: temporal niche shifts to avoid interspecific aggression
Harrington, L. A., Harrington, A. L., Yamaguchi, N., Thom, M. D. F., Ferreras, P., Windham, T. R., & Macdonald, D. W. (2009) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/08-0302.1 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
In search of a temporal niche: environmental factors.
Hut, R., Kronfeld-Schor, N., van der Vinne, V., & de la Iglesia, H. O. (2012) · Progress in Brain Research · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-59427-3.00017-4 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
“…Hutchinson’s crisp definition of ecological niche as a multidimensional space delineated by the range of resources in which a species survives and reproduces (Hutchinson, 1957), “time” still struggles to make it into the list of critical niche orthogonal axes (Kronfeld-Schor and Dayan, 2003; 2008).”
Background
Time and ecological resilience: can diurnal animals compensate for climate change by shifting to nocturnal activity?
Levy, O., Dayan, T., Porter, W., & Kronfeld-Schor, N. (2018) · Ecological Monographs · doi:10.1002/ecm.1334 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Nocturnality in Dinosaurs Inferred from Scleral Ring and Orbit Morphology
Schmitz, L., & Motani, R. (2011) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1200043 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Activity Pattern Segregation of Carnivores in the High Andes
Lucherini, M., Reppucci, J. I., Walker, R. S., Villalba, L., Wurstten, Á., Gallardo, G., Iriarte, A., Villalobos, R., & Perovic, P. G. (2009) · Journal of Mammalogy · doi:10.1644/09-mamm-a-002r.1 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Coastal urban lighting has ecological consequences for multiple trophic levels under the sea
Bolton, D. K., Mayer‐Pinto, M., Clark, G. F., Dafforn, K. A., Brassil, W. A., Becker, A., & Johnston, E. L. (2016) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.037 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
“ALAN can affect ecological processes such as predation, competition and habitat use, by altering the time organisms spend on activities such as foraging, hiding, and resting (Kronfeld-Schor and Dayan, 2003; Gutman and Dayan, 2005; Bennie et al., 2014).”
Background
Circadian rhythms and depression: Human psychopathology and animal models
Kronfeld-Schor, N., & Einat, H. (2012) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.08.020 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
“…between and within a species (Cohen and Kronfeld-Schor, 2006; Cohen et al., 2009, 2010b; Daan et al., 2011; Gutman et al., 2007; Hut et al., 2011; Kronfeld-Schor and Dayan, 2003, 2008; Kronfeld-Schor ythms and depression: Human psychopathology and animal models, et al., 2001; Levy et al., 2007;…”
Background
Changing coasts: Marine aliens and articial structures
Mineur, F. (2012) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b12157-6 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
The origins of acoustic communication in vertebrates
Chen, Z., & Wiens, J. J. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-14356-3 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Stacking the odds: light pollution may shift the balance in an ancient predator–prey arms race
Minnaar, C., Boyles, J. G., Minnaar, I. A., Sole, C. L., & McKechnie, A. E. (2014) · Journal of Applied Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2664.12381 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Drivers of red fox (Vulpes vulpes) daily activity: prey availability, human disturbance or habitat structure?
Díaz-Ruiz, F., Caro, J., Delibes-Mateos, M., Arroyo, B., & Ferreras, P. (2016) · Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1111/jzo.12294 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Time Partitioning Favors the Coexistence of Sympatric Crab-Eating Foxes (Cerdocyon thous) and Pampas Foxes (Lycalopex gymnocercus)
Bitetti, M. S. D., Blanco, Y. E. D., Pereira, J. A., Paviolo, A., & Pírez, I. J. (2009) · Journal of Mammalogy · doi:10.1644/08-mamm-a-113.1 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
“Temporal partitioning is 1 mechanism that closely related species can use to avoid competition (Kronfeld-Schor and Dayan 2003), with the less-competitive (subordinate) species usually switching its activity to suboptimal times of the daily cycle in order to reduce interference competition by the…”
Background
Seeing in the dark: vision and visual behaviour in nocturnal bees and wasps
Warrant, E. J. (2008) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.015396 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
“became nocturnal was to avoid predation and parasitism (Bohart and Youssef, 1976; Smith et al., 2003; Kronfeld-Schor and Dayan, 2003; Wcislo et al., 2004).”
The neuroendocrine control of the circadian system: Adolescent chronotype
Hagenauer, M. H., & Lee, T. M. (2012) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2012.04.003 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
“Similarly, there is growing evidence that within-species competition can influence the timing of an individual’s activity within the species’ normal active period (called ‘‘Temporal Partitioning’’; (Kronfeld-Shor and Dayan, 2003).”
Background
Adaptation of wild boar (Sus scrofa) activity in a human-dominated landscape
Johann, F., Handschuh, M., Linderoth, P., Dormann, C., & Arnold, J. (2020) · BMC Ecology · doi:10.1186/s12898-019-0271-7 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Spatio-temporal partitioning among large carnivores in relation to major prey species in Western Ghats
Ramesh, T., Kalle, R., Sankar, K., & Qureshi, Q. (2012) · Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2012.00908.x · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Nighttime Ecology: The “Nocturnal Problem” Revisited
Gaston, K. (2019) · American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/702250 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
On the role of phylogeny in determining activity patterns of rodents
Roll, U., Dayan, T., & Kronfeld‐Schor, N. (2006) · Evolutionary Ecology · doi:10.1007/s10682-006-0015-y · Cited by 138 · see citing works
“…separation between closely related species, in which inter-specific competition is thought to be greatest (Darwin 1859; Losos et al. 2003), and thus explain the relative rarity of temporal partitioning in ecological communities (Kronfeld-Schor et al. 2001a, b; Kronfeld-Schor and Dayan 2003).”
BackgroundInfluential
Activity patterns of carnivores in the rain forests of Madagascar: implications for species coexistence
Gerber, B., Karpanty, S., & Randrianantenaina, J. (2012) · Journal of Mammalogy · doi:10.1644/11-mamm-a-265.1 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Spatiotemporal patterns of lion space use in a human-dominated landscape
Cotterill, A., Macdonald, D. W., Valeix, M., Ekwanga, S., & Frank, L. G. (2015) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2014.11.020 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
“Behavioural responses to predation risk shown by herbivores and mesocarnivores suggest temporal partitioning of habitats and resources can be a strategy to reduce predation risk (Durant, 1998; Harrington et al., 2009; Kronfeld-Schor & Dayan, 2003; Linnell & Strand, 2000; Valeix et al., 2009).”
Background
Temporal niche expansion in mammals from a nocturnal ancestor after dinosaur extinction
Maor, R., Dayan, T., Ferguson‐Gow, H., & Jones, K. E. (2017) · Nature Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1038/s41559-017-0366-5 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
“We resolved conflicts where sources disagreed on the species activity pattern as follows: (1) records of crepuscular activity (dusk or dawn), when in conjunction with nocturnal or diurnal activity, were changed to nocturnal or diurnal, respectively; (2) records from compiled sources were preferred over localized studi…”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
How ecological communities respond to artificial light at night
Sanders, D., & Gaston, K. J. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A Ecological and Integrative Physiology · doi:10.1002/jez.2157 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
“Whilst it has been argued that phylogenetic constraint plays the major role (e.g. Kronfeld-Schor & Dayan, 2003), F IGURE 2 Impact of ALAN on (A) species (nodes) and (B) interactions (links) and different scenarios for different parts in a food web/network affected: (A) single species, (B) single…”
Spatial Co-Occurrence and Activity Patterns of Mesocarnivores in the Temperate Forests of Southwest China
Bu, H., Wang, F., McShea, W. J., Lü, Z., Wang, D., & Li, S. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0164271 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Evolving through day and night: origin and diversification of activity pattern in modern primates
Santini, L., Rojas, D., & Donati, G. (2015) · Behavioral Ecology · doi:10.1093/beheco/arv012 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Chronobiology of interspecific interactions in a changing world
Kronfeld-Schor, N., Visser, M. E., Salis, L., & van Gils, J. A. (2017) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2016.0248 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Different effects of temperature on foraging activity schedules in sympatric Myrmecia ants
Jayatilaka, P., Narendra, A., Reid, S. F., Cooper, P., & Zeil, J. (2011) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.053710 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
“2730 INTRODUCTION Animals, including mammals, birds and insects occupy distinct temporal niches by being active during specific periods of the year and/or at specific times of the day (Lynch et al., 1980; Kotler et al., 2002; Kronfeld-Schor and Dayan, 2003).”
Background
Out of the dark: 350 million years of conservatism and evolution in diel activity patterns in vertebrates
Anderson, S. R., & Wiens, J. J. (2017) · Evolution · doi:10.1111/evo.13284 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Behavior‐specific habitat selection by African lions may promote their persistence in a human‐dominated landscape
Suraci, J. P., Frank, L. G., Cotterill, A., Ekwanga, S., Williams, T. M., & Wilmers, C. C. (2019) · Ecology · doi:10.1002/ecy.2644 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
“…be prohibitively costly, and large carnivores can potentially reduce such costs by using valuable but risky habitats at times when risk of encountering humans is low (Oriol-Cotterill et al. 2015a, b, Gaynor et al. 2018), a strategy known as “temporal partitioning” (Kronfeld-Schor and Dayan 2003).”
Background
Heritable circadian period length in a wild bird population
Helm, B., & Visser, M. E. (2010) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.0871 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
“Such microevolutionary adjustments could counteract possible constraints on flexibility that are thought to be imposed by circadian clocks (Kronfeld-Schor & Dayan 2003).”
BackgroundMethod
Supplemental Feeding for Ecotourism Reverses Diel Activity and Alters Movement Patterns and Spatial Distribution of the Southern Stingray, Dasyatis americana
Corcoran, M. J., Wetherbee, B. M., Shivji, M. S., Potenski, M. D., Chapman, D. D., & Harvey, G. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0059235 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
“Such extreme diel inversions in activity, although seen in a few other taxa, are relatively rare presumably because physiological and ecological adaptations underlie the evolution of circadian activity rhythms [34].”
Background
Habitat patch size modulates terrestrial mammal activity patterns in Amazonian forest fragments
Norris, D., Michalski, F., & Peres, C. (2010) · Journal of Mammalogy · doi:10.1644/09-mamm-a-199.1 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Ecological correlates of the spatial co-occurrence of sympatric mammalian carnivores worldwide.
Davis, C. L., Rich, L., Farris, Z., Kelly, M., Bitetti, M. D. D., Blanco, Y. D. D., Albanesi, S., Farhadinia, M., Gholikhani, N., Hamel, S., et al. (2018) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/ele.13124 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
“Behaviour, morphology, and phylogenetic proximity also can play pivotal roles in influencing the strength and direction of interspecific interactions at local scales (Kronfeld-Schor & Dayan 2003; Donadio & Buskirk 2006; Davies et al. 2007; Yackulic et al. 2014).”
Background
The effect of artificial light on male breeding-season behaviour in green frogs, Rana clamitans melanota
Baker, B. J., & Richardson, J. M. L. (2006) · Canadian Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1139/z06-142 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
African ungulates and their drinking problems: hunting and predation risks constrain access to water
Crosmary, W., Valeix, M., Fritz, H., Madzikanda, H., & Côté, S. D. (2011) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.10.019 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
“Prey may shift their niche along the time axis to reduce temporal overlap with predator activity (reviewed in: Kronfeld-Schor & Dayan 2003; Caro 2005).”
Fear of the dark? Contrasting impacts of humans versus lynx on diel activity of roe deer across Europe
Bonnot, N. C., Couriot, O. H., Berger, A., Cagnacci, F., Ciuti, S., Groeve, J. D., Gehr, B., Heurich, M., Kjellander, P., Kröschel, M., et al. (2019) · Journal of Animal Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2656.13161 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
The Relationship between the Golden Spiny Mouse Circadian System and Its Diurnal Activity: An Experimental Field Enclosures and Laboratory Study
Levy, O., Dayan, T., & Kronfeld‐Schor, N. (2007) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420520701534640 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
“DISCUSSION In their natural habitat, animal species may be active in contrast to their internal nature, whenever conditions compel it (Kronfeld-Schor & Dayan, 2003); therefore, the internal rhythmicity and preferences of species may be revealed only under controlled conditions, and these are not…”
BackgroundInfluential
Impacts of artificial light at night on sleep: A review and prospectus
Aulsebrook, A. E., Jones, T. M., Mulder, R. A., & Lesku, J. A. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A Ecological and Integrative Physiology · doi:10.1002/jez.2189 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Nocturnality in synapsids predates the origin of mammals by over 100 million years
Angielczyk, K. D., & Schmitz, L. (2014) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2014.1642 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Large carnivore impacts are context-dependent
Haswell, P. M., Kusak, J., & Hayward, M. W. (2016) · Food Webs · doi:10.1016/j.fooweb.2016.02.005 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
“…et al. 2010), predation r sk and the avoidance of predators are also believed to be closely linked to how ungulates use time and space (Brown et al. 1999; Harmsen et al. 2011; Kronfeld-Schor and Dayan 2003) as well as how they forage (Altendorf et al. 2001; Kotler et al. 1994; Laundré et al. 2001).”
Background
Feeding ecology of wild migratory tunas revealed by archival tag records of visceral warming
Bestley, S., Patterson, T. A., Hindell, M. A., & Gunn, J. (2008) · Journal of Animal Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2656.2008.01437.x · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Unconstrained by the clock? Plasticity of diel activity rhythm in a tropical reef fish, Siganus lineatus
Fox, R. J., & Bellwood, D. R. (2011) · Functional Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2435.2011.01874.x · Cited by 103 · see citing works
“Taxa that can be either nocturnal or diurnal are invaluable as subjects for research into the relative importance of the various physical and biological forces driving divisions along the temporal niche axis (Kronfeld-Schor & Dayan 2003).”
BackgroundInfluential
Interspecific competition and predation in American carnivore families
Hunter, J., & Caro, T. (2008) · Ethology Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1080/08927014.2008.9522514 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
“Temporal avoidance Temporal avoidance of predation is well documented in mammals (e.g., Penn & maCdonald 1995, kronFeld-sCHor & dayan 2003) and is likely to be especially prevalent in small carnivores subject to predation.”
Background
Feasibility of light-trapping in community research on moths: attraction radius of light, completeness of samples, nightly flight times and seasonality of Southeast-Asian hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)
Beck, J., & Linsenmair, K. E. (2006) · Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera · doi:10.5962/p.266537 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Effect of artificial night lighting on temporally partitioned spiny mice
Rotics, S., Dayan, T., & Kronfeld‐Schor, N. (2011) · Journal of Mammalogy · doi:10.1644/10-mamm-a-112.1 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Move to nocturnality not a universal trend in carnivore species on disturbed landscapes
Frey, S., Volpe, J. P., Heim, N., Paczkowski, J., & Fisher, J. T. (2020) · Oikos · doi:10.1111/oik.07251 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Temporal niche partitioning as a novel mechanism promoting co-existence of sympatric predators in marine systems
Lear, K. O., Whitney, N. M., Morris, J. J., & Gleiss, A. C. (2021) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2021.0816 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Spatial and temporal adjustments allowing the coexistence among carnivores in Liguria (N-W Italy)
Torretta, E., Serafini, M., Puopolo, F., & Schenone, L. (2015) · acta ethologica · doi:10.1007/s10211-015-0231-y · Cited by 99 · see citing works
“Even though carnivore activity patterns along the diel cycle may depend on several factors, such as the internal regulation by an endogenous clock (Kronfeld-Schor and Dayan 2003), or as a consequence of both abiotic (Kowalczyk et al. 2003; Cozzi et al. 2012; Penteriani et al. 2013) and biotic…”
Background
Artificial light at night causes top‐down and bottom‐up trophic effects on invertebrate populations
Bennie, J., Davies, T. W., Cruse, D., Inger, R., & Gaston, K. J. (2018) · Journal of Applied Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2664.13240 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Seasonal and predator-prey effects on circadian activity of free-ranging mammals revealed by camera traps
Caravaggi, A., Gatta, M., Vallely, M.-C., Hogg, K., Freeman, M. S., Fadaei, E., Dick, J. T. A., Montgomery, I. W., Reid, N., & Tosh, D. G. (2018) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.5827 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Neutrality and the niche
Gaston, K. J., & Chown, S. L. (2005) · Functional Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.0269-8463.2005.00948.x · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Spatiotemporal mechanisms of coexistence in an European mammal community in a protected area of southern Italy
Mori, E., Bagnato, S., Serroni, P., Sangiuliano, A., Rotondaro, F., Marchianò, V., Cascini, V., Poerio, L., & Ferretti, F. (2019) · Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1111/jzo.12743 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Maximising survival by shifting the daily timing of activity
van der Vinne, V., Tachinardi, P., Riede, S. J., Akkerman, J., Scheepe, J., Daan, S., & Hut, R. A. (2019) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/ele.13404 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
“…of daily activity timing on the survival of small mammals has only been considered in general (non-quantitative) terms (Daan 1981; Lima & Dill 1990; Kronfeld-Schor & Dayan 2003; Hut et al. 2012), preventing a full assessment of the implications of daily rhythms for the foraging/predation risk…”
A hierarchical classification of trophic guilds for North American birds and mammals
González-Salazar, C., Martínez-Meyer, E., & López-Santiago, G. (2014) · Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad · doi:10.7550/rmb.38023 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Using conditional circular kernel density functions to test hypotheses on animal circadian activity
Oliveira‐Santos, L. G. R., Zucco, C. A., & Agostinelli, C. (2012) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.09.033 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
When carnivores roam: temporal patterns and overlap among M adagascar's native and exotic carnivores
Farris, Z. J., Gerber, B. D., Karpanty, S. M., Murphy, A., Andrianjakarivelo, V., Ratelolahy, F. J., & Kelly, M. J. (2015) · Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1111/jzo.12216 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
“Tem- poral avoidance may be a primary driver in reducing competition, leading to increased co-existence and thus enhanced biodiversity (Kronfeld-Schor & Dayan, 2003).”
Background
Temporal separation between jaguar and puma in the dry forests of southern Bolivia
Romero-Muñoz, A., Maffei, L., Cuéllar, E., & Noss, A. (2010) · Journal of Tropical Ecology · doi:10.1017/s0266467410000052 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Comparative ecology of desert small mammals: a selective review of the past 30 years
Kelt, D. A. (2011) · Journal of Mammalogy · doi:10.1644/10-mamm-s-238.1 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Field and Laboratory Studies Provide Insights into the Meaning of Day-Time Activity in a Subterranean Rodent (Ctenomys aff. knighti), the Tuco-Tuco
Tomotani, B. M., Flôres, D. E. F. L., Tachinardi, P., Paliza, J. D., Oda, G. A., & Valentinuzzi, V. S. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0037918 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
TEMPORAL PARTITIONING: AN EXPERIMENT WITH TWO SPECIES OF SPINY MICE
Gutman, R., & Dayan, T. (2005) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/03-0369 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Mammals adjust diel activity across gradients of urbanization
Gallo, T., Fidino, M., Gerber, B. D., Ahlers, A. A., Angstmann, J. L., Amaya, M., Concilio, A., Drake, D., Gay, D., Lehrer, E. W., et al. (2022) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.74756 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Artificial Lighting at Night in Estuaries—Implications from Individuals to Ecosystems
Zapata, M. J., Sullivan, S. M. P., & Gray, S. M. (2018) · Estuaries and Coasts · doi:10.1007/s12237-018-0479-3 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Assessing analytical methods for detecting spatiotemporal interactions between species from camera trapping data
Niedballa, J., Wilting, A., Sollmann, R., Hofer, H., & Courtiol, A. (2019) · Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation · doi:10.1002/rse2.107 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Aggressive interactions during feeding between native and invasive freshwater turtles
Polo‐Cavia, N., López, P., & Martín, J. M. (2010) · Biological Invasions · doi:10.1007/s10530-010-9897-2 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
“Temporal partitioning (usually asymmetrical) is another viable mechanism for coexistence between competitive species ( Kronfeld-Schor and Dayan 1999, 2003; Weinstein 2003).”
Background
Assessment of assemblage‐wide temporal niche segregation using null models
Castro-Arellano, I., Lacher, T., Willig, M., & Rangel, T. (2010) · Methods in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1111/j.2041-210x.2010.00031.x · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“Allocation of activity within either diurnal or nocturnal phases has strong phylogenetic constraints (Roll, Dayan, & Kronfeld-Schor 2006) and physiological adaptationsmay limit the plasticity of activity patterns (Kronfeld-Schor & Dayan 2003).”
BackgroundInfluential
Do prey select for vacant hunting domains to minimize a multi‐predator threat?
Kohl, M. T., Ruth, T. K., Metz, M. C., Stahler, D. R., Smith, D. W., White, P. J., & MacNulty, D. R. (2019) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/ele.13319 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“These hypotheses have provided a productive framework for exploring prey spatial response to multiple predators, but they overlook the temporal dimension of the predator hunting domain, and how it may provide additional refuge from predation (Kronfeld-Schor & Dayan 2003).”
Background
Coexistence of predators in time: Effects of season and prey availability on species activity within a Mediterranean carnivore guild
Vilella, M., Ferrandiz‐Rovira, M., & Sayol, F. (2020) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.6778 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
“…such as meteorology, the presence of large apex predators, human frequentation, or even ancient selective pressures that are not currently present (Kronfeld-Schor & Dayan, 2003; Parsons et al., 2016; Rosalino, Macdonald, & Santos-Reis, 2005; Suraci, Clinchy, Dill, Roberts, & Zanette, 2016).”
Background
Interspecific interactions between wild felids vary across scales and levels of urbanization
Lewis, J. S., Bailey, L., VandeWoude, S., & Crooks, K. (2015) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.1812 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
“Ultimately, competition can result in spatial and temporal niche partitioning between species, which can occur across fine to broad scales (Schoener 1983; Carothers and Jaksi c 1984).”
Background
Chronobiology of Deep-Water Decapod Crustaceans on Continental Margins
Aguzzi, J., & Joan B. Company (2010) · Advances in marine biology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-381015-1.00003-4 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Coral Gametogenesis Collapse under Artificial Light Pollution
Ayalon, I., Rosenberg, Y., Benichou, J. I. C., Campos, C. L. D., Sayco, S. L. G., Nada, M. A., Baquiran, J. I., Ligson, C. A., Avisar, D., Conaco, C., et al. (2020) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2020.10.039 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Activity patterns of rodents: the physiological ecology of biological rhythms
Kronfeld‐Schor, N., & Dayan, T. (2008) · Biological Rhythm Research · doi:10.1080/09291010701683268 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“…the fact that many of the recorded shifts in activity times or perceived patterns of temporal partitioning are contained within the preferred part of the diel cycle, whether day or night (reviewed by Kronfeld-Schor & Dayan 2003), although they are detectable only by detailed scientific research.”
BackgroundInfluential
How dark is a river? Artificial light at night in aquatic systems and the need for comprehensive night‐time light measurements
Jechow, A., & Hölker, F. (2019) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Water · doi:10.1002/wat2.1388 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
“The light cycle between night and day, the lunar cycle, weather or seasons serve as external cues (zeitgeber) for cyclic biological processes such as reproduction and foraging (Kronfeld-Schor & Dayan, 2003; Robert, Lesku, Partecke, & Chambers, 2015).”
Background
Increased mammal nocturnality in agricultural landscapes results in fragmentation due to cascading effects
Shamoon, H., Maor, R., Saltz, D., & Dayan, T. (2018) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2018.07.028 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Coastal observatories for monitoring of fish behaviour and their responses to environmental changes
Aguzzi, J., Doya, C., Tecchio, S., Léo, F. C. D., Azzurro, E., Costa, C., Sbragaglia, V., Fernández, J. D. R., Navarro, J., Ruhl, H. A., et al. (2015) · Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries · doi:10.1007/s11160-015-9387-9 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Landscape of human fear in Neotropical rainforest mammals
Mendes, C. P., Carreira, D., Pedrosa, F., Beca, G., Lautenschlager, L., Akkawi, P., Bercê, W., Ferraz, K. M. P. M. D. B., & Galetti, M. (2019) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2019.108257 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Factors and mechanisms that explain coexistence in a Mediterranean carnivore assemblage: An integrated study based on camera trapping and diet
Barrull, J., Mate, I., Ruiz‐Olmo, J., Casanovas, J. G., Gosálbez, J., & Salicrú, M. (2013) · Mammalian Biology · doi:10.1016/j.mambio.2013.11.004 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
The spatial and temporal distributions of arthropods in forest canopies: uniting disparate patterns with hypotheses for specialisation
Wardhaugh, C. W. (2014) · Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · doi:10.1111/brv.12094 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“However, for many species circadian rhythms may simply be the result of evolutionary constraints (Kronfeld-Schor & Dayan, 2003; Boulter et al., 2005), such that diurnal species are unable to become nocturnal to avoid diurnal predators and competitors or utilise nocturnal resources and vice versa.”
Background
Fine-scale habitat use and behavior of a nearshore fish community: nursery functions, predation avoidance, and spatiotemporal habitat partitioning
Munsch, S., Cordell, J., & Toft, J. (2016) · Marine Ecology Progress Series · doi:10.3354/meps11862 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“Compared to space, time is a less studied yet important axis on which consumers partition habitats (Kronfeld-Schor & Dayan 2003).”
Background
Diel niche variation in mammals associated with expanded trait space
Cox, D. T. C., Gardner, A. S., & Gaston, K. J. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-22023-4 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Activity re-assignment and microclimate selection of free-living Arabian oryx: responses that could minimise the effects of climate change on homeostasis?
Hetem, R. S., Strauss, W. M., Fick, L. G., Maloney, S. K., Meyer, L. C. R., Shobrak, M., Fuller, A., & Mitchell, D. (2012) · Zoology · doi:10.1016/j.zool.2012.04.005 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
The twilight zone: ambient light levels trigger activity in primitive ants
Narendra, A., Reid, S. F., & Hemmi, J. (2010) · Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.2324 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“Being active at different times of the day enables them to avoid predators, follow the temporal distribution of food resources and reduce competition and direct confrontation (Schoener 1974; Kronfeld-Schor & Dayan 2003).”
Background
Daily activity timing in the Anthropocene
Gilbert, N. A., McGinn, K. A., Nunes, L. A., Shipley, A. A., Bernath‐Plaisted, J. S., Clare, J. D. J., Murphy, P., Keyser, S. R., Thompson, K. L., Nelson, S. B. M., et al. (2022) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.tree.2022.10.008 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“Timescape modi ﬁ cation hypothesis: both the duration and temporal con ﬁ guration of human disturbance in ﬂ uence the ecological effects of novel activity timing Time can be conceptualized as habitat that is used by organisms [1,2].”

The dietary basis for temporal partitioning: food habits of coexisting Acomys species
Kronfeld‐Schor, N., & Dayan, T. (1999) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/s004420050913 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
TEMPORAL PARTITIONING: AN EXPERIMENT WITH TWO SPECIES OF SPINY MICE
Gutman, R., & Dayan, T. (2005) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/03-0369 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
COEXISTENCE OF TEMPORALLY PARTITIONED SPINY MICE: ROLES OF HABITAT STRUCTURE AND FORAGING BEHAVIOR
Jones, M. E., Mandelik, Y., & Dayan, T. (2001) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/0012-9658(2001)082[2164:cotpsm]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Ephemeral temporal partitioning may facilitate coexistence in competing species
Sovie, A. R., Greene, D. U., Frock, C. F., Potash, A., & McCleery, R. (2019) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2019.01.020 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Partitioning of temporal activity among desert lizards in relation to prey availability and temperature
Gordon, C. E., Dickman, C. R., & Thompson, M. B. (2009) · Austral Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1442-9993.2009.02010.x · Cited by 26 · see citing works

Authors: Kronfeld-Schor, N., & Dayan, T.
Affiliations: Department of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel;
Tel Aviv University (IL)
ORCID: Dayan, Tamar
Venue: Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics
Publisher: Annual Reviews
Published: 2003-11
Volume: 34
Issue: 1
Pages: 153-181
ISSN: 1543-592X (ISSN-L)
1545-2069
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.34.011802.132435
OpenAlex: W2159396718
Cited by: 1,021
References: 172
Citations by year: 2026: 93 · 2025: 88 · 2024: 67 · 2023: 75 · 2022: 76 · 2021: 61 · 2020: 61 · 2019: 51 · 2018: 61 · 2017: 46 · 2016: 40 · 2015: 47 · 2014: 37 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 35
FWCI: 0.50
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics (publishedVersion)
Funders: Israel Science Foundation
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Animal Ecology and Behavior Studies
Keywords: temporal partitioning, diel activity patterns, ecological time, species coexistence, predator-prey interactions, competition (biology), spiny mouse, activity patterns, endogenous rhythms, evolutionary constraints

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Partitioning of time as an ecological resource

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