Political Trust and Trustworthiness
Abstract
After addressing the meaning of “trust” and “trustworthiness,” we review survey-based research on citizens' judgments of trust in governments and politicians, and historical and comparative case study research on political trust and government trustworthiness. We first provide an overview of research in these two traditions, and then take up four topics in more detail: (a) political trust and political participation; (b) political trust, public opinion, and the vote; (c) political trust, trustworthy government, and citizen compliance; and (d) political trust, social trust, and cooperation. We conclude with a discussion of fruitful directions for future research.
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The use of an experimental setting could help yield more light into the existence of the link and its determinants and generate usable knowledge for practitioners.
“The use of an experimental setting could help to yield more light into the existence of the link and its determinants and generate usable knowledge for practitioners”
From Transparency and Trust in Government. Evidence from a Survey Experiment (2021) · cites this paper as Levi & Stoker, 2000
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Chan, S. (1997) · International Journal of Public Opinion Research · doi:10.1093/ijpor/9.3.286 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
TWELVE. Mad Cows and Social Activists: Contentious Politics in the Trilateral Democracies
Tarrow, S. (2000) · Princeton University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9780691186849-016 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Postmateralist Values and the Erosion of Institutional Authority
Inglehart, R. (1997) · Harvard University Press eBooks · doi:10.2307/j.ctv322v3xg.13 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
ATTITUDINAL ROOTS OF POPULAR PROTEST: THE FRENCH UPHEAVAL OF MAY 1968
Pierce, R., & Converse, P. E. (1989) · International Journal of Public Opinion Research · doi:10.1093/ijpor/1.3.221 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Mutual Trust, Credible Commitments and the Evolution of Rules for a Single European Market
Majone, G. (1995) · Cadmus - EUI Research Repository (European University Institute) · Cited by 15 · see citing works
The Angry Voter: Politics and Popular Discontent in the 1990s
Craig, S. C. (2018) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780429502002-4 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Trust and Its Relationship to Psychological Distress: The Case of Three Mile Island
Goldsteen, R. L., Goldsteen, K. S., & Schorr, J. K. (1992) · Political Psychology · doi:10.2307/3791497 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
One. Self-Enforcing Political Systems and Economic Growth: Late Medieval Genoa
Greif, A. (1999) · Princeton University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9780691216232-003 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Mutual Trust, Credible Commitments and the Evolution of Rules for a Single European Market
Mojone, G. (1997) · Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks · doi:10.4337/9781035352227.00017 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Reading Aloud from Logographic and Alphabetic Texts: Comparisons Between Chinese and German
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Whiting, R. (1998) · doi:10.1007/978-1-349-26487-2_24 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
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(2005) · Cited by 3,670 · see citing works
Modernization, Cultural Change, and Democracy
Inglehart, R., & Welzel, C. (2001) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511790881 · Cited by 2,606 · see citing works
Democratic Deficit: Critical Citizens Revisited
Norris, P. (2011) · Cited by 1,276 · see citing works
Predicting Cross-National Levels of Social Trust: Global Pattern or Nordic Exceptionalism?
Delhey, J., & Newton, K. (2005) · European Sociological Review · doi:10.1093/esr/jci022 · Cited by 1,267 · see citing works
The Effects of E‐Government on Trust and Confidence in Government
Tolbert, C. J., & Mossberger, K. (2006) · Public Administration Review · doi:10.1111/j.1540-6210.2006.00594.x · Cited by 1,092 · see citing works
Clarke, H. D., Sanders, D. A., Stewart, M. C., & Whiteley, P. (2004) · doi:10.1093/019924488x.001.0001 · Cited by 929 · see citing works
At What Level (and in Whom) We Trust: Trust Across Multiple Organizational Levels
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Conspiracy Theories and the Paranoid Style(s) of Mass Opinion
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Making carbon pricing work for citizens
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Measuring trust in vaccination: A systematic review
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Data governance: Organizing data for trustworthy Artificial Intelligence
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What Have We Learned About Generalized Trust, If Anything?
Nannestad, P. (2008) · Annual Review of Political Science · doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.11.060606.135412 · Cited by 773 · see citing works
Political Trust in a Cynical Age
Citrin, J., & Stoker, L. (2018) · Annual Review of Political Science · doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-050316-092550 · Cited by 736 · see citing works
Self-citationPolicing in Black and White: Ethnic Group Differences in Trust and Confidence in the Police
Tyler, T. R. (2005) · Police Quarterly · doi:10.1177/1098611104271105 · Cited by 671 · see citing works
Building Trust to Reinforce Democracy
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Rightful resistance in rural China
O’Brien, K. J., & Li, L. (2007) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.44-3516 · Cited by 646 · see citing works
Mariën, S., & Hooghe, M. (2010) · European Journal of Political Research · doi:10.1111/j.1475-6765.2010.01930.x · Cited by 634 · see citing works
The Effect of Transparency on Trust in Government: A Cross‐National Comparative Experiment
Grimmelikhuijsen, S., Porumbescu, G. A., Hong, B., & Im, T. (2013) · Public Administration Review · doi:10.1111/puar.12047 · Cited by 616 · see citing works
Grimmelikhuijsen, S. G., & Meijer, A. J. (2014) · Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory · doi:10.1093/jopart/mus048 · Cited by 565 · see citing works
Albertson, B. L., & Gadarian, S. K. (2015) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139963107 · Cited by 564 · see citing works
Poortinga, W. (2011) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2011.09.017 · Cited by 560 · see citing works
von Schnitzler, A. (2016) · Princeton University Press eBooks · doi:10.23943/princeton/9780691170770.001.0001 · Cited by 647 · see citing works
Devine, D., Gaskell, J., Jennings, W., & Stoker, G. (2020) · Political Studies Review · doi:10.1177/1478929920948684 · Cited by 535 · see citing works
Indignation or resignation: The implications of transparency for societal accountability
Bauhr, M., & Grimes, M. (2014) · Governance · doi:10.1111/gove.12033 · Cited by 524 · see citing works
Social Trust and Attitudes Toward Democracy
Zmerli, S., & Newton, K. (2008) · Public Opinion Quarterly · doi:10.1093/poq/nfn054 · Cited by 504 · see citing works
Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance
Ferry, L., & Murphy, P. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-20928-9 · Cited by 499 · see citing works
Corruption and Trust: Exceptionalism in Asian Democracies?
Chang, E. C. C., & Chu, Y. (2006) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2508.2006.00404.x · Cited by 483 · see citing works
Hooghe, M., & Mariën, S. (2012) · European Societies · doi:10.1080/14616696.2012.692807 · Cited by 457 · see citing works
Tilly, C. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511618185 · Cited by 438 · see citing works
Baumgartner, J. C., & Morris, J. S. (2006) · American Politics Research · doi:10.1177/1532673x05280074 · Cited by 408 · see citing works
The Impact of Trust in the News Media on Online News Consumption and Participation
Fletcher, R., & Park, S. (2017) · Digital Journalism · doi:10.1080/21670811.2017.1279979 · Cited by 390 · see citing works
CITIZENSHIP AND CIVIC ENGAGEMENT
Theiss-Morse, E., & Hibbing, J. R. (2005) · Annual Review of Political Science · doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.8.082103.104829 · Cited by 406 · see citing works
Race and Regionalism in the Politics of Taxation in Brazil and South Africa
Lieberman, E. S. (2003) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511615658 · Cited by 401 · see citing works
Institutional Trust, Education, and Corruption: A Micro-Macro Interactive Approach
Hakhverdian, A., & Mayne, Q. (2012) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1017/s0022381612000412 · Cited by 401 · see citing works
Judging a Book by its Cover: Beauty and Expectations in the Trust Game
Wilson, R. K., & Eckel, C. C. (2006) · Political Research Quarterly · doi:10.1177/106591290605900202 · Cited by 395 · see citing works
Contention and democracy in Europe, 1650-2000
(2004) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.42-1200 · Cited by 380 · see citing works
The Multidimensionality of Trust: Applications in Collaborative Natural Resource Management
Stern, M. J., & Coleman, K. (2014) · Society & Natural Resources · doi:10.1080/08941920.2014.945062 · Cited by 378 · see citing works
Schilke, O. S., Reimann, M., & Cook, K. S. (2021) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev-soc-082120-082850 · Cited by 374 · see citing works
Validating a Scale for Citizen Trust in Government Organizations
Grimmelikhuijsen, S., & Knies, E. (2017) · International Review of Administrative Sciences · doi:10.1177/0020852315585950 · Cited by 366 · see citing works
Linking transparency, knowledge and citizen trust in government: an experiment
Grimmelikhuijsen, S. (2012) · International Review of Administrative Sciences · doi:10.1177/0020852311429667 · Cited by 389 · see citing works
Residents’ Support for Tourism
Nunkoo, R., & So, K. K. F. (2015) · Journal of Travel Research · doi:10.1177/0047287515592972 · Cited by 357 · see citing works
Esaiasson, P., Sohlberg, J., Ghersetti, M., & Johansson, B. (2020) · European Journal of Political Research · doi:10.1111/1475-6765.12419 · Cited by 346 · see citing works
An Empirical Comparison of Seven Populist Attitudes Scales
Silva, B. C., Jungkunz, S., Helbling, M., & Littvay, L. (2019) · Political research quarterly · doi:10.1177/1065912919833176 · Cited by 275 · see citing works
Public Trust in Government in Japan and South Korea: Does the Rise of Critical Citizens Matter?
Kim, S. (2010) · Public Administration Review · doi:10.1111/j.1540-6210.2010.02207.x · Cited by 314 · see citing works
Democratization and Research Methods
Coppedge, M. (2012) · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139016179 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
Flanagan, C. A., Cumsille, P. E., Gill, S., & Gallay, L. S. (2007) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.99.2.421 · Cited by 287 · see citing works
Do I Think BLS Data are BS? The Consequences of Conspiracy Theories
Einstein, K. L., & Glick, D. M. (2015) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-014-9287-z · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Tourism development and trust in local government
Nunkoo, R. (2014) · Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2014.08.016 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Kraft, S. A., Cho, M. K., Gillespie, K., Halley, M., Varsava, N., Ormond, K. E., Luft, H. S., Wilfond, B. S., & Lee, S. S.-J. (2018) · The American Journal of Bioethics · doi:10.1080/15265161.2018.1431322 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Role of trust, emotions and event attachment on residents' attitudes toward tourism
Ouyang, Z., Gürsoy, D., & Sharma, B. (2017) · Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2017.06.026 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
A field experiment on community policing and police legitimacy
Peyton, K., Sierra-Arévalo, M., & Rand, D. G. (2019) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1910157116 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Estimating the Electoral Effects of Voter Turnout
Hansford, T. G., & Gomez, B. T. (2010) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055410000109 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Reassessing Trust in the Central Government: Evidence from Five National Surveys
Li, L. (2016) · The China Quarterly · doi:10.1017/s0305741015001629 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Welzel, C., Inglehart, R., & Deutsch, F. (2005) · Journal of Civil Society · doi:10.1080/17448680500337475 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Trust predicts COVID-19 prescribed and discretionary behavioral intentions in 23 countries
Pagliaro, S., Sacchi, S., Pacilli, M. G., Brambilla, M., Lionetti, F., Bettache, K., Bianchi, M., Biella, M., Bonnot, V., Boza, M., et al. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0248334 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
How trust, mistrust and distrust shape the governance of the COVID-19 crisis
Jennings, W., Stoker, G., Valgarðsson, V., Devine, D., & Gaskell, J. (2021) · Journal of European Public Policy · doi:10.1080/13501763.2021.1942151 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Partisan Media Exposure and Attitudes Toward the Opposition
Levendusky, M. (2013) · Political Communication · doi:10.1080/10584609.2012.737435 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
The Decline of Political Trust in Spain and Portugal
Torcal, M. (2014) · American Behavioral Scientist · doi:10.1177/0002764214534662 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Investigating the Roots of Civic Morality: Trust, Social Capital, and Institutional Performance
Letki, N. (2006) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-006-9013-6 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Are Americans Confident Their Ballots Are Counted?
Alvarez, R. M., Hall, T. E., & Llewellyn, M. H. (2008) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1017/s0022381608080730 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Determinants and Consequences of Social Trust*
Welch, M. R., Rivera, R., Conway, B. P., Yonkoski, J., Lupton, P. M., & Giancola, R. (2005) · Sociological Inquiry · doi:10.1111/j.1475-682x.2005.00132.x · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Servant leadership, trust, and the organizational commitment of public sector employees in China
MIAO, Q., NEWMAN, A., SCHWARZ, G., & XU, L. (2014) · Public Administration · doi:10.1111/padm.12091 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Trust and Distrust as Distinct Concepts: Why Studying Distrust in Institutions is Important
de Walle, S. V., & Six, F. E. (2013) · Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis Research and Practice · doi:10.1080/13876988.2013.785146 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Organizing consent: The role of procedural fairness in political trust and compliance
Grimes, M. (2006) · European Journal of Political Research · doi:10.1111/j.1475-6765.2006.00299.x · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Reconsidering the role of procedures for decision acceptance
Esaiasson, P., Persson, M., Gilljam, M., & Lindholm, T. (2019) · British Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1017/s0007123416000508 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Worthy, B. (2010) · Governance · doi:10.1111/j.1468-0491.2010.01498.x · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Linking public sector social media and e-government website use to trust in government
Porumbescu, G. A. (2016) · Government Information Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.giq.2016.04.006 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Trust Networks in Transnational Migration
Tilly, C. (2007) · Sociological Forum · doi:10.1111/j.1573-7861.2006.00002.x · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Contention and Democracy in Europe, 1650–2000
Tilly, C. (2003) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511756092 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Trust Building via Risk Taking: A Cross-Societal Experiment
Cook, K. S., Yamagishi, T., Cheshire, C., Cooper, R., Matsuda, M., & Mashima, R. (2005) · Social Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1177/019027250506800202 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Civil war violence and political trust: Microlevel evidence from Nepal
Juan, A. D., & Pierskalla, J. H. (2014) · Conflict Management and Peace Science · doi:10.1177/0738894214544612 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Social Policy and Regime Legitimacy: The Effects of Education Reform in China
Lü, X. (2014) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055414000124 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Trusting What You Know: Information, Knowledge, and Confidence in Social Security
Cook, F. L., Jacobs, L. R., & Kim, D. (2010) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1017/s0022381610000034 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Legitimacy in Autocracies: Oxymoron or Essential Feature?
Gerschewski, J. (2018) · Perspectives on Politics · doi:10.1017/s1537592717002183 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Calanni, J., Siddiki, S., Weible, C. M., & Leach, W. D. (2014) · Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory · doi:10.1093/jopart/mut080 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Concepts, causes and consequences of trust in news media – a literature review and framework
Fawzi, N., Steindl, N., Obermaier, M., Prochazka, F., Arlt, D., Blöbaum, B., Dohle, M., Engelke, K. M., Hanitzsch, T., Jackob, N., et al. (2021) · Annals of the International Communication Association · doi:10.1080/23808985.2021.1960181 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
The Radius of Trust: Religion, Social Embeddedness and Trust in Strangers
Welch, M. R., Sikkink, D., & Loveland, M. T. (2007) · Social Forces · doi:10.1353/sof.2007.0116 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Graves, L., Nyhan, B., & Reifler, J. (2016) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1111/jcom.12198 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Predictors for e‐government adoption in Jordan
Alomari, M. K., Woods, P., & Sandhu, K. (2012) · Information Technology and People · doi:10.1108/09593841211232712 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Fair Process, Trust, and Cooperation: Moving Toward an Integrated Framework of Police Legitimacy
Hamm, J. A., Trinkner, R. J., & Carr, J. D. (2017) · Criminal Justice and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0093854817710058 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Bertsou, E. (2019) · European Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s1755773919000080 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Manfredo, M. J., Teel, T. L., Sullivan, L., & Dietsch, A. M. (2017) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2017.07.032 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Governing for the Future: Designing Democratic Institutions for a Better Tomorrow
Boston, J. (2016) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/s2053-7697201725 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Janssen, M., Rana, N. P., Slade, E. L., & Dwivedi, Y. K. (2017) · Public Management Review · doi:10.1080/14719037.2017.1305689 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Size and Political Trust: Evidence from Denmark, the Netherlands, Norway, and the United Kingdom
Denters, S. A. H. (2002) · Environment and Planning C Government and Policy · doi:10.1068/c0225 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
What Is Trust? A Multidisciplinary Review, Critique, and Synthesis
Robbins, B. G. (2016) · Sociology Compass · doi:10.1111/soc4.12391 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Morality Information, Performance Information, and the Distinction Between Trust and Confidence 1
Earle, T. C., & Siegrist, M. (2006) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.0021-9029.2006.00012.x · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Jolley, D., Douglas, K. M., & Sutton, R. M. (2018) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12404 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Rainer, H., & Siedler, T. (2008) · Journal of Comparative Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jce.2008.09.003 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
WONG, T. K.-Y., Wan, P., & Hsiao, H. M. (2011) · International Political Science Review · doi:10.1177/0192512110378657 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Linking Transparency to Trust in Government and Voice
Porumbescu, G. A. (2015) · The American Review of Public Administration · doi:10.1177/0275074015607301 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Clarke, H. D., Sanders, D. A., Stewart, M. C., & Whiteley, P. (2004) · doi:10.1093/019924488x.003.0001 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Political trust and the vote in multiparty elections: The Canadian case
Bélanger, É., & Nadeau, R. (2005) · European Journal of Political Research · doi:10.1111/j.1475-6765.2005.00221.x · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Stern, M. J. (2008) · Environmental Conservation · doi:10.1017/s037689290800502x · Cited by 164 · see citing works
The Effect of Terror on Institutional Trust: New Evidence from the 3/11 M adrid Terrorist Attack
Dinesen, P. T., & Jæger, M. M. (2013) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12025 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Welzel, C. (2007) · International Political Science Review · doi:10.1177/0192512107079640 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Satire, Punch Lines, and the Nightly News: Untangling Media Effects on Political Participation
Hoffman, L. H., & Young, D. G. (2011) · Communication Research Reports · doi:10.1080/08824096.2011.565278 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Trust ecology and the resilience of natural resource management institutions
Stern, M. J., & Baird, T. D. (2015) · Ecology and Society · doi:10.5751/es-07248-200214 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Consensus on Conceptualizations and Definitions of Trust: Are We There Yet?
PytlikZillig, L. M., & Kimbrough, C. D. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-22261-5_2 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Krouwel, A. P. M., & Abts, K. (2007) · Acta Politica · doi:10.1057/palgrave.ap.5500187 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
- Authors
- Levi, M., & Stoker, L.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Venue
- Annual Review of Political Science
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2000-06
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 475-507
- ISSN
- 1094-2939 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-1577
- OpenAlex
- W2145866796
- Cited by
- 2,190
- References
- 171
- Citations by year
- 2026: 216 · 2025: 226 · 2024: 198 · 2023: 151 · 2022: 156 · 2021: 160 · 2020: 139 · 2019: 112 · 2018: 96 · 2017: 81 · 2016: 81 · 2015: 90 · 2014: 66 · 2013: 65 · 2012: 47
- FWCI
- 64.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Annual Review of Political Science (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Electoral Systems and Political Participation
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Political Theory and Democracy
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social Capital and Networks
- Keywords
- public trust in government, trustworthiness, government trustworthiness, political participation, public opinion, voting behavior, citizen compliance, social trust, cooperation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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