IL-15 concentrations in skeletal muscle and subcutaneous adipose tissue in lean and obese humans: Local effects of IL-15 on adipose tissue lipolysis
Open accessAbstract
Animal/cell investigations indicate that there is a decreased adipose tissue mass resulting from skeletal muscle (SkM) IL-15 secretion (e.g., SkM-blood-adipose tissue axis). IL-15 could regulate fat mass accumulation in obesity via lipolysis, although this has not been investigated in humans. Therefore, the purpose was to examine whether SkM and/or subcutaneous adipose tissue (SCAT) IL-15 concentrations were correlated with SCAT lipolysis in lean and obese humans and determine whether IL-15 perfusion could induce lipolysis in human SCAT. Local SkM and abdominal SCAT IL-15 (microdialysis) and circulating IL-15 (blood) were sampled in lean (BMI: 23.1 ± 1.9 kg/m(2); n = 10) and obese (BMI: 34.7 ± 3.5 kg/m(2); n = 10) subjects at rest/during 1-h cycling exercise. Lipolysis (SCAT interstitial glycerol concentration) was compared against local/systemic IL-15. An additional probe in SCAT was perfused with IL-15 to assess direct lipolytic responses. SkM IL-15 was not different between lean and obese subjects (P = 0.45), whereas SCAT IL-15 was higher in obese vs. lean subjects (P = 0.02) and was correlated with SCAT lipolysis (r = 0.45, P = 0.05). Exercise increased SCAT lipolysis in lean and obese (P < 0.01), but exercise-induced SCAT lipolysis changes were not correlated with exercise-induced SCAT IL-15 changes. Microdialysis perfusion resulting in physiological IL-15 concentrations in the adipose tissue interstitium increased lipolysis in lean (P = 0.04) but suppressed lipolysis in obese (P < 0.01). Although we found no support for a human IL-15 SkM-blood-adipose tissue axis, IL-15 may be produced in/act on the abdominal SCAT depot. The extent to which this autocrine/paracrine IL-15 action regulates human body composition remains unknown.
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Irisin, IL-15, and IL-6 directly induce lipolysis in adipocytes.
“For instance, irisin [58], IL-15 [89], and IL-6 [75] have shown to directly induce lipolysis in adipocytes (2a)”
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“However, considering that muscle interstitial level of IL-15 has ben determined to range between 10 and 15 pg/ml (Pierce et al., 2015), and circulating concentrations of IL-15 at rest in women are around 2 pg/ml, elevating to around 3 pg/ml 24-h postexercise (Garneau et al.”
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“%) in IL-15 following exercise (Christiansen et al., 2013; Hingorjo et al., 2018; Kim et al., 2023; Pierce et al., 2015; Tamura et al., 2011).”
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“In addition, a large body of literature suggests that the IL-15 endocrine axis reduces adiposity in mice [34].”
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“To date, only a few reports on the concentrations of IL-15 in obesity in adults have been published (Nielsen et al. 2008; Dozio et al. 2014; Jonas et al. 2015; Pierce et al. 2015).”
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“Co-expression analysis also highlighted the significance of pathways like the STAT3 pathway and IL-15 production, which have been previously found to be associated with obesity [42, 43].”
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A systematic review of “myokines and metabolic regulation”
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“Myostatin, by contrast, inhibits adipogenesis and promotes fibrosis [44].”
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“This interstitial estimation is similar to interstitial corrections previously reported (23, 27).”
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Molecular mechanisms of exercise providing therapeutic rationale to counter sarcopenia
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Obesity, Myokines, and Metabolic Health
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“The ethanol technique (Hickner et al., 1992; Pierce et al., 2015) was used to estimate blood fl ow in the area surrounding the probes.”
InfluentialRole of Myokines and prospects for their role in Diabetes Mellitus Therapy
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- Authors
- Pierce, J. R., Maples, J. M., & Hickner, R. C.
- Affiliations
- East Carolina University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hickner, Robert C.
- Venue
- American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 2015-06-15
- Volume
- 308
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- E1131-E1139
- ISSN
- 0193-1849 (ISSN-L)
- 1522-1555
- PMC
- PMC4469810
- OpenAlex
- W2012042482
- Cited by
- 60
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2025: 3 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 5.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) (2012 Doctoral Student Grant)
- HHS | NIH | National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) (R01 DK-071081)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Lipid metabolism and biosynthesis
- Keywords
- IL-15, skeletal muscle, subcutaneous adipose tissue, adipose tissue lipolysis, obesity, physical activity, microdialysis, glycerol, body composition
- MeSH terms
- Adipose Tissue, Adolescent, Adult, Female, Humans, Lipolysis, Male, Obesity, Rest, Thinness, Exercise, Microdialysis, Muscle, Skeletal, Interleukin-15, Subcutaneous Fat, Young Adult
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