Signals mediating skeletal muscle remodeling by resistance exercise: PI3-kinase independent activation of mTORC1

Philp, Andrew; Hamilton, D. Lee; Baar, Keith

doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00941.2010

Cited by 131Muscle metabolism and nutritionMuscle Physiology and DisordersPI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling in cancer

Signals mediating skeletal muscle remodeling by resistance exercise: PI3-kinase independent activation of mTORC1

Philp, Andrew, Hamilton, D. Lee, Baar, Keith·2011·Journal of Applied Physiology

DOI 10.1152/japplphysiol.00941.2010

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Abstract

For over 10 years, we have known that the activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) has correlated with the increase in skeletal muscle size and strength that occurs following resistance exercise. Initial cell culture and rodent models of muscle growth demonstrated that the activation of mTORC1 is common to hypertrophy induced by growth factors and increased loading. The further observation that high loads increased the local production of growth factors led to the paradigm that resistance exercise stimulates the autocrine production of factors that act on membrane receptors to activate mTORC1, and this results in skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Over the last few years, there has been a paradigm shift. From both human and rodent studies, it has become clear that the phenotypic and molecular responses to resistance exercise occur in a growth factor-independent manner. Although the mechanism of load-induced mTORC1 activation remains to be determined, it is clear that it does not require classical growth factor signaling.

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Resistance exercise activates mTOR in a growth factor-independent manner.
“However, resistance exercise activates mTOR in a growth factor-independent manner [12].”
From Using Molecular Biology to Maximize Concurrent Training (2014) · cites this paper as [12]
Linked kinases have each been proposed as mechanosensors that initiate the signal that generates greater subsequent activity of mTORC1.
“linked kinases have each been proposed as mechanosensors that initiate the signal that generates greater subsequent activity of the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1).”
From Concurrent exercise training: do opposites distract? (2017) · cites this paper as Philp et al., 2011
The downstream effectors of mTORC1 are S6K and 4E-BP, which have key roles in promoting translation initiation and ribosome biogenesis.
“The downstream effectors of mTORC1 are the 70KDa ribosomal S6 protein kinase (S6K) and eukaryotic initiation factor 4E binding protein (4E-BP) that have been shown to have key roles in promoting translation initiation and ribosome biogenesis (Philp et al., 2011).”
From Concurrent exercise training: do opposites distract? (2017) · cites this paper as Philp et al., 2011

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mTOR Signaling in Growth Control and Disease
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Sarcopenia and Cognitive Decline in Older Adults: Targeting the Muscle–Brain Axis
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Effects of Testosterone and Progressive Resistance Exercise in Healthy, Highly Functioning Older Men With Low-Normal Testosterone Levels
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Resistance exercise initiates mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) translocation and protein complex co-localisation in human skeletal muscle
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Using Molecular Biology to Maximize Concurrent Training
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“However, resistance exercise activates mTOR in a growth factor-independent manner [12].”
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Characterization and Regulation of Mechanical Loading‐Induced Compensatory Muscle Hypertrophy
Adams, G. R., & Bamman, M. M. (2012) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.c110066 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
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Ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in skeletal muscle atrophy
Pang, X., Zhang, P., Chen, X., & Liu, W. (2023) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2023.1289537 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Time course of gene expression during mouse skeletal muscle hypertrophy
Chaillou, T., Lee, J. D., England, J. H., Esser, K. A., & McCarthy, J. J. (2013) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00611.2013 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
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Low muscle glycogen concentration does not suppress the anabolic response to resistance exercise
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High force development augments skeletal muscle signalling in resistance exercise modes equalized for time under tension
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Ursolic acid stimulates mTORC1 signaling after resistance exercise in rat skeletal muscle
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Spent media analysis suggests cultivated meat media will require species and cell type optimization
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Constitutive Expression of Yes-Associated Protein (Yap) in Adult Skeletal Muscle Fibres Induces Muscle Atrophy and Myopathy
Judson, R. N., Gray, S. R., Walker, C. A., Carroll, A. M., Itzstein, C., Lionikas, A., Zammit, P. S., Bari, C. D., & Wackerhage, H. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0059622 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
A Hierarchical Mechanotransduction System: From Macro to Micro
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Exercise and Amino Acid Anabolic Cell Signaling and the Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Mass
Pasiakos, S. (2012) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu4070740 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
The Effect of Resistance Exercise on Inflammatory and Myogenic Markers in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease
Watson, E. L., Viana, J. L., Wimbury, D. H., Martin, N., Greening, N. J., Barratt, J., & Smith, A. C. (2017) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2017.00541 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Nutritional strategies to support concurrent training
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Capsaicin mimics mechanical load-induced intracellular signaling events
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Strength Training Prevents Hyperinsulinemia, Insulin Resistance, and Inflammation Independent of Weight Loss in Fructose-Fed Animals
Botezelli, J. D., Coope, A., Ghezzi, A. C., Cambri, L. T., de Moura, L. P., Scariot, P. P. M., Gaspar, R. S., Mekary, R. A., Ropelle, E. R., & Pauli, J. R. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep31106 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Ibuprofen treatment blunts early translational signaling responses in human skeletal muscle following resistance exercise
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Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) Signaling at the Crossroad of Muscle Fiber Fate in Sarcopenia
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The effects of a combined bodyweight-based and elastic bands resistance training, with or without protein supplementation, on muscle mass, signaling and heat shock response in healthy older people
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Diverse Roles of Cellular Senescence in Skeletal Muscle Inflammation, Regeneration, and Therapeutics
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The Akt-mTOR axis is a pivotal regulator of eccentric hypertrophy during volume overload
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The transcriptional coactivator PGC-1α is dispensable for chronic overload-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy and metabolic remodeling
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Mechano‐signalling pathways in an experimental intensive critical illness myopathy model
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Muscle Adaptations to Heavy-Load and Blood Flow Restriction Resistance Training Methods
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Application of the [γ-32P] ATP kinase assay to study anabolic signaling in human skeletal muscle
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Simulated Microgravity and Recovery-Induced Remodeling of the Left and Right Ventricle
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Influence of divergent exercise contraction mode and whey protein supplementation on atrogin-1, MuRF1, and FOXO1/3A in human skeletal muscle
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Mechanotransduction pathways in skeletal muscle hypertrophy
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Mechanical Regulation of Protein Translation in the Cardiovascular System
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Electrical stimulation modulates Wnt signaling and regulates genes for the motor endplate and calcium binding in muscle of rats with spinal cord transection
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Lunar gravity prevents skeletal muscle atrophy but not myofiber type shift in mice
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Resistance exercise, but not endurance exercise, induces IKKβ phosphorylation in human skeletal muscle of training-accustomed individuals
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A 4-Week Mobile App–Based Telerehabilitation Program vs Conventional In-Person Rehabilitation in Older Adults With Sarcopenia: Randomized Controlled Trial
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Essential Amino Acid Ingestion as an Efficient Nutritional Strategy for the Preservation of Muscle Mass following Gastric Bypass Surgery
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Can muscle protein metabolism be specifically targeted by exercise training in COPD?
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miRNA Analysis for the Assessment of Exercise and Amino Acid Effects on Human Skeletal Muscle
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The Plateau in Muscle Growth with Resistance Training: An Exploration of Possible Mechanisms
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Aerobic exercise intensity does not affect the anabolic signaling following resistance exercise in endurance athletes
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Herbal supplement Kamishimotsuto augments resistance exercise-induced mTORC1 signaling in rat skeletal muscle
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Characterization and Regulation of Mechanical Loading‐Induced Compensatory Muscle Hypertrophy
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Roles played by protein metabolism and myogenic progenitor cells in exercise-induced muscle hypertrophy and their relation to resistance training regimens
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Rehabilitation Considerations in Regenerative Medicine
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Transcriptomic and lipidomic profiling reveals distinct bioactive lipid signatures in slow and fast muscles and highlights the role of resolvin‐ D2 in fiber type determination during myogenesis
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Authors: Philp, A., Hamilton, D. L., & Baar, K.
Affiliations: University of California, Davis (US)
University of Dundee (GB)
Corresponding author: Baar, Keith
ORCID: Philp, Andrew
Hamilton, D. Lee
Baar, Keith
Venue: Journal of Applied Physiology
Publisher: American Physiological Society
Published: 2011-02
Volume: 110
Issue: 2
Pages: 561-568
ISSN: 0161-7567 (ISSN-L)
8750-7587
1522-1601
DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00941.2010
OpenAlex: W1993994764
Cited by: 131
References: 86
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 13
FWCI: 5.03
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Stirling Online Research Repository (University of Stirling) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling in cancer
Keywords: resistance training, skeletal muscle remodeling, mTORC1, muscle hypertrophy, mechanical loading, autocrine growth factor, muscle growth
MeSH terms: Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1, Animals, Humans, Models, Biological, Proteins, Signal Transduction, Muscle, Skeletal, Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases, Multiprotein Complexes, TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases

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Signals mediating skeletal muscle remodeling by resistance exercise: PI3-kinase independent activation of mTORC1

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