Short-Term Temporal Discounting of Reward Value in Human Ventral Striatum
Open accessAbstract
Delayed rewards lose their value for economic decisions and constitute weaker reinforcers for learning. Temporal discounting of reward value already occurs within a few seconds in animals, which allows investigations of the underlying neurophysiological mechanisms. However, it is difficult to relate these mechanisms to human discounting behavior, which is usually studied over days and months and may engage different brain processes. Our study aimed to bridge the gap by using very short delays and measuring human functional magnetic resonance responses in one of the key reward centers of the brain, the ventral striatum. We used psychometric methods to assess subjective timing and valuation of monetary rewards with delays of 4.0–13.5 s. We demonstrated hyperbolic and exponential decreases of striatal responses to reward predicting stimuli within this time range, irrespective of changes in reward rate. Lower reward magnitudes induced steeper behavioral and striatal discounting. By contrast, striatal responses following the delivery of reward reflected the uncertainty in subjective timing associated with delayed rewards rather than value discounting. These data suggest that delays of a few seconds affect the neural processing of predicted reward value in the ventral striatum and engage the temporal sensitivity of reward responses. Comparisons with electrophysiological animal data suggest that ventral striatal reward discounting may involve dopaminergic and orbitofrontal inputs.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Delay discounting depends on ventral striatum function.
“Interestingly, delay discounting seems to depend on the function of the ventral striatum (104) and of the PFC, including OFC (105) and its connections to the NAc (106), and is sensitive to DA manipulations (107).”
From Obesity and addiction: Neurobiological overlaps (2013) · cites this paper as [104]
Delay discounting seems to depend on the function of ventral striatum and of the PFC, including OFC, and is sensitive to DA manipulations.
“Delay discounting seems to depend on the function of ventral striatum (Gregorios-Pippas et al 2009) and of the PFC, including OFC (Bjork et al 2009), and is sensitive to DA manipulations (Pine et al 2010).”
From Food and Drug Reward: Overlapping Circuits in Human Obesity and Addiction (2011) · cites this paper as Gregorios-Pippas et al 2009
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Controlling the False Discovery Rate: A Practical and Powerful Approach to Multiple Testing
Benjamini, Y., & Hochberg, Y. (1995) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B: Statistical Methodology · doi:10.1111/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x · Cited by 109,482 · see citing works
Statistical parametric maps in functional imaging: A general linear approach
Friston, K. J., Holmes, A. P., Worsley, K. J., Poline, J. ‐., Frith, C. D., & Frackowiak, R. S. J. (1994) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.460020402 · Cited by 9,688 · see citing works
Neurophysiological investigation of the basis of the fMRI signal
Logothetis, N. K., Pauls, J., Augath, M., Trinath, T., & Oeltermann, A. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35084005 · Cited by 6,542 · see citing works
Golden eggs and hyperbolic discounting
Laibson, D. (1997) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1162/003355397555253 · Cited by 6,122 · see citing works
Maldjian, J., Laurienti, P., Kraft, R., & Burdette, J. (2003) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/s1053-8119(03)00169-1 · Cited by 5,453 · see citing works
What we can do and what we cannot do with fMRI
Logothetis, N. K. (2008) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature06976 · Cited by 3,612 · see citing works
Separate neural systems value immediate and delayed monetary rewards
McClure, S. M., Laibson, D. I., Loewenstein, G., & Cohen, J. D. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1100907 · Cited by 3,089 · see citing works
Specious reward: A behavioral theory of impulsiveness and impulse control.
Ainslie, G. (1975) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0076860 · Cited by 2,708 · see citing works
Stereotaxic Display of Brain Lesions
Rorden, C., & Brett, M. (2000) · Behavioural Neurology · doi:10.1155/2000/421719 · Cited by 2,573 · see citing works
Anomalies in Intertemporal Choice: Evidence and an Interpretation
Loewenstein, G., & Prelec, D. (1992) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.2307/2118482 · Cited by 2,305 · see citing works
Scalar expectancy theory and Weber's law in animal timing.
Gibbon, J. (1977) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.84.3.279 · Cited by 2,224 · see citing works
The neural correlates of subjective value during intertemporal choice
Kable, J. W., & Glimcher, P. W. (2007) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn2007 · Cited by 1,916 · see citing works
Bechara, A., Tranel, D., & Damásio, H. (2000) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/123.11.2189 · Cited by 1,903 · see citing works
Temporal Resolution of Uncertainty and Dynamic Choice Theory
Kreps, D. M., & Porteus, E. L. (1978) · Econometrica · doi:10.2307/1913656 · Cited by 1,753 · see citing works
Neurons in the orbitofrontal cortex encode economic value
Padoa-Schioppa, C., & Assad, J. A. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature04676 · Cited by 1,598 · see citing works
Reward representations and reward-related learning in the human brain: Insights from neuroimaging
O’Doherty, J. P. (2004) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2004.10.016 · Cited by 1,426 · see citing works
Schultz, W., Apicella, P., & Ljungberg, T. (1993) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.13-03-00900.1993 · Cited by 1,291 · see citing works
Self-citationAdaptive Coding of Reward Value by Dopamine Neurons
Tobler, P. N., Fiorillo, C. D., & Schultz, W. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1105370 · Cited by 1,276 · see citing works
Self-citationCOMMITMENT, CHOICE AND SELF‐CONTROL<sup>1</sup>
Rachlin, H., & Green, L. (1972) · Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior · doi:10.1901/jeab.1972.17-15 · Cited by 1,204 · see citing works
Encoding Predictive Reward Value in Human Amygdala and Orbitofrontal Cortex
Gottfried, J. A., O'Doherty, J., & Dolan, R. J. (2003) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1087919 · Cited by 1,165 · see citing works
Dopamine responses comply with basic assumptions of formal learning theory
Waelti, P., Dickinson, A., & Schultz, W. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35083500 · Cited by 1,018 · see citing works
Self-citationWITHIN‐SUBJECT COMPARISON OF REAL AND HYPOTHETICAL MONEY REWARDS IN DELAY DISCOUNTING
Johnson, M. W., & Bickel, W. K. (2002) · Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior · doi:10.1901/jeab.2002.77-129 · Cited by 991 · see citing works
Time Discounting for Primary Rewards
McClure, S. M., Ericson, K. M., Laibson, D. I., Loewenstein, G., & Cohen, J. D. (2007) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4246-06.2007 · Cited by 971 · see citing works
Distributed Neural Representation of Expected Value
Knutson, B., Taylor, J., Kaufman, M., Peterson, R., & Glover, G. (2005) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0642-05.2005 · Cited by 955 · see citing works
Impulsive choice induced in rats by lesions of the nucleus accumbens core
Cardinal, R. N., Pennicott, D. R., Lakmali, C., Sugathapala, Robbins, T. W., & Everitt, B. J. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1060818 · Cited by 923 · see citing works
The primate amygdala represents the positive and negative value of visual stimuli during learning
Paton, J. J., Belova, M. A., Morrison, S. E., & Salzman, C. D. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature04490 · Cited by 917 · cited 2× · see citing works
“1993), orbitofrontal cortex (Padoa-Schioppa and Assad 2006) and amygdala (Paton et al. 2006).”
BackgroundTemporal Prediction Errors in a Passive Learning Task Activate Human Striatum
McClure, S. M., Berns, G. S., & Montague, P. R. (2003) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(03)00154-5 · Cited by 917 · see citing works
DISCOUNTING OF DELAYED REWARDS: MODELS OF INDIVIDUAL CHOICE
Myerson, J., & Green, L. (1995) · Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior · doi:10.1901/jeab.1995.64-263 · Cited by 843 · see citing works
Principles of Multivariate Analysis
Ling, R. F., & Krzanowski, W. J. (1990) · Technometrics · doi:10.2307/1268873 · Cited by 809 · see citing works
Prediction of immediate and future rewards differentially recruits cortico-basal ganglia loops
Tanaka, S. C., Doya, K., Okada, G., Ueda, K., Okamoto, Y., & Yamawaki, S. (2004) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1279 · Cited by 779 · see citing works
Bidding on the future: Evidence against normative discounting of delayed rewards.
Kirby, K. N. (1997) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.126.1.54 · Cited by 750 · see citing works
Neuronal activity in monkey ventral striatum related to the expectation of reward
Schultz, W., Apicella, P., Scarnati, E., & Ljungberg, T. (1992) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.12-12-04595.1992 · Cited by 744 · see citing works
Self-citationDissociable Neural Responses in Human Reward Systems
Elliott, R., Friston, K. J., & Dolan, R. J. (2000) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.20-16-06159.2000 · Cited by 740 · see citing works
Neural differentiation of expected reward and risk in human subcortical structures
Preuschoff, K., Bossaerts, P., & Quartz, S. R. (2006) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2006.06.024 · Cited by 692 · see citing works
Isolation of an internal clock.
Roberts, S. (1981) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Animal Behavior Processes · doi:10.1037/0097-7403.7.3.242 · Cited by 635 · see citing works
O'Doherty, J., Critchley, H., Deichmann, R., & Dolan, R. J. (2003) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.23-21-07931.2003 · Cited by 611 · see citing works
Roesch, M. R., Calu, D. J., & Schoenbaum, G. (2007) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn2013 · Cited by 597 · see citing works
Martinez, D., Slifstein, M., Broft, A., Mawlawi, O., Hwang, D.-R., Huang, Y., Cooper, T., Kegeles, L., Zarahn, E., Abi-Dargham, A., et al. (2003) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1097/01.wcb.0000048520.34839.1a · Cited by 569 · see citing works
Why be nice? Psychological constraints on the evolution of cooperation
Stevens, J. R., & HAUSER, M. D. (2003) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2003.12.003 · Cited by 564 · see citing works
Hariri, A. R., Brown, S. M., Williamson, D. E., Flory, J. D., de Wit, H., & Manuck, S. B. (2006) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3446-06.2006 · Cited by 557 · see citing works
The impact of reinforcement contingencies on AD/HD: A review and theoretical appraisal
Luman, M., Oosterlaan, J., & Sergeant, J. A. (2005) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2004.11.001 · Cited by 541 · see citing works
Yacubian, J., Gläscher, J., Schroeder, K., Sommer, T., Braus, D. F., & Büchel, C. (2006) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2915-06.2006 · Cited by 537 · see citing works
Substantia nigra/ventral tegmental reward prediction error disruption in psychosis
Murray, G. K., Corlett, P. R., Clark, L., Pessiglione, M., Blackwell, A. D., Honey, G., Jones, P. B., Bullmore, E. T., Robbins, T. W., & Fletcher, P. C. (2008) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4002058 · Cited by 532 · see citing works
DETERMINATION OF DISCOUNT FUNCTIONS IN RATS WITH AN ADJUSTING‐AMOUNT PROCEDURE
Richards, J. B., Mitchell, S. H., de Wit, H., & Seiden, L. S. (1997) · Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior · doi:10.1901/jeab.1997.67-353 · Cited by 493 · see citing works
Reward Value Coding Distinct From Risk Attitude-Related Uncertainty Coding in Human Reward Systems
Tobler, P. N., O'Doherty, J. P., Dolan, R. J., & Schultz, W. (2007) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00745.2006 · Cited by 472 · see citing works
Self-citationDopamine dysfunction in AD/HD: integrating clinical and basic neuroscience research
Solanto, M. V. (2002) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0166-4328(01)00431-4 · Cited by 456 · see citing works
Modeling Myopic Decisions: Evidence for Hyperbolic Delay-Discounting within Subjects and Amounts
Kirby, K. N., & Maraković, N. N. (1995) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1006/obhd.1995.1086 · Cited by 448 · see citing works
Krishnan-Sarin, S., Reynolds, B., Duhig, A. M., Smith, A., Liss, T., McFetridge, A., Cavallo, D. A., Carroll, K. M., & Potenza, M. N. (2007) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.09.006 · Cited by 436 · see citing works
Influence of Reward Delays on Responses of Dopamine Neurons
Kobayashi, S., & Schultz, W. (2008) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1600-08.2008 · Cited by 431 · see citing works
Self-citationUtility of Gains and Losses: Measurement-Theoretical and Experimental Approaches
Luce, R. D. (2000) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 396 · see citing works
Neuropsychology of timing and time perception
Meck, W. H. (2004) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2004.09.004 · Cited by 361 · see citing works
Effects of Expectations for Different Reward Magnitudes on Neuronal Activity in Primate Striatum
Cromwell, H. C., & Schultz, W. (2003) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.01014.2002 · Cited by 357 · see citing works
Self-citationMeasuring state changes in human delay discounting: an experiential discounting task
Reynolds, B. A., & Schiffbauer, R. (2004) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2004.06.003 · Cited by 354 · see citing works
Measuring state changes in human delay discounting: an experiential discounting task
REYNOLDS, B., & SCHIFFBAUER, R. (2004) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/s0376-6357(04)00140-8 · Cited by 352 · see citing works
Scalar expectancy theory and peak-interval timing in humans.
Rakitin, B. C., Gibbon, J., Penney, T. B., Malapani, C., Hinton, S. C., & Meck, W. H. (1998) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Animal Behavior Processes · doi:10.1037/0097-7403.24.1.15 · Cited by 336 · see citing works
Effects of dopaminergic drugs on delayed reward as a measure of impulsive behavior in rats
de Wit, H., Wade, T. R., & Richards, J. B. (2000) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s002130000402 · Cited by 333 · see citing works
The temporal precision of reward prediction in dopamine neurons
Fiorillo, C. D., Newsome, W. T., & Schultz, W. (2008) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.2159 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
Self-citationCarelli, R. M., Ijames, S. G., & Crumling, A. J. (2000) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.20-11-04255.2000 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
Encoding of Time-Discounted Rewards in Orbitofrontal Cortex Is Independent of Value Representation
Roesch, M. R., Taylor, A. R., & Schoenbaum, G. (2006) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2006.06.027 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
Wittmann, M., Leland, D. S., & Paulus, M. P. (2007) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-006-0822-y · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Serotonin and tolerance to delay of reward in rats
Bizot, J., Bihan, C. L., Puech, A. J., Hamon, M., & Thiébot, M.-H. (1999) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/pl00005485 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Ho, M., Mobini, S., Chiang, T.-J., Bradshaw, C., & Szabadi, E. (1999) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/pl00005482 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Neuronal Activity in Primate Orbitofrontal Cortex Reflects the Value of Time
Roesch, M. R., & Olson, C. R. (2005) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00373.2005 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Temporal Discounting Predicts Risk Sensitivity in Rhesus Macaques
Hayden, B. Y., & Platt, M. L. (2007) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2006.10.055 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
de Castro, I. P., ez, A. I., Torres, P., iz-Ruiz, J. N. S., & ndez-Piqueras, J. F. (1997) · Pharmacogenetics · doi:10.1097/00008571-199710000-00001 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
CS–US interval as a determinant of the form of Pavlovian appetitive conditioned responses.
Holland, P. C. (1980) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Animal Behavior Processes · doi:10.1037/0097-7403.6.2.155 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Kheramin, S., Body, S., Ho, M.-Y., Vel�zquez-Martinez, D. N., Bradshaw, C. M., Szabadi, E., Deakin, J. F. W., & Anderson, I. M. (2004) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-004-1813-y · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Kheramin, S., Body, S., Mobini, S., Ho, M.-Y., zquez-Martinez, D. V. X. E., Bradshaw, C. M., Szabadi, E., Deakin, J. F. W., & Anderson, I. M. (2002) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-002-1228-6 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Effect of central 5-hydroxytryptamine depletion on inter-temporal choice: a quantitative analysis
Mobini, S., Chiang, T.-J., Al-Ruwaitea, A. S. A., Ho, M.-Y., Bradshaw, C. M., & Szabadi, E. (2000) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s002130000385 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Cardinal, R. N., & Cheung, T. H. C. (2005) · BMC Neuroscience · doi:10.1186/1471-2202-6-9 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Humans Can Adopt Optimal Discounting Strategy under Real-Time Constraints
Schweighofer, N., Shishida, K., Han, C. E., Okamoto, Y., Tanaka, S. C., Yamawaki, S., & Doya, K. (2006) · PLoS Comput. Biol. · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.0020152 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Neural Correlates of Disparity-Defined Shape Discrimination in the Human Brain
Chandrasekaran, C., Canon, V., Dahmen, J. C., Kourtzi, Z., & Welchman, A. E. (2006) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.01074.2006 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Learning-Related Human Brain Activations Reflecting Individual Finances
Tobler, P. N., Fletcher, P. C., Bullmore, E. T., & Schultz, W. (2007) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2007.03.004 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Self-citationRoesch, M. R., & Olson, C. R. (2005) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00064.2005 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Neural activity related to the processing of increasing monetary reward in smokers and nonsmokers
Martin-Söelch, C., Missimer, J. H., Leenders, K. L., & Schultz, W. (2003) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02791.x · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Self-citationMazur, J. (1998) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-1947-2_5 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Reward, dopamine and the control of food intake: implications for obesity
Volkow, N. D., Wang, G.-J., & Baler, R. D. (2011) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2010.11.001 · Cited by 1,400 · see citing works
Obesity and addiction: Neurobiological overlaps
Volkow, N. D., Wang, G. ‐., Tomasi, D., & Baler, R. D. (2013) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1467-789x.2012.01031.x · Cited by 800 · see citing works
Neurobiology of economic choice: a good-based model
Padoa-Schioppa, C. (2011) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-061010-113648 · Cited by 600 · see citing works
Separate Valuation Subsystems for Delay and Effort Decision Costs
Prévost, C., Pessiglione, M., Météreau, E., Cléry-Melin, M.-L., & Dreher, J.-C. (2010) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2752-10.2010 · Cited by 499 · see citing works
Food and Drug Reward: Overlapping Circuits in Human Obesity and Addiction
Volkow, N. D., Wang, G. J., Fowler, J. S., Tomasi, D., & Baler, R. (2011) · Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2011_169 · Cited by 525 · see citing works
Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., Wiersema, J. R., van der Meere, J. J., & Roeyers, H. (2010) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-009-9115-0 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Functional neuroimaging of intertemporal choice models: a review
Carter, R. M., Meyer, J. R., & Huettel, S. A. (2010) · Journal of Neuroscience Psychology and Economics · doi:10.1037/a0018046 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Mechanisms of impulsive choice: II. Time-based interventions to improve self-control
Smith, A. P., Marshall, A. T., & Kirkpatrick, K. (2015) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2014.10.010 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Valuation of uncertain and delayed rewards in primate prefrontal cortex
Kim, S., Hwang, J., Seo, H., & Lee, D. (2009) · Neural Networks · doi:10.1016/j.neunet.2009.03.010 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
- Authors
- Gregorios-Pippas, L., Tobler, P. N., & Schultz, W.
- Affiliations
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Venue
- Journal of Neurophysiology
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 2009-03
- Volume
- 101
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 1507-1523
- ISSN
- 0022-3077 (ISSN-L)
- 1522-1598
- PMC
- PMC2666398
- OpenAlex
- W2118422131
- Cited by
- 101
- References
- 76
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 5.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Neurophysiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (acceptedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (095495)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Keywords
- delay discounting, ventral striatum, delayed rewards, reward valuation, hyperbolic discounting, exponential discounting, monetary rewards, reward prediction, dopaminergic input, orbitofrontal cortex
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Basal Ganglia, Choice Behavior, Female, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Motivation, Oxygen, Predictive Value of Tests, Psychometrics, Reaction Time, Regression Analysis, Reinforcement Schedule, Reward, Time Factors, Time Perception, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
