Encoding of Time-Discounted Rewards in Orbitofrontal Cortex Is Independent of Value Representation
Open accessAbstract
We monitored single-neuron activity in the orbitofrontal cortex of rats performing a time-discounting task in which the spatial location of the reward predicted whether the delay preceding reward delivery would be short or long. We found that rewards delivered after a short delay elicited a stronger neuronal response than those delivered after a long delay in most neurons. Activity in these neurons was not influenced by reward size when delays were held constant. This was also true for a minority of neurons that exhibited sustained increases in firing in anticipation of delayed reward. Thus, encoding of time-discounted rewards in orbitofrontal cortex is independent of the encoding of absolute reward value. These results are contrary to the proposal that orbitofrontal neurons signal the value of delayed rewards in a common currency and instead suggest alternative proposals for the role this region plays in guiding responses for delayed versus immediate rewards.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Controlling the temporal parameters of both the cognitive and physical effort tasks eliminated delay discounting as an explanation of choice behaviour.
“Third, by controlling the temporal parameters of both the cognitive and physical effort tasks, it was possible to eliminate delay discounting as an explanation of choice behaviour [5, 47, 48].”
From Neurocomputational mechanisms underlying subjective valuation of effort costs (2017) · cites this paper as [47]
Cites
Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1984) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.39.4.341 · Cited by 6,544 · see citing works
Kahneman, D. J., & Tversky, A. (2013) · World Scientific handbook in financial economic series · doi:10.1142/9789814417358_0016 · Cited by 5,372 · see citing works
Some empirical evidence on dynamic inconsistency
Thaler, R. (1981) · Economics Letters · doi:10.1016/0165-1765(81)90067-7 · Cited by 2,394 · see citing works
Herrnstein, R. J. (1961) · Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior · doi:10.1901/jeab.1961.4-267 · Cited by 2,281 · see citing works
The human orbitofrontal cortex: linking reward to hedonic experience
Kringelbach, M. L. (2005) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn1747 · Cited by 2,180 · see citing works
Abstract reward and punishment representations in the human orbitofrontal cortex
O'Doherty, J., Kringelbach, M. L., Rolls, E. T., Hornak, J., & Andrews, C. (2001) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/82959 · Cited by 2,003 · see citing works
The Orbitofrontal Cortex and Reward
Rolls, E. T. (2000) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/10.3.284 · Cited by 1,595 · see citing works
Neural systems responding to degrees of uncertainty in human decision-making
Hsu, M., Bhatt, M., Adolphs, R., Tranel, D., & Camerer, C. F. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1115327 · Cited by 1,411 · see citing works
Relative reward preference in primate orbitofrontal cortex
Tremblay, L., & Schultz, W. (1999) · Nature · doi:10.1038/19525 · Cited by 1,314 · see citing works
Encoding Predictive Reward Value in Human Amygdala and Orbitofrontal Cortex
Gottfried, J. A., O'Doherty, J., & Dolan, R. J. (2003) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1087919 · Cited by 1,165 · see citing works
Neural Economics and the Biological Substrates of Valuation
Montague, P. R., & Berns, G. S. (2002) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(02)00974-1 · Cited by 994 · see citing works
Impulsive choice induced in rats by lesions of the nucleus accumbens core
Cardinal, R. N., Pennicott, D. R., Lakmali, C., Sugathapala, Robbins, T. W., & Everitt, B. J. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1060818 · Cited by 923 · see citing works
Functions of the frontal cortex of the rat: A comparative review
Kolb, B. E. (1984) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/0165-0173(84)90018-3 · Cited by 882 · see citing works
Groenewegen, H. J., Vermeulen‐Vanderzee, E., Kortschot, A. T., & Witter, M. P. (1987) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0306-4522(87)90275-2 · Cited by 867 · see citing works
Orbitofrontal cortex and basolateral amygdala encode expected outcomes during learning
Schoenbaum, G. M., Chiba, A. A., & Gallagher, M. (1998) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/407 · Cited by 849 · see citing works
Self-citationProjections from the amygdaloid complex to the cerebral cortex and thalamus in the rat and cat
Krettek, J. E., & Price, J. L. (1977) · Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.901720408 · Cited by 785 · see citing works
Rolls, E. T. (1996) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.1996.0128 · Cited by 755 · see citing works
Predictability modulates human brain response to reward
Berns, G. S., McClure, S. M., Pagnoni, G., & Montague, P. R. (2001) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.21-08-02793.2001 · Cited by 711 · see citing works
Neural activity in the human brain relating to uncertainty and arousal during anticipation.
Critchley, H. D., Mathias, C. J., & Dolan, R. J. (2001) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(01)00225-2 · Cited by 681 · see citing works
Contrasting Roles of Basolateral Amygdala and Orbitofrontal Cortex in Impulsive Choice
Winstanley, C. A., Theobald, D. E. H., Cardinal, R. N., & Robbins, T. W. (2004) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5606-03.2004 · Cited by 675 · see citing works
Evenden, J. L., & Ryan, C. N. (1996) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s002130050121 · Cited by 636 · see citing works
Wallis, J. D., & Miller, E. K. (2003) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02922.x · Cited by 628 · see citing works
O'Doherty, J., Critchley, H., Deichmann, R., & Dolan, R. J. (2003) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.23-21-07931.2003 · Cited by 611 · see citing works
The orbital and medial prefrontal circuit through the primate basal ganglia
Haber, S., Kunishio, K., Mizobuchi, M., & Lynd-Balta, E. (1995) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.15-07-04851.1995 · Cited by 605 · see citing works
Loewenstein, G. F., & Elster, J. (1992) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 603 · see citing works
Izquierdo, A., Suda, R. K., & Murray, E. A. (2004) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1921-04.2004 · Cited by 588 · see citing works
Baxter, M. G., Parker, A., Lindner, C. C. C., Izquierdo, A. D., & Murray, E. A. (2000) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.20-11-04311.2000 · Cited by 582 · see citing works
Separate neural pathways process different decision costs
Rudebeck, P. H., Walton, M. E., Smyth, A. N., Bannerman, D. M., & Rushworth, M. F. S. (2006) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1756 · Cited by 580 · see citing works
Schoenbaum, G., Chiba, A. A., & Gallagher, M. (1999) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.19-05-01876.1999 · Cited by 579 · see citing works
Self-citationDopaminergic modulation of limbic and cortical drive of nucleus accumbens in goal-directed behavior
Goto, Y., & Grace, A. A. (2005) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1471 · Cited by 576 · see citing works
Neuronal Activity Related to Reward Value and Motivation in Primate Frontal Cortex
Roesch, M. R., & Olson, C. R. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1093223 · Cited by 535 · see citing works
Self-citationGroenewegen, H. J., Berendse, H. W., Wolters, J. G., & Lohman, A. H. M. (1991) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(08)62677-1 · Cited by 506 · see citing works
Orbitofrontal cortex, decision-making and drug addiction
Schoenbaum, G., Roesch, M. R., & Stalnaker, T. A. (2006) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2005.12.006 · Cited by 499 · see citing works
Self-citationOrganization of amygdaloid projections to the prefrontal cortex and associated striatum in the rat
McDonald, A. J. (1991) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0306-4522(91)90247-l · Cited by 463 · see citing works
S., M., S., B., M.-Y., H., C., B., E., S., J., D., & I., A. (2002) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-001-0983-0 · Cited by 409 · see citing works
Orbitofrontal cortex, associative learning and expectancies
Schoenbaum, G., & Roesch, M. (2005) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2005.07.018 · Cited by 404 · see citing works
Self-citationDifferent Roles for Orbitofrontal Cortex and Basolateral Amygdala in a Reinforcer Devaluation Task
Pickens, C. L., Saddoris, M. P., Setlow, B., Gallagher, M., Holland, P. C., & Schoenbaum, G. M. (2003) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.23-35-11078.2003 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
Self-citationAmygdaloid projections to the frontal cortex and the striatum in the rat
Kita, H., & Kitai, S. T. (1990) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.902980104 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
Hikosaka, K. (2000) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/10.3.263 · Cited by 345 · see citing works
Arana, F. S., Parkinson, J. A., Hinton, E. C., Holland, A. J., Owen, A. M., & Roberts, A. (2003) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.23-29-09632.2003 · Cited by 342 · see citing works
Effects of dopaminergic drugs on delayed reward as a measure of impulsive behavior in rats
de Wit, H., Wade, T. R., & Richards, J. B. (2000) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s002130000402 · Cited by 333 · see citing works
Schoenbaum, G. M., & Eichenbaum, H. (1995) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1995.74.2.733 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
Self-citationDynamic and Multimodal Responses of Gustatory Cortical Neurons in Awake Rats
Katz, D. B., Simon, S. A., & Nicolelis, M. A. L. (2001) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.21-12-04478.2001 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Reward-Related Neuronal Activity During Go-Nogo Task Performance in Primate Orbitofrontal Cortex
Tremblay, L., & Schultz, W. (2000) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.2000.83.4.1864 · Cited by 287 · see citing works
Limbic Corticostriatal Systems and Delayed Reinforcement
Cardinal, R. N., Winstanley, C. A., Robbins, T. W., & Everitt, B. J. (2004) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1308.004 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Ho, M., Mobini, S., Chiang, T.-J., Bradshaw, C., & Szabadi, E. (1999) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/pl00005482 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Rapid Associative Encoding in Basolateral Amygdala Depends on Connections with Orbitofrontal Cortex
Saddoris, M. P., Gallagher, M., & Schoenbaum, G. M. (2005) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2005.02.018 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Self-citationNeural activity in the human brain relating to uncertainty and arousal during anticipation
Critchley, H., Mathiast, C. J., & Dolan, R. J. (2001) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/s1053-8119(01)91735-5 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Critchley, H., & Rolls, E. T. (1996) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1996.75.4.1659 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Schoenbaum, G. M., & Setlow, B. (2004) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhh216 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Self-citationNeuronal Activity in Primate Orbitofrontal Cortex Reflects the Value of Time
Roesch, M. R., & Olson, C. R. (2005) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00373.2005 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Self-citationKalenscher, T., Windmann, S., Diekamp, B., Rose, J., Güntürkün, O., & Colombo, M. (2005) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2005.02.052 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Roesch, M. R., Stalnaker, T. A., & Schoenbaum, G. M. (2006) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhk009 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Self-citationGustatory processing is dynamic and distributed
Katz, D. B. (2002) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0959-4388(02)00341-0 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Kheramin, S., Body, S., Mobini, S., Ho, M.-Y., zquez-Martinez, D. V. X. E., Bradshaw, C. M., Szabadi, E., Deakin, J. F. W., & Anderson, I. M. (2002) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-002-1228-6 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Crossmodal Associative Memory Representations in Rodent Orbitofrontal Cortex
Lipton, P. A., Alvarez, P., & Eichenbaum, H. (1999) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)81095-8 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Cardinal, R. N., & Cheung, T. H. C. (2005) · BMC Neuroscience · doi:10.1186/1471-2202-6-9 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Emotion and Reason in Making Decisions
Rustichini, A. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1122179 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex in addiction: neuroimaging findings and clinical implications
Goldstein, R. Z., & Volkow, N. D. (2011) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3119 · Cited by 2,749 · see citing works
Executive function in preschoolers: A review using an integrative framework.
Garon, N., Bryson, S. E., & Smith, I. M. (2008) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.134.1.31 · Cited by 2,695 · see citing works
Orbitofrontal Cortex as a Cognitive Map of Task Space
Wilson, R. C., Takahashi, Y. K., Schoenbaum, G., & Niv, Y. (2014) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2013.11.005 · Cited by 885 · see citing works
Self-citationChoice, uncertainty and value in prefrontal and cingulate cortex
Rushworth, M. F. S., & Behrens, T. E. J. (2008) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn2066 · Cited by 866 · see citing works
Neural correlates, computation and behavioural impact of decision confidence
Kepecs, A., Uchida, N., Zariwala, H. A., & Mainen, Z. F. (2008) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature07200 · Cited by 809 · see citing works
Reinforcement learning: The Good, The Bad and The Ugly
Dayan, P., & Niv, Y. (2008) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2008.08.003 · Cited by 690 · see citing works
Hierarchically organized behavior and its neural foundations: A reinforcement learning perspective
Botvinick, M. M., Niv, Y., & Barto, A. G. (2009) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2008.08.011 · Cited by 646 · see citing works
Neuroeconomics: Decision Making and the Brain
Rushworth, M. F. S., & Walton, M. E. (2009) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2009.07.005 · Cited by 669 · see citing works
Neurobiology of economic choice: a good-based model
Padoa-Schioppa, C. (2011) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-061010-113648 · Cited by 600 · see citing works
Roesch, M. R., Calu, D. J., & Schoenbaum, G. (2007) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn2013 · Cited by 597 · see citing works
Self-citationEffort-Based Cost–Benefit Valuation and the Human Brain
Croxson, P. L., Walton, M. E., O'Reilly, J. X., Behrens, T. E. J., & Rushworth, M. F. S. (2009) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4515-08.2009 · Cited by 560 · see citing works
A new perspective on the role of the orbitofrontal cortex in adaptive behaviour
Schoenbaum, G., Roesch, M. R., Stalnaker, T. A., & Takahashi, Y. K. (2009) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2753 · Cited by 585 · see citing works
Self-citationSeparate neural pathways process different decision costs
Rudebeck, P. H., Walton, M. E., Smyth, A. N., Bannerman, D. M., & Rushworth, M. F. S. (2006) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1756 · Cited by 580 · see citing works
What the orbitofrontal cortex does not do
Stalnaker, T. A., Cooch, N. K., & Schoenbaum, G. (2015) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3982 · Cited by 531 · see citing works
Self-citationDetermining the neural substrates of goal-directed learning in the human brain
Valentin, V. V., Dickinson, A., & O'Doherty, J. P. (2007) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0564-07.2007 · Cited by 529 · see citing works
Contrasting roles for cingulate and orbitofrontal cortex in decisions and social behaviour
Rushworth, M. F. S., Behrens, T. E. J., Rudebeck, P. H., & Walton, M. E. (2007) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2007.01.004 · Cited by 507 · see citing works
Neurons in the frontal lobe encode the value of multiple decision variables
Kennerley, S. W., Dahmubed, A. F., Lara, A. H., & Wallis, J. D. (2009) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2009.21100 · Cited by 453 · see citing works
Dopaminergic and Glutamatergic Regulation of Effort- and Delay-Based Decision Making
Floresco, S., Tse, M., & Ghods-Sharifi, S. (2007) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1301565 · Cited by 433 · see citing works
Neurocomputational mechanisms underlying subjective valuation of effort costs
Chong, T. T.-J., Apps, M., Giehl, K., Sillence, A., Grima, L. L., & Husain, M. (2017) · PLOS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1002598 · Cited by 415 · see citing works
Effort discounting in human nucleus accumbens
Botvinick, M., Huffstetler, S., & McGuire, J. T. (2009) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/cabn.9.1.16 · Cited by 364 · see citing works
An analysis of rat prefrontal cortex in mediating executive function
Kesner, R. P., & Churchwell, J. C. (2011) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2011.07.002 · Cited by 365 · see citing works
Over the river, through the woods: cognitive maps in the hippocampus and orbitofrontal cortex
Wikenheiser, A. M., & Schoenbaum, G. M. (2016) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn.2016.56 · Cited by 353 · see citing works
Self-citationCross-species studies of orbitofrontal cortex and value-based decision-making
Wallis, J. D. (2011) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.2956 · Cited by 356 · see citing works
Neural mechanisms of the influence of popularity on adolescent ratings of music
Berns, G. S., Capra, C. M., Moore, S., & Noussair, C. (2010) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.10.070 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
Dissociable components of rule-guided behavior depend on distinct medial and prefrontal regions
Buckley, M. J., Mansouri, F. A., Hoda, H., Mahboubi, M., Browning, P. G. F., Kwok, S. C., Phillips, A., & Tanaka, K. (2009) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1172377 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
The Role of Orbitofrontal Cortex in Drug Addiction: A Review of Preclinical Studies
Schoenbaum, G. M., & Shaham, Y. (2007) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.06.003 · Cited by 314 · see citing works
Self-citationBlanchard, T. C., Hayden, B. Y., & Bromberg-Martin, E. S. (2015) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2014.12.050 · Cited by 301 · see citing works
Reward value comparison via mutual inhibition in ventromedial prefrontal cortex
Strait, C. E., Blanchard, T. C., & Hayden, B. Y. (2014) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2014.04.032 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
Taste, olfactory, and food reward value processing in the brain
Rolls, E. T. (2015) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.03.002 · Cited by 287 · see citing works
Takahashi, Y. K., Roesch, M. R., Stalnaker, T. A., Haney, R. Z., Calu, D. J., Taylor, A. R., Burke, K. A., & Schoenbaum, G. M. (2009) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2009.03.005 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Self-citationExpectancy-related changes in firing of dopamine neurons depend on orbitofrontal cortex
Takahashi, Y. K., Roesch, M. R., Wilson, R. C., Toreson, K., O'Donnell, P., Niv, Y., & Schoenbaum, G. (2011) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.2957 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Self-citationRange-adapting representation of economic value in the orbitofrontal cortex
Padoa-Schioppa, C. (2009) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3751-09.2009 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Prefrontal Cortex and Impulsive Decision Making
Kim, S., & Lee, D. (2010) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.07.005 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Coding of Reward Risk by Orbitofrontal Neurons Is Mostly Distinct from Coding of Reward Value
O’Neill, M. J., & Schultz, W. (2010) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2010.09.031 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Hu, H. (2016) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-070815-014106 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Prefrontal Coding of Temporally Discounted Values during Intertemporal Choice
Kim, S., Hwang, J., & Lee, D. (2008) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2008.05.010 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Murray, E. A., O'Doherty, J. P., & Schoenbaum, G. (2007) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1556-07.2007 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Self-citationNeurons in anterior cingulate cortex multiplex information about reward and action
Hayden, B. Y., & Platt, M. L. (2010) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4874-09.2010 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Dissociable cost and benefit encoding of future rewards by mesolimbic dopamine
Gan, J. O., Walton, M. E., & Phillips, P. E. M. (2009) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.2460 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Does the orbitofrontal cortex signal value?
Schoenbaum, G., Takahashi, Y., Liu, T., & McDannald, M. A. (2011) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06210.x · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Self-citationMyopic Discounting of Future Rewards after Medial Orbitofrontal Damage in Humans
Sellitto, M., Ciaramelli, E., & di Pellegrino, G. (2010) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2516-10.2010 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Is a bird in the hand worth two in the future? The neuroeconomics of intertemporal decision-making
Tobias Kalenscher, A., & Pennartz, C. M. A. (2007) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2007.11.004 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Role of rodent secondary motor cortex in value-based action selection
Sul, J. H., Jo, S., Lee, D., & Jung, M. W. (2011) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.2881 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Frontal cortex neuron types categorically encode single decision variables
Hirokawa, J., Vaughan, A., Masset, P., Ott, T., & Kepecs, Á. (2019) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1816-9 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Kennerley, S. W., & Wallis, J. D. (2009) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06743.x · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Dissociable effects of lesions to orbitofrontal cortex subregions on impulsive choice in the rat
Mar, A. C., Walker, A. L. J., Theobald, D. E., Eagle, D. M., & Robbins, T. W. (2011) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.6620-10.2011 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Multidisciplinary perspectives on attention and the development of self-regulation
Berger, A., Kofman, O., Livneh, U., & Henik, A. (2007) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2007.06.004 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Overlapping neural systems represent cognitive effort and reward anticipation
Vassena, E., Silvetti, M., Boehler, C. N., Achten, E., Fias, W., & Verguts, T. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0091008 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Decision Making: The Neuroethological Turn
Pearson, J. M., Watson, K. K., & Platt, M. L. (2014) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2014.04.037 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Roesch, M. R., Singh, T., Brown, P. L., Mullins, S. E., & Schoenbaum, G. M. (2009) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2572-09.2009 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Self-citationCai, X., Kim, S., & Lee, D. (2011) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2010.11.041 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
The role of the orbitofrontal cortex in the pursuit of happiness and more specific rewards
Burke, K. A., Franz, T. M., Miller, D. N., & Schoenbaum, G. M. (2008) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature06993 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Self-citationBasolateral Amygdala Lesions Abolish Orbitofrontal-Dependent Reversal Impairments
Stalnaker, T. A., Franz, T. M., Singh, T., & Schoenbaum, G. M. (2007) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2007.02.014 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Self-citationSkvortsova, V., Palminteri, S., & Pessiglione, M. (2014) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1350-14.2014 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Zald, D. H., McHugo, M., Ray, K. L., Glahn, D. C., Eickhoff, S. B., & Laird, A. R. (2012) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhs308 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Kennerley, S. W., & Walton, M. E. (2011) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/a0023575 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
The role of serotonin in the regulation of patience and impulsivity
Miyazaki, K., Miyazaki, K. W., & Doya, K. (2012) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-012-8232-6 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Wang, S., Leri, F., & Rizvi, S. J. (2021) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110289 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
More Is Less: A Disinhibited Prefrontal Cortex Impairs Cognitive Flexibility
Gruber, A. J., Calhoon, G. G., Shusterman, I., Schoenbaum, G., Roesch, M. R., & O'Donnell, P. (2010) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4623-10.2010 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Self-citationPadoa‐Schioppa, C., & Cai, X. (2011) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06262.x · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Differential Encoding of Time by Prefrontal and Striatal Network Dynamics
Bakhurin, K. I., Goudar, V., Shobe, J. L., Claar, L. D., Buonomano, D. V., & Masmanidis, S. C. (2016) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1789-16.2016 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Orsini, C. A., Moorman, D. E., Young, J. W., Setlow, B., & Floresco, S. B. (2015) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.04.009 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Jimura, K., Chushak, M. S., & Braver, T. S. (2013) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0919-12.2013 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Neural substrates of cognitive inflexibility after chronic cocaine exposure
Stalnaker, T. A., Takahashi, Y. K., Roesch, M. R., & Schoenbaum, G. M. (2008) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2008.07.019 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Self-citationSchoenbaum, G. M., Saddoris, M. P., & Stalnaker, T. A. (2007) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1401.001 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Self-citationTOWARDS A GENERAL MODEL OF TEMPORAL DISCOUNTING
van den Bos, W., & McClure, S. M. (2013) · Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior · doi:10.1002/jeab.6 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Negative learning bias is associated with risk aversion in a genetic animal model of depression
Shabel, S. J., Murphy, R. T., & Malinow, R. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00001 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Attention for Learning Signals in Anterior Cingulate Cortex
Bryden, D. W., Johnson, E. E., Tobia, S. C., Kashtelyan, V., & Roesch, M. R. (2011) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4715-11.2011 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Self-citationThe whole prefrontal cortex is premotor cortex
Fine, J. M., & Hayden, B. Y. (2021) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2020.0524 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Interactions between the prefrontal cortex and amygdala during delay discounting and reversal.
Churchwell, J. C., Morris, A. M., Heurtelou, N. M., & Kesner, R. P. (2009) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/a0017734 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Distinct contributions of frontal areas to emotion and social behaviour in the rat
Rudebeck, P. H., Walton, M. E., Millette, B. H. P., Shirley, E., Rushworth, M. F. S., & Bannerman, D. M. (2007) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05844.x · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Transient Inactivation of Orbitofrontal Cortex Blocks Reinforcer Devaluation in Macaques
West, E. A., DesJardin, J. T., Gale, K., & Málková, L. (2011) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3295-11.2011 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Distinct cortical–amygdala projections drive reward value encoding and retrieval
Malvaez, M., Shieh, C., Murphy, M. D., Greenfield, V. Y., & Wassum, K. M. (2019) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-019-0374-7 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Single-Neuron Mechanisms Underlying Cost-Benefit Analysis in Frontal Cortex
Hosokawa, T., Kennerley, S. W., Sloan, J., & Wallis, J. D. (2013) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2221-13.2013 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Neural Basis of Motivational and Cognitive Control
Mars, R., Sallet, J., Mfs., R., & Yeung, N. (2011) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/9780262016438.001.0001 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Lateral orbitofrontal cortex anticipates choices and integrates prior with current information
Nogueira, R., Abolafia, J. M., Drugowitsch, J., Balaguer‐Ballester, E., Sanchez-Vives, M. V., & Moreno‐Bote, R. (2017) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms14823 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Learning-Induced Plasticity in Medial Prefrontal Cortex Predicts Preference Malleability
Garvert, M., Moutoussis, M., Kurth-Nelson, Z., Behrens, T., & Dolan, R. (2015) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2014.12.033 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Multiple Representations of Belief States and Action Values in Corticobasal Ganglia Loops
Samejima, K., & Doya, K. (2007) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1390.024 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Orbitofrontal neurons infer the value and identity of predicted outcomes
Stalnaker, T. A., Cooch, N. K., McDannald, M. A., Liu, T., Wied, H. M., & Schoenbaum, G. M. (2014) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms4926 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Self-citationPavlovian valuation systems in learning and decision making
Clark, J. J., Hollon, N. G., & Phillips, P. E. M. (2012) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2012.06.004 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
General mechanisms for making decisions?
Rushworth, M. F. S., Mars, R. B., & Summerfield, C. (2009) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2009.02.005 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Previous Cocaine Exposure Makes Rats Hypersensitive to Both Delay and Reward Magnitude
Roesch, M. R., Takahashi, Y. K., Gugsa, N., Bissonette, G. B., & Schoenbaum, G. M. (2007) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4080-06.2007 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Self-citationThe case against economic values in the orbitofrontal cortex (or anywhere else in the brain).
Hayden, B. Y., & Niv, Y. (2021) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/bne0000448 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Takahashi, Y. K., Langdon, A., Niv, Y., & Schoenbaum, G. M. (2016) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2016.05.015 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Self-citationSchoenbaum, G. M., & Esber, G. R. (2010) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2010.01.009 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Self-citationThe role of the orbitofrontal cortex in alcohol use, abuse, and dependence
Moorman, D. E. (2018) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.01.010 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Economic Choice as an Untangling of Options into Actions
Yoo, S. B. M., & Hayden, B. Y. (2018) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2018.06.038 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Stalnaker, T. A. (2010) · Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnint.2010.00012 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Behavior- and Modality-General Representation of Confidence in Orbitofrontal Cortex
Masset, P., Ott, T., Lak, A., Hirokawa, J., & Kepecs, A. (2020) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.05.022 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Orbitofrontal Cortex Value Signals Depend on Fixation Location during Free Viewing
McGinty, V. B., Rangel, A., & Newsome, W. T. (2016) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2016.04.045 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Wikenheiser, A. M., Marrero-Garcia, Y., & Schoenbaum, G. M. (2017) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2017.08.003 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Self-citationDivergent Plasticity of Prefrontal Cortex Networks
Moghaddam, B., & Homayoun, H. (2007) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1301554 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
The Contribution of Orbitofrontal Cortex to Action Selection
Ostlund, S. B., & Balleine, B. (2007) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1401.033 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Orbitofrontal Cortex and the Computation of Economic Value
Padoa‐Schioppa, C. (2007) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1401.011 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Short-Term Temporal Discounting of Reward Value in Human Ventral Striatum
Gregorios-Pippas, L., Tobler, P. N., & Schultz, W. (2009) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.90730.2008 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Calculating the Cost of Acting in Frontal Cortex
Walton, M. E., Rudebeck, P. H., Bannerman, D. M., & Rushworth, M. F. S. (2007) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1390.009 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Orbitofrontal Cortical Neurons Encode Expectation-Driven Initiation of Reward-Seeking
Moorman, D. E., & Aston‐Jones, G. (2014) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3216-13.2014 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Learning about Multiple Attributes of Reward in Pavlovian Conditioning
Delamater, A. R., & Oakeshott, S. (2007) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1390.008 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Monkey Orbitofrontal Cortex Encodes Response Choices Near Feedback Time
Tsujimoto, S., Genovesio, A., & Wise, S. P. (2009) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5777-08.2009 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Beyond the Reward Pathway: Coding Reward Magnitude and Error in the Rat Subthalamic Nucleus
Lardeux, S., Pernaud, R., Paleressompoulle, D., & Baunez, C. (2009) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.91009.2008 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
- Authors
- Roesch, M. R., Taylor, A. R., & Schoenbaum, G.
- Affiliations
- University of Maryland, Baltimore (US)
- Corresponding author
- Roesch, Matthew R.
- Venue
- Neuron
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2006-08
- Volume
- 51
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 509-520
- ISSN
- 0896-6273 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2561990
- OpenAlex
- W2169561465
- Cited by
- 297
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2025: 6 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 12.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 2542 d)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
- Locations
- Neuron (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (T32-NS07375)
- National Institute of Development Administration (R01-DA015718)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Keywords
- orbitofrontal cortex, delay discounting, delayed rewards, reward value, single-unit activity, reward anticipation, rats
- MeSH terms
- Action Potentials, Animals, Behavior, Animal, Brain Mapping, Choice Behavior, Discrimination Learning, Frontal Lobe, Male, Neurons, Probability, Reaction Time, Regression Analysis, Reward, Space Perception, Time Factors, Rats, Long-Evans, Rats
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review