Dissociable systems for gain- and loss-related value predictions and errors of prediction in the human brain
Open accessAbstract
Midbrain dopaminergic neurons projecting to the ventral striatum code for reward magnitude and probability during reward anticipation and then indicate the difference between actual and predicted outcome. It has been questioned whether such a common system for the prediction and evaluation of reward exists in humans. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging and a guessing task in two large cohorts, we are able to confirm ventral striatal responses coding both reward probability and magnitude during anticipation, permitting the local computation of expected value (EV). However, the ventral striatum only represented the gain-related part of EV (EV + ). At reward delivery, the same area shows a reward probability and magnitude-dependent prediction error signal, best modeled as the difference between actual outcome and EV + . In contrast, loss-related expected value (EV − ) and the associated prediction error was represented in the amygdala. Thus, the ventral striatum and the amygdala distinctively process the value of a prediction and subsequently compute a prediction error for gains and losses, respectively. Therefore, a homeostatic balance of both systems might be important for generating adequate expectations under uncertainty. Prevalence of either part might render expectations more positive or negative, which could contribute to the pathophysiology of mood disorders like major depression.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Evidence from imaging studies on reward processing in healthy participants suggests that reward processing in the striatum is dependent on both reward magnitude and reward probability.
“Evidence from imaging studies on reward processing in healthy participants suggests that reward processing in the striatum is dependent on both of these parameters 44.”
From Increased neural responses to reward in adolescents and young adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and their unaffected siblings (2015) · cites this paper as [44]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1984) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.39.4.341 · Cited by 6,544 · see citing works
Neurophysiological investigation of the basis of the fMRI signal
Logothetis, N. K., Pauls, J., Augath, M., Trinath, T., & Oeltermann, A. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35084005 · Cited by 6,542 · see citing works
(2000) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511803475 · Cited by 2,987 · see citing works
Dissociable Roles of Ventral and Dorsal Striatum in Instrumental Conditioning
O'Doherty, J., Dayan, P., Schultz, J., Deichmann, R., Friston, K., & Dolan, R. J. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1094285 · Cited by 2,088 · see citing works
Temporal difference models and reward-related learning in the human brain
O'Doherty, J. P., Dayan, P., Friston, K., Critchley, H., & Dolan, R. J. (2003) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(03)00169-7 · Cited by 1,522 · see citing works
Adaptive Coding of Reward Value by Dopamine Neurons
Tobler, P. N., Fiorillo, C. D., & Schultz, W. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1105370 · Cited by 1,276 · see citing works
Distributed Neural Representation of Expected Value
Knutson, B., Taylor, J., Kaufman, M., Peterson, R., & Glover, G. (2005) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0642-05.2005 · Cited by 955 · see citing works
Dissociable Neural Responses in Human Reward Systems
Elliott, R., Friston, K. J., & Dolan, R. J. (2000) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.20-16-06159.2000 · Cited by 740 · see citing works
Activity in human ventral striatum locked to errors of reward prediction
Pagnoni, G., Zink, C. F., Montague, P. R., & Berns, G. S. (2002) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn802 · Cited by 451 · see citing works
Opponent appetitive-aversive neural processes underlie predictive learning of pain relief
Seymour, B., O'Doherty, J. P., Koltzenburg, M., Wiech, K., Frackowiak, R., Friston, K., & Dolan, R. (2005) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1527 · Cited by 439 · see citing works
Dorsal striatum responses to reward and punishment: effects of valence and magnitude manipulations
DELGADO, M. R., LOCKE, H. M., STENGER, V. A., & FIEZ, J. A. (2003) · Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/cabn.3.1.27 · Cited by 431 · see citing works
Prediction error as a linear function of reward probability is coded in human nucleus accumbens
Abler, B., Walter, H., Erk, S., Kammerer, H., & Spitzer, M. (2006) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.01.001 · Cited by 376 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Aggleton JP (2000) The amygdala. A functional analysis. Oxford: Oxford UP.
- Frank MJ, Seeberger LC, O'Reilly RC (2004) By carrot or by stick: cognitive reinforcement learning in parkinsonism. Science 306:1940 -1943.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The reward circuit: linking primate anatomy and human imaging
Haber, S. N., & Knutson, B. (2010) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2009.129 · Cited by 3,718 · see citing works
A framework for studying the neurobiology of value-based decision making
Rangel, A., Camerer, C., & Montague, P. R. (2008) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2357 · Cited by 2,184 · see citing works
The integration of negative affect, pain and cognitive control in the cingulate cortex
Shackman, A. J., Salomons, T. V., Slagter, H. A., Fox, A. S., Winter, J. J., & Davidson, R. J. (2011) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2994 · Cited by 2,082 · see citing works
The neural basis of loss aversion in decision-making under risk
Tom, S. M., Fox, C. R., Trepel, C., & Poldrack, R. A. (2007) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1134239 · Cited by 1,733 · see citing works
Prospection: experiencing the future
Gilbert, D. T., & Wilson, T. D. (2007) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1144161 · Cited by 1,238 · see citing works
Liu, X., Hairston, J., Schrier, M., & Fan, J. (2011) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.12.012 · Cited by 916 · see citing works
<i>Episodic Simulation of Future Events</i>: <i>Concepts, Data, and Applications</i>
Schacter, D. L., Addis, D. R., & Buckner, R. L. (2008) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1440.001 · Cited by 840 · see citing works
Sescousse, G., Caldú, X., Segura, B., & Dreher, J.-C. (2013) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.02.002 · Cited by 782 · see citing works
Hare, T. A., O'Doherty, J., Camerer, C. F., Schultz, W., & Rangel, A. (2008) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1309-08.2008 · Cited by 792 · see citing works
Doya, K. (2008) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn2077 · Cited by 642 · see citing works
How prediction errors shape perception, attention, and motivation
den Ouden, H. E. M., Kok, P., & de Lange, F. P. (2012) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00548 · Cited by 512 · see citing works
Separate Valuation Subsystems for Delay and Effort Decision Costs
Prévost, C., Pessiglione, M., Météreau, E., Cléry-Melin, M.-L., & Dreher, J.-C. (2010) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2752-10.2010 · Cited by 499 · see citing works
The ecology of human fear: survival optimization and the nervous system
Mobbs, D., Hagan, C. C., Dalgleish, T., Silston, B., & Prévost, C. (2015) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2015.00055 · Cited by 498 · see citing works
Fear, faces, and the human amygdala
Adolphs, R. (2008) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2008.06.006 · Cited by 502 · see citing works
How the brain integrates costs and benefits during decision making
Basten, U., Biele, G., Heekeren, H. R., & Fiebach, C. J. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0908104107 · Cited by 466 · see citing works
Neural correlates of value, risk, and risk aversion contributing to decision making under risk
Christopoulos, G. I., Tobler, P. N., Bossaerts, P., Dolan, R. J., & Schultz, W. (2009) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2614-09.2009 · Cited by 451 · see citing works
Individual differences in reward responding explain placebo-induced expectations and effects
Scott, D. J., Stohler, C. S., Egnatuk, C. M., Wang, H., Koeppe, R. A., & Zubieta, J.-K. (2007) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2007.06.028 · Cited by 466 · see citing works
From Fear to Safety and Back: Reversal of Fear in the Human Brain
Schiller, D., Levy, I., Niv, Y., LeDoux, J. E., & Phelps, E. A. (2008) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2265-08.2008 · Cited by 429 · see citing works
Neural representations of subjective reward value
Peters, J., & Büchel, C. (2010) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2010.04.031 · Cited by 405 · see citing works
Self-citationFinger, E. C., Marsh, A. A., Mitchell, D. G., Reid, M. E., Sims, C., Budhani, S., Kosson, D. S., Chen, G., Towbin, K. E., Leibenluft, E., et al. (2008) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.65.5.586 · Cited by 365 · see citing works
Social and monetary reward learning engage overlapping neural substrates
Lin, A., Adolphs, R., & Rangel, A. (2012) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsr006 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
Plassmann, H., O'Doherty, J. P., & Rangel, A. (2010) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0788-10.2010 · Cited by 356 · see citing works
The Architecture of Reward Value Coding in the Human Orbitofrontal Cortex
Sescousse, G., Redouté, J., & Dreher, J.-C. (2010) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3501-10.2010 · Cited by 353 · see citing works
Expectation modulates neural responses to pleasant and aversive stimuli in primate amygdala
Belova, M. A., Paton, J. J., Morrison, S. E., & Salzman, C. D. (2007) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2007.08.004 · Cited by 349 · see citing works
The role of the striatum in aversive learning and aversive prediction errors
Delgado, M. R., Li, J., Schiller, D., & Phelps, E. A. (2008) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2008.0161 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
Neural substrates for expectation-modulated fear learning in the amygdala and periaqueductal gray
Johansen, J. P., Tarpley, J. W., LeDoux, J. E., & Blair, H. T. (2010) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.2594 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
Leotti, L. A., & Delgado, M. R. (2011) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797611417005 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Emotion, decision making, and the amygdala.
Seymour, B., & Dolan, R. (2008) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2008.05.020 · Cited by 324 · see citing works
Striatal Prediction Error Modulates Cortical Coupling
den Ouden, H. E. M., Daunizeau, J., Roiser, J., Friston, K. J., & Stephan, K. E. (2010) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4458-09.2010 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
Subliminal Instrumental Conditioning Demonstrated in the Human Brain
Pessiglione, M., Petrovic, P., Daunizeau, J., Palminteri, S., Dolan, R. J., & Frith, C. D. (2008) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2008.07.005 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
Neural mechanisms underlying motivation of mental versus physical effort
Schmidt, L., Lebreton, M., Cléry-Melin, M.-L., Daunizeau, J., & Pessiglione, M. (2012) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001266 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
Bluhm, R., Williamson, P., Lanius, R., Théberge, J., Densmore, M., Bartha, R., Neufeld, R., & Osuch, E. (2009) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1819.2009.02030.x · Cited by 294 · see citing works
Boettiger, C. A., Mitchell, J. M., Tavares, V. C., Robertson, M., Joslyn, G., D'Esposito, M., & Fields, H. L. (2007) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2551-07.2007 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
The default mode network and recurrent depression: A neurobiological model of cognitive risk factors
Marchetti, I., Koster, E. H. W., Sonuga-Barke, E. J., & De Raedt, R. (2012) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-012-9199-9 · Cited by 287 · see citing works
Striatal activity underlies novelty-based choice in humans
Wittmann, B. C., Daw, N. D., Seymour, B., & Dolan, R. J. (2008) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2008.04.027 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Testing the Reward Prediction Error Hypothesis with an Axiomatic Model
Rutledge, R. B., Dean, M., Caplin, A., & Glimcher, P. W. (2010) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1747-10.2010 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Representation of aversive prediction errors in the human periaqueductal gray
Roy, M., Shohamy, D., Daw, N., Jepma, M., Wimmer, G. E., & Wager, T. D. (2014) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3832 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Gene–gene interaction associated with neural reward sensitivity
Yacubian, J., Sommer, T., Schroeder, K., Gläscher, J., Kalisch, R., Leuenberger, B., Braus, D. F., & Büchel, C. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0702029104 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Self-citationSeparate Neural Mechanisms Underlie Choices and Strategic Preferences in Risky Decision Making
Venkatraman, V., Payne, J. W., Bettman, J. R., Luce, M. F., & Huettel, S. A. (2009) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2009.04.007 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Fouragnan, E., Retzler, C., & Philiastides, M. G. (2018) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.24047 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Risk taking and the adolescent reward system: A potential common link to substance abuse
Schneider, S., Peters, J., Bromberg, U., Brassen, S., Miedl, S. F., Banaschewski, T., Barker, G. J., Conrod, P., Flor, H., Garavan, H., et al. (2012) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.11030489 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Self-citationFunctional dissociation of stimulus intensity encoding and predictive coding of pain in the insula
Geuter, S., Boll, S., Eippert, F., & Büchel, C. (2017) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.24770 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Self-citationAltered neural reward and loss processing and prediction error signalling in depression
Ubl, B., Kuehner, C., Kirsch, P., Ruttorf, M., Diener, C., & Flor, H. (2015) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsu158 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
The Neurobiology of Reference-Dependent Value Computation
De Martino, B., Kumaran, D., Holt, B., & Dolan, R. J. (2009) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4832-08.2009 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Trajectory of risky decision making for potential gains and losses from ages 5 to 85
Weller, J. A., Levin, I. P., & Denburg, N. L. (2011) · Journal of Behavioral Decision Making · doi:10.1002/bdm.690 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Different neural systems adjust motor behavior in response to reward and punishment
Wrase, J., Kahnt, T., Schlagenhauf, F., Beck, A., Cohen, M. X., Knutson, B., & Heinz, A. (2007) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.04.001 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Distorted expectancy coding in problem gambling: is the addictive in the anticipation?
van Holst, R. J., Veltman, D. J., Büchel, C., van den Brink, W., & Goudriaan, A. E. (2012) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.12.030 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Self-citationFunctional connectivity of reward processing in the brain
Camara, E. (2008) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/neuro.09.019.2008 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Neural systems underlying aversive conditioning in humans with primary and secondary reinforcers
Delgado, M. R., Jou, R. L., & Phelps, E. A. (2011) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2011.00071 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Chib, V. S., De Martino, B., Shimojo, S., & O'Doherty, J. P. (2012) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2012.02.038 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Cerebral Correlates of Salient Prediction Error for Different Rewards and Punishments
Metereau, E., & Dreher, J.-C. (2013) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhs037 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
The effects of insula damage on decision-making for risky gains and losses
Weller, J. A., Levin, I. P., Shiv, B., & Bechara, A. (2009) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470910902934400 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Neural representation of expected value in the adolescent brain
Barkley-Levenson, E., & Galván, A. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1319762111 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Büchel, C., Peters, J., Banaschewski, T., Bokde, A. L. W., Bromberg, U., Conrod, P. J., Flor, H., Papadopoulos, D., Garavan, H., Gowland, P., et al. (2017) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms14140 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Self-citationvon Rhein, D., Cools, R., Zwiers, M. P., van der Schaaf, M., Franke, B., Luman, M., Oosterlaan, J., Heslenfeld, D. J., Hoekstra, P. J., Hartman, C. A., et al. (2015) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2015.02.012 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
The Influence of Emotion Regulation on Decision-making under Risk
Martin, L. N., & Delgado, M. R. (2011) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2011.21618 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Asaad, W. F., & Eskandar, E. N. (2011) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3793-11.2011 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Short-Term Temporal Discounting of Reward Value in Human Ventral Striatum
Gregorios-Pippas, L., Tobler, P. N., & Schultz, W. (2009) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.90730.2008 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Aversive stimuli and loss in the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system
Brooks, A. M., & Berns, G. S. (2013) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2013.04.001 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Evidence for model-based computations in the human amygdala during Pavlovian conditioning
Prévost, C., McNamee, D., Jessup, R. K., Bossaerts, P., & O'Doherty, J. P. (2013) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002918 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Striatal structure and function predict individual biases in learning to avoid pain
Eldar, E., Hauser, T. U., Dayan, P., & Dolan, R. J. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1519829113 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Dissociable reward and timing signals in human midbrain and ventral striatum
Klein-Flügge, M. C., Hunt, L. T., Bach, D. R., Dolan, R. J., & Behrens, T. E. J. (2011) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2011.08.024 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
A neuropsychological approach to understanding risk-taking for potential gains and losses
Levin, I. P., Xue, G., Weller, J. A., Reimann, M., Lauriola, M., & Bechara, A. (2012) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2012.00015 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Sun, S., Yu, H., Yu, R., & Wang, S. (2023) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-023-02625-w · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“Furthermore, children with ASD show reduced amygdala-PFC functional connectivity when viewing emotional faces [79] and when at rest (see ref.”
Effects of prospective thinking on intertemporal choice: the role of familiarity
Sasse, L. K., Peters, J., Büchel, C., & Brassen, S. (2015) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22912 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-citationYacubian, J., & Büchel, C. (2009) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.05.015 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationA reward prediction error for charitable donations reveals outcome orientation of donators
Kuss, K., Falk, A., Trautner, P., Elger, C. E., Weber, B., & Fliessbach, K. (2013) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsr088 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Cognitive control modulates effects of episodic simulation on delay discounting in aging
Sasse, L. K., Peters, J., & Brassen, S. (2017) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2017.00058 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
A selective emotional decision-making bias elicited by facial expressions
Furl, N., Gallagher, S., & Averbeck, B. B. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0033461 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Schneider, S., Brassen, S., Bromberg, U., Banaschewski, T., Conrod, P., Flor, H., Gallinat, J., Garavan, H., Heinz, A., Martinot, J.-L., et al. (2012) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2012.113 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationChung, D., Yun, K., Kim, J. H., Jang, B., & Jeong, J. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0017044 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Macoveanu, J., Meluken, I., Chase, H. W., Phillips, M. L., Kessing, L. V., Siebner, H. R., Vinberg, M., & Miskowiak, K. W. (2021) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291720000367 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
- Authors
- Yacubian, J., Gläscher, J., Schroeder, K., Sommer, T., Braus, D. F., & Büchel, C.
- Affiliations
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Büchel, Christian
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2006-09-13
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 37
- Pages
- 9530-9537
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC6674602
- OpenAlex
- W1976079390
- Cited by
- 537
- References
- 12
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 43 · 2012: 44
- FWCI
- 23.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Volkswagen Foundation
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
- Studienstiftung des Deutschen Volkes
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Keywords
- expected value, prediction error, ventral striatum, amygdala, reward magnitude, reward probability, reward anticipation, dopaminergic neurons, mood disorders, major depressive disorder
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Amygdala, Basal Ganglia, Brain Mapping, Cognition, Dopamine, Gambling, Humans, Judgment, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Neural Pathways, Neuropsychological Tests, Reward, Thinking, Cohort Studies, Ventral Tegmental Area, Mood Disorders
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
