Cited by 368Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and LipoproteinsCardiovascular Disease and AdiposityLiver Disease Diagnosis and Treatment

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Ectopic fat and insulin resistance: pathophysiology and effect of diet and lifestyle interventions.

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Snel, M., Jonker, J. T., Schoones, J., Lamb, H., de Roos, A., Pijl, H., Smit, J. W. A., Meinders, A. E., Jazet, I. M.·2012·International Journal of Endocrinology

DOI 10.1155/2012/983814PMC PMC3366269

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Abstract

The storage of triglyceride (TG) droplets in nonadipose tissues is called ectopic fat storage. Ectopic fat is associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Not the triglycerides per se but the accumulation of intermediates of lipid metabolism in organs, such as the liver, skeletal muscle, and heart seem to disrupt metabolic processes and impair organ function. We describe the mechanisms of ectopic fat depositions in the liver, skeletal muscle, and in and around the heart and the consequences for each organs function. In addition, we systematically reviewed the literature for the effects of diet-induced weight loss and exercise on ectopic fat depositions.

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Figure 1 Ectopic fat depositions. Gene-environment interactions might be involved both in increased energy intake and decreased physical activity as well as in the response of adipose tissue to the ensuing increased energy balanced. Predisposed subjects will elicit a pathophysiologic response leading to adipocyte hypertrophy. This will lead to an inflammatory response that ultimately leads to ectopic fat deposition. The consequences of ectopic fat are organ specific as depicted in this figure. The effect of ectopic fat on the cellular level is different and depicted in Figure 2. FFAs: free fatty acids; EGP: endogenous glucose production; VLDL-TG: very low-density lipoprotein-triglyceride.CC BY · PubMed Central

Figure 2 (a) cellular processes leading to insulin resistance in the skeletal muscle cell; (b) cellular processes leading to insulin resistance in the liver cell; (c) cellular processes in the cardiomyocyte leading to myocardial dysfunction.CC BY · PubMed Central

Figure 3 Four-chamber view of the heart. Four-chamber view of the heart where the signal from blood and muscle are suppressed. E: epicardial fat; P: pericardial fat.CC BY · PubMed Central

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Authors: Snel, M., Jonker, J. T., Schoones, J., Lamb, H., de Roos, A., Pijl, H., Smit, J. W. A., Meinders, A. E., & Jazet, I. M.
Affiliations: Leiden University Medical Center (NL)
Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
Corresponding author: Jazet, I. M.
ORCID: Snel, M.
Jonker, J. T.
Schoones, J.
Lamb, H.
Pijl, H.
Smit, J. W. A.
Jazet, I. M.
Venue: International Journal of Endocrinology
Publisher: Hindawi Limited
Published: 2012
Volume: 2012
Pages: 1-18
ISSN: 1687-8337 (ISSN-L)
1687-8345
DOI: 10.1155/2012/983814
PMC: PMC3366269
OpenAlex: W2025152562
Cited by: 368
References: 124
Citations by year: 2026: 25 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 29 · 2012: 4
FWCI: 20.79
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ (unspecified)
Locations: International Journal of Endocrinology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion)
Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Disease and Adiposity
Health Sciences › Medicine › Hepatology › Liver Disease Diagnosis and Treatment
Keywords: ectopic fat, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, hepatic steatosis, diet-induced weight loss, physical activity, lifestyle intervention

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Ectopic fat and insulin resistance: pathophysiology and effect of diet and lifestyle interventions.

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