Cited by 210Grief, Bereavement, and Mental HealthDigital Mental Health InterventionsMaternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum

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Brief Internet-Based Intervention Reduces Posttraumatic Stress and Prolonged Grief in Parents after the Loss of a Child during Pregnancy: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Kersting, Anette, Dölemeyer, Ruth, Steinig, Jana, Walter, Franziska, Kroker, Kristin, Baust, Katja, Wagner, Birgit·2013·Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics

DOI 10.1159/000348713

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: The loss of a child during pregnancy causes significant psychological distress for many women and their partners, and may lead to long-lasting psychiatric disorders. Internet-based interventions using exposure techniques and cognitive restructuring have proved effective for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and prolonged grief. This study compared the effects of an Internet-based intervention for parents after prenatal loss with a waiting list condition (WLC). METHODS: The Impact of Event Scale - Revised assessed symptoms of PTSD; the Inventory of Complicated Grief and the Brief Symptom Inventory assessed depression, anxiety, and general mental health. The 228 participants (92% female) were randomly allocated to a treatment group (TG; n = 115) or a WLC group (n = 113). The TG received a 5-week cognitive behavioral intervention including (1) self-confrontation, (2) cognitive restructuring, and (3) social sharing. RESULTS: The TG showed significantly reduced symptoms of posttraumatic stress, prolonged grief, depression, and anxiety relative to the WLC control group. Intention-to-treat analysis revealed treatment effects of between d = 0.84 and d = 1.02 for posttraumatic stress and prolonged grief from pre- to posttreatment time points. Further significant improvement in all symptoms of PTSD and prolonged grief was found from the posttreatment evaluation to the 12-month follow-up. The attrition rate of 14% was relatively low. CONCLUSIONS: The Internet-based intervention proved to be a feasible and cost-effective treatment, reducing symptoms of posttraumatic stress, grief, depression, anxiety, and general mental health after pregnancy loss. Low-threshold e-health interventions should be further evaluated and implemented routinely to improve psychological support after pregnancy loss.

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Couple and family therapies for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Suomi, A., Evans, L., Rodgers, B., Taplin, S., & Cowlishaw, S. (2019) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011257.pub2 · Cited by 25
Engagement With a Trauma Recovery Internet Intervention Explained With the Health Action Process Approach (HAPA): Longitudinal Study
Yeager, C. M., Shoji, K., Łuszczyńska, A., & Benight, C. C. (2018) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/mental.9449 · Cited by 30
“Ample research has shown eHealth interventions are effective in decreasing distress symptoms in trauma survivors [12-15].”
Stillbirth in Australia 5: making respectful care after stillbirth a reality: the quest for parent-centred care
Boyle, F. M., Horey, D., Dean, J. H., Loughnan, S., Ludski, K., Mead, J., Homer, C. S., de Wilde, D., Morris, J., & Flenady, V. J. (2020) · Women and Birth · doi:10.1016/j.wombi.2020.08.006 · Cited by 25
The Efficacy and Usability of an Unguided Web-Based Grief Intervention for Adults Who Lost a Loved One During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Randomized Controlled Trial
Dominguez-Rodriguez, A., Sanz-Gomez, S., González Ramírez, L. P., Herdoiza-Arroyo, P. E., Trevino Garcia, L. E., de la Rosa-Gómez, A., González-Cantero, J. O., Macias-Aguinaga, V., & Miaja, M. (2023) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/43839 · Cited by 25
“It was created using a user experience design and was incorporated with techniques based on CBT [35], behavioral activation therapy [36], mindfulness [37], and positive psychology [38].”
Behavioral Activation and Therapeutic Exposure vs. Cognitive Therapy for Grief Among Combat Veterans: A Randomized Clinical Trial of Bereavement Interventions
Acierno, R., Kauffman, B. Y., Muzzy, W., Tejada, M. H., & Lejuez, C. (2021) · The American journal of hospice & palliative care · doi:10.1177/1049909121989021 · Cited by 20
Effectiveness of bereavement counselling through a community‐based organization: A naturalistic, controlled trial
Newsom, C., Schut, H., Stroebe, M., Wilson, S., Birrell, J., Moerbeek, M., & Eisma, M. (2017) · Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2113 · Cited by 25
“First, due to practical and ethical limitations, most studies only assess short‐term effects, which makes it difficult to assess any longer term benefits (for notable exceptions: De Groot et al., 2007; Kersting et al., 2013; Rosner, Bartl, Pfoh, Kotoučová, & Hagl, 2015).”
Background
A scoping review of bereavement service outcomes
Wilson, D. M., Dhanji, N., Playfair, R., Nayak, S. S., Puplampu, G. L., & MacLeod, R. (2016) · Palliative & Supportive Care · doi:10.1017/s147895151600047x · Cited by 23
“Kersting et al. (2013), Germany Compare the effects of a brief internet-based bereavement intervention for parents after prenatal loss against controls.”
Background
Epa Guidance on Emental Health Interventions in the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (Ptsd)
Gäebel, W., Großimlinghaus, I., Mucić, D., Maercker, A. R. A., Zielasek, J., & Kerst, A. (2017) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.001 · Cited by 23
Effectiveness of psychotherapeutic interventions on psychological distress in women who have experienced perinatal loss: a systematic review protocol
Charrois, E. M., Bright, K. S., Wajid, A., Mughal, M. K., Hayden, A., & Kingston, D. E. (2020) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/s13643-020-01387-6 · Cited by 22
Effect of digital cognitive behavioral therapy on psychological symptoms among perinatal women in high income-countries: A systematic review and meta-regression
Lau, Y., Yen, K. Y., Wong, S. H., Cheng, J. Y., & Cheng, L. J. (2021) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.11.012 · Cited by 21
A therapist-supported internet-based intervention for bereaved siblings: A randomized controlled trial
Wagner, B., Hofmann, L., & Maaß, U. (2022) · Palliative Medicine · doi:10.1177/02692163221122344 · Cited by 20
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Complicated Grief Reactions: Treatment Protocol and Preliminary Findings From a Naturalistic Setting
Komischke-Konnerup, K. B., O’Connor, M., Hoijtink, H., & Boelen, P. A. (2023) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2023.11.001 · Cited by 23
Online-group intervention after suicide bereavement through the use of webinars: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Wagner, B., Hofmann, L., & Maaß, U. (2020) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-019-3891-5 · Cited by 23
A Self-Applied Multi-Component Psychological Online Intervention Based on UX, for the Prevention of Complicated Grief Disorder in the Mexican Population During the COVID-19 Outbreak: Protocol of a Randomized Clinical Trial
Dominguez-Rodriguez, A., Martínez-Luna, S. C., Hernández Jiménez, M. J., De La Rosa-Gómez, A., Arenas-Landgrave, P., Esquivel Santoveña, E. E., Arzola-Sánchez, C., Alvarez Silva, J., Solis Nicolas, A. M., Colmenero Guadián, A. M., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.644782 · Cited by 18
“The participants in the intervention group reduced the symptoms of post-traumatic stress, prolonged grief, depression, and anxiety, with statistically significant changes (Kersting et al., 2013).”
Background
Online treatment of persistent complex bereavement disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and depression symptoms in people who lost loved ones during the COVID-19 pandemic: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial and a controlled trial
Reitsma, L., Boelen, P. A., de Keijser, J., & Lenferink, L. I. M. (2021) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2021.1987687 · Cited by 19
“Specifically, they were solely focused on recently (Litz et al., 2014) or perinatally bereaved people (Kersting et al., 2013), relied on relatively small samples (Eisma et al., 2015; Wagner et al., 2006), or had considerable dropout rates (Eisma et al., 2015).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Mobile app for prolonged grief among bereaved parents: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial
Eklund, R., Eisma, M. C., Boelen, P. A., Arnberg, F. K., & Sveen, J. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-052763 · Cited by 20
Internet-based grief therapy for bereaved individuals after loss due to haematological cancer: study protocol of a randomized controlled trial
Hoffmann, R., Große, J., Nagl, M., Niederwieser, D., Mehnert, A., & Kersting, A. (2018) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-018-1633-y · Cited by 18
“Interapy was adapted for PGD [46] and its efficacy was shown for various groups of bereaved individuals showing medium to large treatment effects [46, 47].”
Background
A scoping review of therapies used to treat psychological trauma post perinatal bereavement
Martin, C. J. H., & Reid, K. (2022) · Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology · doi:10.1080/02646838.2021.2021477 · Cited by 20
Cognitive behavioral therapy for pregnancy loss.
Wenzel, A. E. (2017) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/pst0000132 · Cited by 18
“Kersting et al. (2013) conducted the largest study to date, in which they examined the efficacy of an Internetbased CBT intervention to a wait list control condition in 228 women and partners who had experienced pregnancy loss.”
Method
Traumatic grief research and care in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic
Djelantik, A. A. A. M. J., Bui, É., O’Connor, M., Rosner, R., Robinaugh, D. J., Simon, N. M., & Boelen, P. A. (2021) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2021.1957272 · Cited by 28
“Other studies found similarly promising results for online treatment for bereaved individuals (e.g. Kersting et al. (2013), van der Houwen, Schut, Van Den Bout, Stroebe, and Stroebe (2010)).”
Result
Online cognitive–behavioural therapy for traumatically bereaved people: study protocol for a randomised waitlist-controlled trial
Lenferink, L. I. M., de Keijser, J., Eisma, M. C., Smid, G. E., & Boelen, P. A. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-035050 · Cited by 19
Feasibility randomized controlled trial of a self-guided online intervention to promote psychosocial adjustment to unmet parenthood goals
Rowbottom, B., Galhardo, A., Donovan, E., & Gameiro, S. (2022) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/deac168 · Cited by 16
“Previous research (e.g. Cousineau et al. , 2008; Kersting et al. , 2013; van Dongen et al. , 2016) indicated around 60% of interested people would be eligible, consent and complete the T1 assessment, from these, 80% would register to MyJourney, and from these 70% would complete the T2 assessment,…”
The self-help app My Grief: Bereaved parents' experiences of helpfulness, satisfaction and usability
Eklund, R., Eisma, M. C., Boelen, P. A., Arnberg, F. K., & Sveen, J. (2024) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2024.100712 · Cited by 16
“…Bryant et al., 2014; Rosner et al., 2014; Shear et al., 2005) as well as in internet-based formats, with the latter yielding moderate to large effects (Eisma et al., 2015; Kersting et al., 2013; Treml et al., 2021; Reitsma et al., 2023, for reviews see: Wagner et al., 2020; Zuelke et al., 2021).”
Background
The efficacy of psychotherapeutic interventions for prolonged grief disorder: A systematic review.
Srivastava, T., Lee, K., Ehrenkranz, R., Cozzolino, P. J., Wise, F. A., Burns, M., McCormick, T. H., Yaden, D., Agrawal, M., & Penberthy, J. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.03.173 · Cited by 16
Digital Interventions for PTSD Symptoms in the General Population: a Review
Stefanopoulou, E., Lewis, D., Mughal, A., & Larkin, J. (2020) · Psychiatric Quarterly · doi:10.1007/s11126-020-09745-2 · Cited by 16
Rates and prospective psychosocial correlates of pre-loss grief in cancer and dementia family members
Singer, J., Shrout, M. R., & Papa, A. (2021) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105321995945 · Cited by 15
“PGD has been examined over many time points with numerous studies finding that females have higher rates of long-term PGD (Chiu et al., 2010; Kersting et al., 2013).”
Background
Risk of post-traumatic stress disorder in women after miscarriage
Białek, K. I., & Malmur, M. (2020) · Medical Studies · doi:10.5114/ms.2020.96794 · Cited by 14
“These symptoms, lasting even up to several years, have been particularly observed in women whose pregnancies were terminated after the diagnosis of foetal malformations or severe chromosomal disorders [18].”
Background
The UK National Homicide Therapeutic Service: A Retrospective Naturalistic Study Among 929 Bereaved Individuals
Soydas, S., Smid, G. E., Goodfellow, B., Wilson, R. A., & Boelen, P. A. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00878 · Cited by 14
“We also found that homicide survivors whose loss occurred recently displayed a greater decline in PG symptoms, suggesting that offering intervention in the early months following loss may actually be beneficial for a subgroup experiencing severe distress (49, 50).”
Background
Management of Grief, Depression, and Suicidal Thoughts in Serious Illness.
McKee, K. Y., & Kelly, A. (2020) · The Medical clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2020.01.003 · Cited by 12
My Grief App for Prolonged Grief in Bereaved Parents: A Pilot Study
Eklund, R., Eisma, M. C., Boelen, P. A., Arnberg, F. K., & Sveen, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.872314 · Cited by 13
An evaluation of common risk factors for prolonged grief disorder using the international classification of diseases-11 criteria
Singer, J., McLean, E., Kahler, J., & Papa, A. (2021) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2021.1998359 · Cited by 14
“Consistent with prior studies within the bereavement field (Chiu et al., 2010; Kersting et al., 2013), Studies 1 and 3 identified that bereaved females predicted higher continuous PG-13 total summed scores, and in Studies 1 and 2, unexpectedness of the death predicted higher continuous PG-13 total summed scores.”
BackgroundResult
Expressive writing for Chinese women with foetal abnormalities undergoing pregnancy termination: An interview study of women's perceptions
Qian, J., Yu, X., Sun, S., Zhou, X., Wu, M., & Yang, M. (2019) · Midwifery · doi:10.1016/j.midw.2019.102548 · Cited by 13
The meaning in loss protocol: A clinical trial of online grief therapy
Batista, J., Alves, D., Pires, N., Silva, J. R., Mendes, I., Magalhães, C., Rosa, C., Oliveira, J. T., Gonçalves, M. M., & Neimeyer, R. A. (2025) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2024.2370633 · Cited by 12
“In the area of grief therapy, brief tele-health treatments based on cognitive-behavior therapy (e.g., Kersting et al., 2013), exposure and behavioral activation (Eisma et al., 2015), or a self-guided intervention (Reitsma et al., 2023) have shown promising results.”
Effectiveness of Nonpharmacological Interventions for Improving the Mental Health and Other Psychosocial Outcomes of Parents with Perinatal Loss: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Li, S. N., Yang, L., Wang, Q., Pan, S., Xiao, M. H., & Jiao, X. (2024) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1155/2024/2181544 · Cited by 15
“These interventions should ideally consist of one to four sessions and be followed up with postdischarge support to promote the maintenance of therapeutic rapport, continuity of care, and reinforcement [34, 41, 45, 48].”
Interventions, outcomes and outcome measurement instruments in stillbirth care research: A systematic review to inform the development of a core outcome set
Bakhbakhi, D., Siassakos, D. M., Davies, A. K., Merriel, A., Barnard, K., Stead, E., Shakespeare, C., Duffy, J. M., Hinton, L., McDowell, K., et al. (2023) · BJOG An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/1471-0528.17390 · Cited by 12
Couple and family therapies for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Cowlishaw, S., Evans, L., Suomi, A., & Rodgers, B. (2014) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011257 · Cited by 11
A Research Literature Review to Determine How Bereavement Programs Are Evaluated
Wilson, D. M., Errasti‐Ibarrondo, B., & Rodríguez‐Prat, A. (2019) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.1177/0030222819869492 · Cited by 11
“Kersting et al. (2013) Germany Brief Internet bereavement intervention for parents after prenatal loss.”
Background
Initial outcomes of couple HOPES: A guided online couple intervention for PTSD and relationship enhancement
Fitzpatrick, S., Wagner, A. C., Crenshaw, A. O., Varma, S., Whitfield, K. M., Valela, R., Bartolomeo, A. A. D., Fulham, L., Martin-Newnham, C., Mensah, D. H., et al. (2021) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2021.100423 · Cited by 13
“The GAD-7 has strong psychometric characteristics, including good test-retest reliability (Löwe et al., 2008; Spitzer et al., 2006) and convergent validity with other measures of anxiety and related constructs for worry and stress (Kertz et al., 2013; Rutter and Brown, 2017).”
Background
State of the Science: Psychotherapeutic Interventions for Prolonged Grief Disorder
LaPlante, C. D., Hardt, M. M., Maciejewski, P. K., & Prigerson, H. G. (2024) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2024.07.002 · Cited by 14
Exploratory study of metacognitive beliefs about coping processes in prolonged grief symptomatology
Wenn, J. A., O’Connor, M., Breen, L. J., & Rees, C. S. (2018) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2018.1440032 · Cited by 10
“Although these tailored interventions have produced significant reductions in PGD symptomatology (Bryant et al., 2014; Eisma, Boelen et al., 2015; Kersting et al., 2013; Papa, Sewell, Garrison-Diehn, & Rummel, 2013; Shear et al., 2014), a substantial proportion of participants does not achieve…”
Background
Stress Reduction Through a Brief Writing Intervention With Women in Jail
Pankey, T. L., Kelly, P. J., & Ramaswamy, M. (2016) · Journal of Correctional Health Care · doi:10.1177/1078345816654230 · Cited by 10
Help-seeking Following Termination of Pregnancy after Diagnosis of Fetal Anomaly: Womenʼs Intentions and Experiences 1 to 7 Years after the Event
Hanschmidt, F., Hoffmann, R., Klingner, J., Kersting, A., & Stepan, H. (2018) · Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde · doi:10.1055/s-0044-100380 · Cited by 10
“Internet interventions have become increasingly popular and are available for bereavement populations [31,32].”
Internet-delivered cognitive-behavioral therapy (iCBT) for adults with prolonged grief disorder (PGD): A study protocol for a randomized feasibility trial
Tur, C., Campos, D., Herrero, R., Mor, S., López-Montoyo, A., Castilla, D., & Quero, S. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046477 · Cited by 9

Authors: Kersting, A., Dölemeyer, R., Steinig, J., Walter, F., Kroker, K., Baust, K., & Wagner, B.
Affiliations: Leipzig University (DE)
University of Münster (DE)
ORCID: Kersting, Anette
Walter, Franziska
Baust, Katja
Wagner, Birgit
Venue: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics
Publisher: S. Karger AG
Published: 2013
Volume: 82
Issue: 6
Pages: 372-381
ISSN: 0033-3190 (ISSN-L)
1423-0348
DOI: 10.1159/000348713
OpenAlex: W2040747248
Cited by: 210
References: 60
Citations by year: 2026: 13 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 4
FWCI: 12.60
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.karger.com/Services/SiteLicenses (vor)
www.karger.com/Services/SiteLicenses (tdm)
Locations: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Grief, Bereavement, and Mental Health
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
Keywords: miscarriage, post-traumatic stress disorder, prolonged grief disorder, complicated grief, online intervention, cognitive behavioral therapy, cognitive restructuring, self-confrontation, social sharing, depression, anxiety, e-health, parents
MeSH terms: Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Analysis of Variance, Anxiety, Depression, Female, Fetal Death, Follow-Up Studies, Grief, Humans, Male, Parents, Pregnancy, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Therapy, Computer-Assisted, Writing, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, Internet, Intention to Treat Analysis, Self Report

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Brief Internet-Based Intervention Reduces Posttraumatic Stress and Prolonged Grief in Parents after the Loss of a Child during Pregnancy: A Randomized Controlled Trial

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