Probing Electrophysiological Indices of Perceptual Awareness across Unisensory and Multisensory Modalities
Open accessAbstract
The neural underpinnings of perceptual awareness have been extensively studied using unisensory (e.g., visual alone) stimuli. However, perception is generally multisensory, and it is unclear whether the neural architecture uncovered in these studies directly translates to the multisensory domain. Here, we use EEG to examine brain responses associated with the processing of visual, auditory, and audiovisual stimuli presented near threshold levels of detectability, with the aim of deciphering similarities and differences in the neural signals indexing the transition into perceptual awareness across vision, audition, and combined visual–auditory (multisensory) processing. More specifically, we examine (1) the presence of late evoked potentials (∼>300 msec), (2) the across-trial reproducibility, and (3) the evoked complexity associated with perceived versus nonperceived stimuli. Results reveal that, although perceived stimuli are associated with the presence of late evoked potentials across each of the examined sensory modalities, between-trial variability and EEG complexity differed for unisensory versus multisensory conditions. Whereas across-trial variability and complexity differed for perceived versus nonperceived stimuli in the visual and auditory conditions, this was not the case for the multisensory condition. Taken together, these results suggest that there are fundamental differences in the neural correlates of perceptual awareness for unisensory versus multisensory stimuli. Specifically, the work argues that the presence of late evoked potentials, as opposed to neural reproducibility or complexity, most closely tracks perceptual awareness regardless of the nature of the sensory stimulus. In addition, the current findings suggest a greater similarity between the neural correlates of perceptual awareness of unisensory (visual and auditory) stimuli when compared with multisensory stimuli.
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Noel et al. (2018) found that sudden late ignition was the only clear signature common to auditory, visual, and audiovisual conditions in human EEG.
“They found that sudden late ignition was the only clear signature common to all three conditions.”
From Conscious Processing and the Global Neuronal Workspace Hypothesis (2020) · cites this paper as Noel et al., 2018
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Conscious Processing and the Global Neuronal Workspace Hypothesis
Mashour, G. A., Roelfsema, P., Changeux, J.-P., & Dehaene, S. (2020) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2020.01.026 · Cited by 1,164 · see citing works
“(Noel et al., 2018) tested three putative signatures of conscious access for auditory, visual, and audiovisual trials in human electroencephalogram (EEG).”
BackgroundBifurcation in brain dynamics reveals a signature of conscious processing independent of report
Sergent, C., Corazzol, M., Labouret, G., Stockart, F., Wexler, M., King, J.-R., Meyniel, F., & Pressnitzer, D. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-21393-z · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Noel, J., Blanke, O., & Serino, A. (2018) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.13867 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Self-citationNoel, J., Bertoni, T., Terrebonne, E., Pellencin, E., Herbelin, B., Cascio, C. J., Blanke, O., Magosso, E., Wallace, M. T., & Serino, A. (2020) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhaa103 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationLeveraging Nonhuman Primate Multisensory Neurons and Circuits in Assessing Consciousness Theory
Noel, J.-P., Ishizawa, Y., Patel, S. R., Eskandar, E. N., & Wallace, M. T. (2019) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0934-19.2019 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationNoel, J., Serino, A., & Wallace, M. T. (2018) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_01334 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationNoel, J., Chatelle, C., Perdikis, S., Jöhr, J., da Silva, M. L., Ryvlin, P., Marzia De Lucia, E., Millán, J. D. R., Diserens, K., & Serino, A. (2019) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2019.101940 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationA measure centrality index for systematic empirical comparison of consciousness theories
Chis-Ciure, R., Melloni, L., & Northoff, G. (2024) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105670 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Filimonov, D., Railo, H., Revonsuo, A., & Koivisto, M. (2022) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2022.108154 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Subcortical correlates of consciousness with human single neuron recordingsPreprint
Pereira, M., Faivre, N., Bernasconi, F., Brandmeir, N. J., Suffridge, J., Tran, K., Wang, S., Finomore, V. S., Konrad, P. E., Rezai, A. R., et al. (2024) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.95272 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Subcortical correlates of consciousness with human single neuron recordings
Pereira, M., Faivre, N., Bernasconi, F., Brandmeir, N. J., Suffridge, J., Tran, K., Wang, S., Finomore, V. S., Konrad, P. E., Rezai, A. R., et al. (2025) · eLife · doi:10.1101/2023.01.27.525684 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Multisensory perceptual awareness: Categorical or graded?
Noel, J., Faivre, N., Magosso, E., Blanke, O., Alais, D., & Wallace, M. T. (2019) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2019.05.018 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationConsciousness and Energy Processing in Neural Systems
Pepperell, R. (2024) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci14111112 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Stimulus-driven and behavior-driving activity along the cortical auditory hierarchy
Nourski, K. V., Steinschneider, M., Rhone, A. E., & Howard, M. A. (2026) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2026.121801 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Subcortical correlates of consciousness with human single neuron recordingsPreprint
Pereira, M., Faivre, N., Bernasconi, F., Brandmeir, N. J., Suffridge, J., Tran, K., Wang, S., Finomore, V. S., Konrad, P. E., Rezai, A. R., et al. (2025) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.95272.2
A human intracranial map of consciousness returning from anesthesiaPreprint
Chen, X., Zhang, H., Deng, X., Ren, Y., Liu, Y., Wang, J., Xu, S., Ji, Y., Yang, Z., Jia, W., et al. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.06.17.732807
Supramodal Coding of Detection and Confidence in the Human CortexPreprint
Porte, P., Robin, A., Boscher, F., Dezier, C., Goueytes, D., Mahdian, S., Hoffmann, D., Kahane, P., Minotti, L., Pereira, M., et al. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.10.16.759637
- Authors
- Noel, J.-P., Simon, D., Thelen, A., Maier, A., Blake, R., & Wallace, M. T.
- Affiliations
- Vanderbilt University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Noel, Jean-Paul
- Venue
- Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
- Publisher
- MIT Press - Journals
- Published
- 2018-06
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 814-828
- ISSN
- 0898-929X (ISSN-L)
- 1530-8898
- PMC
- PMC10804124
- OpenAlex
- W2792372618
- Cited by
- 17
- References
- 103
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 2
- FWCI
- 2.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Vanderbilt University
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center
- National Institutes of Health (HD083211)
- National Institute of Mental Health (F31MH112336)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (U54HD083211)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Multisensory perception and integration
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Keywords
- perceptual awareness, multisensory perception, visual perception, auditory perception, audiovisual integration, EEG complexity, subthreshold stimuli, neural correlates of perception
- MeSH terms
- Acoustic Stimulation, Adult, Auditory Perception, Awareness, Brain, Electroencephalography, Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Evoked Potentials, Visual, Female, Humans, Male, Photic Stimulation, Psychophysics, Reaction Time, Visual Perception, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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