Host-microbial interactions in the metabolism of therapeutic and diet-derived xenobiotics
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Our associated microbial communities play a critical role in human health and predisposition to disease, but the degree to which they also shape therapeutic interventions is not well understood. Here, we integrate results from classic and current studies of the direct and indirect impacts of the gut microbiome on the metabolism of therapeutic drugs and diet-derived bioactive compounds. We pay particular attention to microbial influences on host responses to xenobiotics, adding to the growing consensus that treatment outcomes reflect our intimate partnership with the microbial world, and providing an initial framework from which to consider a more comprehensive view of pharmacology and nutrition.
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β-glucuronidases from human-associated gut bacteria influence the biological activity and toxicity of many drugs, dietary components, and endogenous metabolites.
“β-glucuronidases are another generalist enzyme family expressed by human-associated gut bacteria that influences the biological activity and toxicity of a wide range of drugs, dietary components, and endogenous metabolites47.”
From The microbial pharmacists within us: a metagenomic view of xenobiotic metabolism (2016) · cites this paper as [47]
Many diet-derived bioactive compounds are metabolized by the gut microbiota, and some require this transformation for activation and/or absorption.
“Many of these “diet-derived bioactive compounds” are metabolized by the gut microbiota (Fig. 4, Supplementary information S2 (table) and Supplementary information S3 (table)) and some are dependent on this transformation for activation and/or absorption47.”
From The microbial pharmacists within us: a metagenomic view of xenobiotic metabolism (2016) · cites this paper as [47]
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Sorted by citations
Garrett, W. S. (2015) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aaa4972 · Cited by 1,404 · see citing works
Microbiota: a key orchestrator of cancer therapy
Roy, S., & Trinchieri, G. (2017) · Nature Reviews Cancer · doi:10.1038/nrc.2017.13 · Cited by 883 · see citing works
Microbiota-Brain-Gut Axis and Neurodegenerative Diseases
Quigley, E. M. M. (2017) · Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1007/s11910-017-0802-6 · Cited by 804 · see citing works
Mining the Human Gut Microbiota for Immunomodulatory Organisms
Geva-Zatorsky, N., Sefik, E., Kua, L., Pasman, L., Tan, T. G., Ortiz-Lopez, A., Yanortsang, T. B., Yang, L., Jupp, R., Mathis, D., et al. (2017) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2017.01.022 · Cited by 762 · see citing works
“Cytochrome p450 controls mechanisms of xenobiotic metabolism in the gut (Carmody and Turnbaugh, 2014) and, together with other members of this cluster (e.g., Rdh7 or Aldh1), influences the metabolism of all trans-retinoic acid.”
The microbial pharmacists within us: a metagenomic view of xenobiotic metabolism
Spanogiannopoulos, P., Bess, E. N., Carmody, R. N., & Turnbaugh, P. J. (2016) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/nrmicro.2016.17 · Cited by 717 · see citing works
Self-citationGut microbiome interactions with drug metabolism, efficacy, and toxicity
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Anticancer effects of the microbiome and its products
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Gut Microbiotas and Host Evolution: Scaling Up Symbiosis
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Environmental Endocrine-Disrupting Chemical Exposure: Role in Non-Communicable Diseases
Kumar, M., Sarma, D. K., Shubham, S., Kumawat, M., Verma, V., Prakash, A., & Tiwari, R. R. (2020) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2020.553850 · Cited by 394 · see citing works
Advancing functional and translational microbiome research using meta-omics approaches
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“can thus affect drug efficacy and/or toxicity [17, 95, 96].”
BackgroundCurcumin, Quercetin, Catechins and Metabolic Diseases: The Role of Gut Microbiota
Shabbir, U., Rubab, M., Daliri, E. B., Chelliah, R., Javed, A., & Oh, D. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13010206 · Cited by 338 · see citing works
“[107] reported that the biological properties of curcumin depend on the activity of metabolites produced by GM digestion.”
BackgroundGut reactions: Breaking down xenobiotic–microbiome interactions
Clarke, G., Sandhu, K. V., Griffin, B. T., Dinan, T. G., Cryan, J. F., & Hyland, N. P. (2019) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1124/pr.118.015768 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
“…is being put in place, cross-disciplinary input and increased attention from the scientific community are required to address the many outstanding questions in this field (see Table 4) and to achieve a more comprehensive view of pharmacology (Saad et al., 2012; Carmody and Turnbaugh, 2014).”
BackgroundBlaser, M. J. (2014) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci78366 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
“Carmo-dy and Turnbaugh focus on the direct and indirect effects of the microbiota on the metabolism of such chemicals (44).”
Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Phytogenic Substances for Optimizing Gut Health in Poultry
Shehata, A. A., Yalçın, S., Latorre, J. D., Basiouni, S., Attia, Y. A., El‐Wahab, A. A., Visscher, C., El-Seedi, H. R., Huber, C., Hafez, H. M., et al. (2022) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms10020395 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Scazzocchio, B., Minghetti, L., & D’Archivio, M. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12092499 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
The Mouse Microbiome Is Required for Sex-Specific Diurnal Rhythms of Gene Expression and Metabolism
Weger, B. D., Gobet, C., Yeung, J., Martin, E., Jimenez, S., Betrisey, B., Foata, F., Berger, B., Balvay, A., Foussier, A., et al. (2019) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2018.09.023 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
“metabolism and tentatively elucidate several unexplained phenotypes of GFmice that are also known to be sexually dimorphic, such as resistance to liver cancer (Grant and Roe, 1969), xenobiotic detoxification (Carmody and Turnbaugh, 2014), metabolic differences (Nieuwdorp et al.”
BackgroundPolyphenols-gut microbiota interplay and brain neuromodulation
Filosa, S., Meo, F. D., & Crispi, S. (2018) · Neural Regeneration Research · doi:10.4103/1673-5374.241429 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
“Interestingly, the properties of polyphenols depend from bioactive metabolites produced when they are metabolised by microbiota (Carmody and Turnbaugh, 2014).”
BackgroundCurcumin, Gut Microbiota, and Neuroprotection
Meo, F. D., Margarucci, S., Galderisi, U., Crispi, S., & Peluso, G. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11102426 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
“In addition, specific biological properties often depend on bioactive metabolites produced by gut microbiota digestion [28].”
BackgroundNutritional Intervention for the Intestinal Development and Health of Weaned Pigs
Xiong, X., Tan, B., Song, M., Ji, P., Kim, K., Yin, Y., & Liu, Y. (2019) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2019.00046 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Life history and eco‐evolutionary dynamics in light of the gut microbiota
Macke, E., Tasiemski, A., Massol, F., Callens, M., & Decaestecker, E. (2016) · Oikos · doi:10.1111/oik.03900 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Sex- and Gender-Based Pharmacological Response to Drugs
Mauvais‐Jarvis, F., Berthold, H. K., Campesi, I., Carrero, J. J., Dhakal, S., Franconi, F., Gouni‐Berthold, I., Heiman, M. L., Kautzky‐Willer, A., Klein, S. L., et al. (2021) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1124/pharmrev.120.000206 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
“Finally, the gut microbiota have recently emerged as an important player in drug metabolism and drug interactions in a sexually dimorphic manner (Carmody and Turnbaugh, 2014).”
BackgroundGoodman, B., & Gardner, H. (2018) · The Journal of Pathology · doi:10.1002/path.5047 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
“There have been several examples of drug metabolism being modified by the microbiome, and this will probably be a continued area of study [85].”
BackgroundDrug Metabolism by the Host and Gut Microbiota: A Partnership or Rivalry?
Swanson, H. I. (2015) · Drug Metabolism and Disposition · doi:10.1124/dmd.115.065714 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
“For example, the toxicity of melamine is due in large part to the microbial formation of its metabolite cyanuric acid (Carmody and Turnbaugh, 2014).”
InfluentialSignaling in Host-Associated Microbial Communities
Fischbach, M. A., & Segre, J. A. (2016) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2016.02.037 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Bioactive (Poly)phenols, Volatile Compounds from Vegetables, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants
Pinto, T., Aires, A., Cosme, F., Bacelar, E. L. V. A., Morais, M. C., Oliveira, I. V., Ferreira-Cardoso, J. V., Anjos, R., Vilela, A., & Gonçalves, B. C. (2021) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods10010106 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
“The properties of polyphenols are dependent on the bioactive metabolites produced when they are metabolised by the microbiota [103].”
BackgroundGut Microbiota, Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals, and the Diabetes Epidemic
Velmurugan, G., Ramprasath, T., Mithieux, G., Swaminathan, K., & Ramasamy, S. (2017) · Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.tem.2017.05.001 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Deconstructing Mechanisms of Diet-Microbiome-Immune Interactions
Alexander, M., & Turnbaugh, P. J. (2020) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2020.07.015 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
“For example, dietary fat intake induces host bile acid (BA) production (Carmody and Turnbaugh, 2014; David et al., 2014), affecting both gut microbial metabolism and immune cell function.”
BackgroundSelf-citationLinking microbiota to human diseases: a systems biology perspective
Wu, H., Tremaroli, V., & Bäckhed, F. (2015) · Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.tem.2015.09.011 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
“, xenobiotics) may affect host responses to therapeutic drugs and influence their efficacy [120].”
BackgroundStructural diversity, functional aspects and future therapeutic applications of human gut microbiome
Ghosh, S., & Pramanik, S. (2021) · Archives of Microbiology · doi:10.1007/s00203-021-02516-y · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Microbial metabolites in health and disease: Navigating the unknown in search of function
Martinez, K., Leone, V., & Chang, E. B. (2017) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.r116.752899 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
“Blocking -glucuronidase with an inhibitor greatly reduced the gastrointestinal side effects (31).”
BackgroundProbiotic use in at-risk populations
Sanders, M. E., Merenstein, D. J., Ouwehand, A. C., Reid, G., Salminen, S., Cabana, M. D., Paraskevakos, G., & Leyer, G. (2016) · Journal of the American Pharmacists Association · doi:10.1016/j.japh.2016.07.001 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Probiotics as a biological detoxification tool of food chemical contamination: A review
Średnicka, P., Juszczuk‐Kubiak, E., Wójcicki, M., Akimowicz, M., & Roszko, M. Ł. (2021) · Food and Chemical Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.fct.2021.112306 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Gut microbiome as a clinical tool in gastrointestinal disease management: are we there yet?
Quigley, E. M. M. (2017) · Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2017.29 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Theilmann, M. C., Goh, Y. J., Nielsen, K. F., Klaenhammer, T. R., Barrangou, R., & Hachem, M. A. (2017) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.01421-17 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
“Antimicrobial effects and subsequent changes in the microbiota composition are common effects of the aglycones, but further modifications and modulations of biological activity have been reported (4, 43, 49).”
Review of the gut microbiome and esophageal cancer: Pathogenesis and potential clinical implications
Baba, Y., Iwatsuki, M., Yoshida, N., Watanabe, M., & Baba, H. (2017) · Annals of Gastroenterological Surgery · doi:10.1002/ags3.12014 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
“the toxicity and efficacy of chemotherapy has also attracted interest.(66) For example, the microbiota and immune system have reportedly enhanced the efficacy of oxaliplatin, a platinum-based anticancer drug that treats esophageal cancer.”
BackgroundToxicomicrobiomics: The Human Microbiome vs. Pharmaceutical, Dietary, and Environmental Xenobiotics
Abdelsalam, N. A., Ramadan, A. T., ElRakaiby, M. T., & Aziz, R. K. (2020) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2020.00390 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Targeting gut microbiota for precision medicine: Focusing on the efficacy and toxicity of drugs
Feng, W., Liu, J., Ao, H., Yue, S., & Peng, C. Y. (2020) · Theranostics · doi:10.7150/thno.47289 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
“When entering the gastrointestinal tract, orally administered drugs inevitably interact with gut microbiota [8,9].”
BackgroundGut Microbiome and Response to Cardiovascular Drugs
Tuteja, S., & Ferguson, J. F. (2019) · Circulation Genomic and Precision Medicine · doi:10.1161/circgen.119.002314 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Hoggard, M., Mackenzie, B. W., Jain, R., Taylor, M. W., Biswas, K., & Douglas, R. G. (2016) · Clinical Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1128/cmr.00060-16 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
“in xenobiotic metabolism (196, 227) and represents a logical next step in efforts to”
BackgroundShabbir, U., Rubab, M., Tyagi, A., & Oh, D. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22010196 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
“While the GM metabolite curcumin through demethylation, reduction, acetylation, hydroxylation, and demethoxylation [80].”
BackgroundMouse Models as Predictors of Human Responses: Evolutionary Medicine
Uhl, E. W., & Warner, N. J. (2015) · Current Pathobiology Reports · doi:10.1007/s40139-015-0086-y · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Chiu, H., Venkatakrishnan, K., Головинская, О., & Wang, C. (2021) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules26072090 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
“However, during the biotransformation process, especially in the liver, the polyphenols could result in a few adverse effects as they enhance the phase I and II biotransformation enzymes, which enhance the production of certain xenobiotics (endotoxins) and results in deleterious events like inflammation, immunomodulat…”
BackgroundDashnyam, P., Mudududdla, R., Hsieh, T.-J., Lin, T.-C., Lin, H.-Y., Chen, P.-Y., Hsu, C.-Y., & Lin, C.-H. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-34678-z · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Nutritional modulation of gut microbiota — the impact on metabolic disease pathophysiology
Ojeda, P., Bobe, A. M., Dolan, K. T., Leone, V., & Martinez, K. (2015) · The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.08.013 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
“Blocking β-glucuronidase with an inhibitor greatly reduced the gastrointestinal side effects [43].”
BackgroundIntroducing the Microbiome into Precision Medicine
Kuntz, T. M., & Gilbert, J. A. (2016) · Trends in Pharmacological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tips.2016.10.001 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
“Currently, >60 drugs have been identified to have microbiome interactions according to the PharmacoMicrobiomics database [35], and given the vast number of possible uniquemicrobial metabolic transformations [36], many more interactions are likely to be discovered compared with the apparently limited number of human ge…”
BackgroundBess, E. N., Bisanz, J. E., Yarza, F., Bustion, A. E., Rich, B. E., Li, X., Kitamura, S., Waligurski, E., Ang, Q. Y., Alba, D., et al. (2019) · Nature Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41564-019-0596-1 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Self-citationFlowers, S. A., Baxter, N. T., Ward, K. M., Kraal, A. Z., McInnis, M. G., Schmidt, T. M., & Ellingrod, V. L. (2019) · Pharmacotherapy The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy · doi:10.1002/phar.2214 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
“The relationship between gut microbial communities and the development of adverse treatment events is particularly interesting given the ease with which the microbiome can be altered by factors such as dietary interventions.(14) Studies have examined the inverse correlation between diets consisting of resistant starch…”
BackgroundPharmacomicrobiomics: Influence of gut microbiota on drug and xenobiotic metabolism
Dikeocha, I. J., Al‐Kabsi, A. M., Miftahussurur, M., & Alshawsh, M. A. (2022) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.202101986r · Cited by 102 · see citing works
From the Bottom-Up: Chemotherapy and Gut-Brain Axis Dysregulation
Bajic, J. E., Johnston, I. N., Howarth, G. S., & Hutchinson, M. R. (2018) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00104 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Dheer, R., Patterson, J., Dudash, M., Stachler, E. N., Bibby, K. J., Stolz, D. B., Shiva, S., Wang, Z., Hazen, S. L., Barchowsky, A., et al. (2015) · Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.taap.2015.10.020 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
“An individual’s microbiome is fairly stable over time, but the community composition and structure can be influenced at the extremes of age, by diet, and environmental exposures (Caesar et al., 2010; Carmody and Turnbaugh, 2014; Lee and Hase, 2014; Shreiner et al., 2014).”
BackgroundKoistinen, V., Kärkkäinen, O. K., Borewicz, K., Zarei, I., Jokkala, J., Micard, V., Rosa‐Sibakov, N., Auriola, S. O. K., Aura, A., Smidt, H., et al. (2019) · Microbiome · doi:10.1186/s40168-019-0718-2 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
The gut microbiome in tuberculosis susceptibility and treatment response: guilty or not guilty?
Eribo, O. A., du Plessis, N., Ozturk, M., Guler, R., Walzl, G., & Chegou, N. N. (2019) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-019-03370-4 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Mechanisms of gastrointestinal microflora on drug metabolism in clinical practice
Sun, C., Chen, L., & Shen, Z. (2019) · Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal · doi:10.1016/j.jsps.2019.09.011 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
“In addition, the metabolic association between the host and gut microbiota changes the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs (Haiser and Turnbaugh, 2012; Carmody and Turnbaugh, 2014), such as acetaminophen.”
A framework for microbiome science in public health
Wilkinson, J. E., Franzosa, E. A., Everett, C., Li, C., trainees, H. R. A., Bae, S., Berzansky, I., Bhosle, A., Bjørnevik, K., Brennan, C. A., et al. (2021) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01258-0 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Self-citationChávez-Carbajal, A., Pizano-Zárate, M. L., Hernández-Quiroz, F., Ortíz-Luna, G. F., Morales‐Hernández, R. M., Sales-Millán, A. D., Hernández‐Trejo, M., García-Vite, A., Beltran-Lagunes, L., Hoyo‐Vadillo, C., et al. (2020) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms8010094 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
“Given that oral medications reach the gastrointestinal tract and are exposed to gut microbiota metabolism, in some cases, the efficacy of medications might be altered before being transported to the bloodstream [45,46].”
BackgroundLongitudinal Prediction of the Infant Gut Microbiome with Dynamic Bayesian Networks
McGeachie, M. J., Sordillo, J. E., Gibson, T. E., Weinstock, G. M., Liu, Y., Gold, D. R., Weiss, S. T., & Litonjua, A. A. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep20359 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
“With a DBN model, we were able to: (1) identify how the three dominant bacterial classes influence one another over time; (2) account for the role of relatively rare taxa in influencing these dominant groups; (3) determine the importance of initial conditions (microbiome profile immediately after birth) for iterative…”
MethodThe gut microbiome influences the bioavailability of olanzapine in rats
Cussotto, S., Walsh, J., Golubeva, A. V., Zhdanov, A. V., Strain, C., Fouhy, F., Stanton, C., Dinan, T. G., Hyland, N. P., Clarke, G. A., et al. (2021) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103307 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
“2-methyl-4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-10H-thieno [2,3b] [1,5]benzodiazepine Target: 10 mg/day 312 g/mol 2 7.”
BackgroundNogacka, A. M., Gómez‐Martín, M., Suárez, A., González‐Bernardo, Ó., Reyes‐Gavilán, C. G. D. L., & González, S. (2019) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms20082051 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
“The results of the study of Do and colleagues suggest the interesting possibility that the gut microbiota could modulate the host xenobiotic metabolism through TLR2 signalling [97].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialThe genital tract and rectal microbiomes: their role in HIV susceptibility and prevention in women
Karim, S. S. A., Baxter, C., Passmore, J.-A. S., McKinnon, L. R., & Williams, B. L. (2019) · Journal of the International AIDS Society · doi:10.1002/jia2.25300 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“More than 50 therapeutically bioactive compounds, including metronidazole, are known to undergo direct microbial modification in the gastrointestinal tract [113,114], thereby altering their chemical structure and modifying their half-life, bio-availabilities and biological effects.”
BackgroundEngineering microphysiological immune system responses on chips
Miller, C. P., Shin, W., Ahn, E. H., Kim, H. J., & Kim, D.-H. (2020) · Trends in biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.tibtech.2020.01.003 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Fekry, M. I., Engels, C., Zhang, J., Schwab, C., Lacroix, C., Sturla, S. J., & Chassard, C. (2015) · Environmental Microbiology Reports · doi:10.1111/1758-2229.12369 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Whidbey, C., Sadler, N., Nair, R., Volk, R. F., DeLeon, A. J., Bramer, L., Fansler, S. J., Hansen, J., Shukla, A. K., Jansson, J. K., et al. (2018) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/jacs.8b09668 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
A Two-Way Interaction between Methotrexate and the Gut Microbiota of Male Sprague–Dawley Rats
Letertre, M. P. M., Munjoma, N. C., Wolfer, K., Pechlivanis, A., McDonald, J. A. K., Hardwick, R. N., Cherrington, N. J., Coen, M., Nicholson, J. K., Hoyles, L., et al. (2020) · Journal of Proteome Research · doi:10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00230 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Microbiome Metabolites and Thyroid Dysfunction
Bargiel, P., Szczuko, M., Stachowska, L., Prowans, P., Czapla, N., Markowska, M., Petriczko, J., Kledzik, J., Jędrzejczyk-Kledzik, A., Palma, J., et al. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm10163609 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“Helicobacter-bound Levodopa cannot cross the blood–brain barrier and therefore does not decarboxylate to dopamine in the central nervous system, which renders it ineffective [28].”
BackgroundInsights into human evolution from ancient and contemporary microbiome studies
Schnorr, S. L., Sankaranarayanan, K., Lewis, C. M., & Warinner, C. (2016) · Current Opinion in Genetics & Development · doi:10.1016/j.gde.2016.07.003 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Microbial Determinants of Biochemical Individuality and Their Impact on Toxicology and Pharmacology
Patterson, A. D., & Turnbaugh, P. J. (2014) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2014.07.002 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“…mediates the metabolic effects of drugs and environmental toxicants, as other recent reviews have provided a more in-depth view of the historic and current literature on drug and dietary bioactive metabolism (Carmody and Turnbaugh, 2014; Haiser and Turnbaugh, 2012, 2013; Sousa et al., 2008).”
Self-citationSources of Interindividual Variability
Thummel, K. E., & Lin, Y. S. (2014) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-62703-758-7_17 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
The importance of the microbiome in pediatrics and pediatric infectious diseases
Gaufin, T., Tobin, N. H., & Aldrovandi, G. M. (2017) · Current Opinion in Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/mop.0000000000000576 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
The human microbiome and metabolomics: Current concepts and applications
Daliri, E. B., Wei, S., Oh, D., & Lee, B. H. (2016) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2016.1220913 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“This was because the gut microbial azoreductases cleaved the N-N double bond of the prodrug to release active 5-aminosalicylic acid (Carmody and Turnbaugh, 2014).”
BackgroundShin, J., Kim, C.-S., Cha, J., Kim, S., Lee, S., Chae, S., Chun, W. Y., & Shin, D. (2021) · The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2021.108854 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Wang, S., Ju, D., & Zeng, X. L. (2024) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines12010194 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Gut microbiome: An intermediary to neurotoxicity
Dempsey, J. L., Little, M., & Cui, J. Y. (2019) · NeuroToxicology · doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2019.08.005 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“The important role of gut microbiome in the biotransformation of various therapeutic drugs has been extensively reviewed (Bisanz et al., 2018; Carmody and Turnbaugh, 2014; Haiser and Turnbaugh, 2013; Spanogiannopoulos et al., 2016).”
BackgroundRelationship Between the Gut Microbiome and Systemic Chemotherapy
Ervin, S. M., Ramanan, S. V., & Bhatt, A. P. (2020) · Digestive Diseases and Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10620-020-06119-3 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Gut Microbiota Modulates Interactions Between Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Bile Acid Homeostasis
Cheng, S. L., Li, X., Lehmler, H., Phillips, B., Shen, D. D., & Cui, J. Y. (2018) · Toxicological Sciences · doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfy208 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Gade, A., & Kumar, M. S. (2023) · Journal of Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1007/s13105-023-00981-1 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“Inter-estingly, the characteristics of polyphenols are determined by bioactive metabolites formed by microorganisms during metabolism [19].”
BackgroundThe role of gut microbiota in the pharmacokinetics of antihypertensive drugs
Choi, M. S., Yu, J. S., Yoo, H. H., & Kim, D. (2018) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2018.01.019 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Chemopreventive effect of natural dietary compounds on xenobiotic-induced toxicity
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BackgroundToll-like receptors in the pathogenesis of chemotherapy-induced gastrointestinal toxicity
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Background
- Authors
- Carmody, R. N., & Turnbaugh, P. J.
- Corresponding author
- Turnbaugh, Peter J.
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Investigation
- Published
- 2014-08-08
- Volume
- 124
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 4173-4181
- ISSN
- 0021-9738 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4191041
- OpenAlex
- W1964115194
- Cited by
- 268
- References
- 91
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 47 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 3
- FWCI
- 1.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Investigation (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Harvard University
- National Institutes of Health
- FAS Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (P50GM068763)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (F32DK101154)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmacology › Pharmacogenetics and Drug Metabolism
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Drug Transport and Resistance Mechanisms
- Keywords
- host-microbe interactions, gut microbiota, xenobiotic metabolism, drug metabolism, therapeutic drugs, personalized medicine
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Binding Sites, Diet, Humans, Intestines, Mice, Transgenic, Protein Binding, Xenobiotics, Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial, Probiotics, Gastrointestinal Tract, Mice, Microbial Interactions, Microbiota
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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