Cited by 307Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesMental Health Treatment and Access

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 71 of the 71 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Sex Differences in the Pathways to Major Depression: A Study of Opposite-Sex Twin Pairs

Open access

Kendler, Kenneth S., Gardner, Charles O.·2014·American Journal of Psychiatry

DOI 10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.13101375PMC PMC3972260

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: The authors sought to clarify the nature of sex differences in the etiologic pathways to major depression. METHOD: Retrospective and prospective assessments of 20 developmentally organized risk factors and the occurrence of past-year major depression were conducted at two waves of personal interviews at least 12 months apart in 1,057 opposite-sex dizygotic twin pairs from a population-based register. Analyses were conducted by structural modeling, examining within-pair differences. RESULTS: Sixty percent of all paths in the best-fit model exhibited sex differences. Eleven of the 20 risk factors differed across sexes in their impact on liability to major depression. Five had a greater impact in women: parental warmth, neuroticism, divorce, social support, and marital satisfaction. Six had a greater impact in men: childhood sexual abuse, conduct disorder, drug abuse, prior history of major depression, and distal and dependent proximal stressful life events. The life event categories responsible for the stronger effect in males were financial, occupational, and legal in nature. CONCLUSIONS: In a co-twin control design, which matches sisters and brothers on genetic and familial-environmental background, personality and failures in interpersonal relationships played a stronger etiologic role in major depression for women than for men. Externalizing psychopathology, prior depression, and specific "instrumental" classes of acute stressors were more important in the etiologic pathway to major depression for men. The results are consistent with previously proposed typologies of major depression that suggest two subtypes that differ in prevalence in women (deficiencies in caring relationships and interpersonal loss) and men (failures to achieve expected goals, with lowered self-worth).

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.13101375

Cites

71 of 71 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Comparative fit indexes in structural models.
Bentler, P. M. (1990) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238 · Cited by 25,266
Lifetime and 12-Month Prevalence of DSM-III-R Psychiatric Disorders in the United States: Results From the National Comorbidity Survey
Kessler, R. C. (1994) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950010008002 · Cited by 12,370
Structural model evaluation and modification: An interval estimation approach
Steiger, J. H. (1990) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr2502_4 · Cited by 7,408
A Reliability Coefficient for Maximum Likelihood Factor Analysis
Tucker, L. R., & Lewis, C. (1973) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02291170 · Cited by 7,330 · cited 1×
“We utilized three fit indices: the Tucker-Lewis index (24) and the comparative fit index (25), with values $0.”
Method
Factor Analysis and AIC
Akaike, H. (1987) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02294359 · Cited by 5,264
Factor Analysis and AIC
Akaike, H. (1987) · Springer Series in Statistics · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-1694-0_29 · Cited by 4,027
Sex Differences in Social Behavior
Eagly, A. H. (2013) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203781906 · Cited by 3,440
Genetic Epidemiology of Major Depression: Review and Meta-Analysis
Sullivan, P. F., Neale, M. C., & Kendler, K. S. (2000) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.10.1552 · Cited by 3,431
Self-citation
Sex Differences in Social Behavior: A Social-Role Interpretation.
Doherty, E. G., & Eagly, A. H. (1989) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2073813 · Cited by 3,281
Models of the self: self-construals and gender.
Cross, S., & Madson, L. (1997) · Psychological bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.122.1.5 · Cited by 2,851

Show all 71 references

Research works printed but not linked: 6

10.1037/0021-843X.108.4.674 · DOI
Kendler KS, Am J Psychiatry
Muthen LK, 2010, Mplus User’s Guide, version 6.0
Belle D, 1987, Gender and Stress, 257
10.1037/0021-843X.100.1.74 · DOI
Bowlby J, 1980, Loss

Sorted by citations

Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms
Salk, R. H., Hyde, J. S., & Abramson, L. Y. (2017) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000102 · Cited by 2,622
Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States
Hasin, D. S., Sarvet, A. L., Meyers, J. L., Saha, T. D., Ruan, W. J., Stohl, M., & Grant, B. F. (2018) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.4602 · Cited by 1,737
Why is depression more prevalent in women?
Albert, P. R. (2015) · Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1503/jpn.150205 · Cited by 1,785
Why is depression more common among women than among men?
Kuehner, C. (2017) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(16)30263-2 · Cited by 1,752
Altered Connectivity in Depression: GABA and Glutamate Neurotransmitter Deficits and Reversal by Novel Treatments
Duman, R. S., Sanacora, G., & Krystal, J. H. (2019) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2019.03.013 · Cited by 1,026
The Devastating Clinical Consequences of Child Abuse and Neglect: Increased Disease Vulnerability and Poor Treatment Response in Mood Disorders
Lippard, E. T. C., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2020) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.19010020 · Cited by 527
Risk factors for depression: an autobiographical review
Hammen, C. (2018) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050817-084811 · Cited by 483
Prognosis and improved outcomes in major depression: a review
Kraus, C., Kadriu, B., Lanzenberger, R., Zarate, C. A., & Kasper, S. (2019) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-019-0460-3 · Cited by 482
PERSONALITY AND DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS: INDIVIDUAL PARTICIPANT META-ANALYSIS OF 10 COHORT STUDIES: Research Article: Personality and Depression
Hakulinen, C., Elovainio, M., Pulkki-Råback, L., Virtanen, M., Kivimäki, M., & Jokela, M. (2015) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22376 · Cited by 418
The neurobiology of emotionâ€“cognition interactions: fundamental questions and strategies for future research
Okon-Singer, H., Hendler, T., Pessoa, L., & Shackman, A. J. (2015) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2015.00058 · Cited by 371
Interoceptive dysfunction: Toward an integrated framework for understanding somatic and affective disturbance in depression
Harshaw, C. (2015) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0038101 · Cited by 302
Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) 2016 Clinical Guidelines for the Management of Adults with Major Depressive Disorder: Section 1. Disease Burden and Principles of Care
Lam, R. W., McIntosh, D., Wang, J., Enns, M. W., Kolivakis, T., Michalak, E. E., Sareen, J., Song, W.-Y., Kennedy, S. H., MacQueen, G. M., et al. (2016) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0706743716659416 · Cited by 288
Sex differences and the neurobiology of affective disorders
Rubinow, D. R., & Schmidt, P. J. (2018) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-018-0148-z · Cited by 286
Dissecting diagnostic heterogeneity in depression by integrating neuroimaging and genetics
Buch, A. M., & Liston, C. M. (2020) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-020-00789-3 · Cited by 289
Genome-wide analysis of over 106 000 individuals identifies 9 neuroticism-associated loci
Smith, D. J., Escott-Price, V, Davies, G., Bailey, M. E. S., Colodro-Conde, L., Ward, J., Vedernikov, A., Marioni, R., Cullen, B., Lyall, D., et al. (2016) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2016.49 · Cited by 259
Early life stress leads to sex differences in development of depressive-like outcomes in a mouse model
Goodwill, H. L., Manzano-Nieves, G., Gallo, M. E., Lee, H.-I., Oyerinde, E., Serre, T., & Bath, K. G. (2018) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-018-0195-5 · Cited by 233
Dispositional negativity: An integrative psychological and neurobiological perspective.
Shackman, A. J., Tromp, D., Stockbridge, M. D., Kaplan, C. M., Tillman, R. M., & Fox, A. S. (2016) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000073 · Cited by 249
Gender and depression
Girgus, J. S., & Yang, K. (2015) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.01.019 · Cited by 217
On the effects of testosterone on brain behavioral functions
Celec, P., Ostatníková, D., & Hodosy, J. (2015) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2015.00012 · Cited by 190
Sex Differences in Depression: Does Inflammation Play a Role?
Derry, H. M., Padin, A. C., Kuo, J. L.-S., Hughes, S., & Kiecolt‐Glaser, J. K. (2015) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-015-0618-5 · Cited by 183
Stress and depression: old questions, new approaches
Hammen, C. L. (2015) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2014.12.024 · Cited by 197
Depressive vulnerability, stressful life events and episode onset of major depression: a longitudinal model
Kendler, K. S., & Gardner, C. (2016) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291716000349 · Cited by 171
Self-citation
GENDER AS PREDICTOR AND MODERATOR OF OUTCOME IN COGNITIVE BEHAVIOR THERAPY AND PHARMACOTHERAPY FOR ADULT DEPRESSION: AN “INDIVIDUAL PATIENT DATA” META-ANALYSIS: Research Article: Gender as Moderator of Treatment Outcome
Cuijpers, P., Weitz, E., Twisk, J., Kuehner, C., Cristea, I., David, D., DeRubeis, R. J., Dimidjian, S., Dunlop, B. W., Faramarzi, M., et al. (2014) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22328 · Cited by 158
Association Between Stressful Life Events and Depression; Intersection of Race and Gender
Assari, S., & Lankarani, M. M. (2015) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-015-0160-5 · Cited by 156
The stress–reward–mentalizing model of depression: An integrative developmental cascade approach to child and adolescent depressive disorder based on the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) approach
Luyten, P., & Fonagy, P. (2017) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2017.09.008 · Cited by 153
Epidemiology and Heritability of Major Depressive Disorder, Stratified by Age of Onset, Sex, and Illness Course in Generation Scotland: Scottish Family Health Study (GS:SFHS)
Fernandez-Pujals, A. M., Adams, M. J., Thomson, P. A., McKechanie, A. G., Blackwood, D., Smith, B. H., Dominiczak, A. F., Morris, A. D., Matthews, K., Campbell, A., et al. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0142197 · Cited by 132
Associations Between Childhood Learning Disabilities and Adult-Age Mental Health Problems, Lack of Education, and Unemployment
Aro, T. I., Eklund, K., Eloranta, A., Närhi, V. M., Korhonen, E., & Ahonen, T. P. S. (2018) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/0022219418775118 · Cited by 121
Camouflaging in Autism: Examining Sex‐Based and Compensatory Models in Social Cognition and Communication
Corbett, B. A., Schwartzman, J. M., Libsack, E. J., Muscatello, R. A., Lerner, M. D., Simmons, G. L., & White, S. W. (2020) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2440 · Cited by 161
Cognitive Dysfunction in Depression – Pathophysiology and Novel Targets
Carvalho, A., Miskowiak, K., Hyphantis, T., Kohler, C., Alves, G., Bortolato, B., G. Sales, P., Machado-Vieira, R., Berk, M., & McIntyre, R. (2015) · CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/1871527313666141130203627 · Cited by 107
Intimate Relationships and Depression: Searching for Causation in the Sea of Association
Whisman, M. A., Sbarra, D. A., & Beach, S. R. H. (2021) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-081219-103323 · Cited by 104
A critical review of chronic traumatic encephalopathy
Iverson, G. L., Gardner, A. J., McCrory, P., Zafonte, R., & Castellani, R. J. (2015) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.05.008 · Cited by 103
Stressful Life Events and Risk of Depression 25 Years Later: Race and Gender Differences
Assari, S., & Lankarani, M. M. (2016) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2016.00049 · Cited by 104
Secondary depression in severe anxiety disorders: a population-based cohort study in Denmark
Meier, S. M., Petersen, L., Mattheisen, M., Mors, O., Mortensen, P. B., & Laursen, T. M. (2015) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(15)00092-9 · Cited by 98
Interpersonal life stress, inflammation, and depression in adolescence: Testing Social Signal Transduction Theory of Depression
Slavich, G. M., Giletta, M., Helms, S. W., Hastings, P. D., Rudolph, K. D., Nock, M. K., & Prinstein, M. J. (2020) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22987 · Cited by 103
Neuroimaging predictors of onset and course of depression in childhood and adolescence: A systematic review of longitudinal studies
Toenders, Y. J., van Velzen, L. S., Heideman, I. Z., Harrison, B. J., Davey, C. G., & Schmaal, L. (2019) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2019.100700 · Cited by 93
Dispositional negativity, cognition, and anxiety disorders: An integrative translational neuroscience framework
Hur, J., Stockbridge, M. D., Fox, A. S., & Shackman, A. J. (2019) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2019.03.012 · Cited by 95
Bereavement after sibling death: a population‐based longitudinal case‐control study
Bolton, J. M., Au, W., Chateau, D. G., Walld, R., Leslie, W. D., Enns, J. S., Martens, P. J., Katz, L. Y., Logsetty, S., & Sareen, J. (2016) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20293 · Cited by 89
Antecedents of New-Onset Major Depressive Disorder in Children and Adolescents at High Familial Risk
Rice, F. J., Sellers, R., Hammerton, G., Eyre, O., Jones, R. B., Thapar, A. K., Collishaw, S., Harold, G. T., & Thapar, A. (2016) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.3140 · Cited by 94
Sex Differences in the Pharmacokinetics of Antidepressants: Influence of Female Sex Hormones and Oral Contraceptives
Damoiseaux, V. A., Proost, J. H., Jiawan, V. C. R., & Melgert, B. N. (2014) · Clinical Pharmacokinetics · doi:10.1007/s40262-014-0145-2 · Cited by 86
Associations Among Monoamine Neurotransmitter Pathways, Personality Traits, and Major Depressive Disorder
Shao, X., & Zhu, G. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00381 · Cited by 91
Using the tools of genetic epidemiology to understand sex differences in neuropsychiatric disorders
Merikangas, A. K., & Almasy, L. (2020) · Genes, Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1111/gbb.12660 · Cited by 82
Men’s perceived barriers to help seeking for depression: Longitudinal findings relative to symptom onset and duration
Rice, S., Aucote, H. M., Parker, A. G., Álvarez‐Jiménez, M., Filia, K., & Amminger, G. P. (2015) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105315605655 · Cited by 91
The Neurobiology of Dispositional Negativity and Attentional Biases to Threat: Implications for Understanding Anxiety Disorders in Adults and Youth
Shackman, A. J., Stockbridge, M. D., Tillman, R. M., Kaplan, C. M., Tromp, D., Fox, A. S., & Gamer, M. (2016) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.5127/jep.054015 · Cited by 84
Postnatal penile growth concurrent with mini-puberty predicts later sex-typed play behavior: Evidence for neurobehavioral effects of the postnatal androgen surge in typically developing boys.
Pasterski, V., Acerini, C., Dunger, D., Ong, K., Hughes, I., Thankamony, A., & Hines, M. (2015) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.01.002 · Cited by 69
Social context and the real-world consequences of social anxiety
Hur, J., DeYoung, K. A., Islam, S., Anderson, A. S., Barstead, M. G., & Shackman, A. J. (2020) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291719002022 · Cited by 74
Gender Differences Between Student–Student Relationship and Cyberbullying Perpetration: An Evolutionary Perspective
Wang, P., Wang, X., & Lei, L. (2019) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260519865970 · Cited by 77
Hypothalamic vasopressin systems are more sensitive to the long term effects of social defeat in males versus females
Steinman, M. Q., Laredo, S. A., Lopez, E. M., Manning, C. E., Hao, R. C., Doig, I. E., Campi, K. L., Flowers, A. E., Knight, J. K., & Trainor, B. C. (2015) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.09.009 · Cited by 73
Health behaviors and illness according to marital status in middle-aged Koreans
Kim, A., Lee, J. A., & Park, H. S. (2017) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdx071 · Cited by 75
Lingual Gyrus Surface Area Is Associated with Anxiety-Depression Severity in Young Adults: A Genetic Clustering Approach
Couvy‐Duchesne, B., Strike, L. T., de Zubicaray, G. I., McMahon, K. L., Thompson, P. M., Hickie, I. B., Martin, N. G., & Wright, M. J. (2018) · eNeuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0153-17.2017 · Cited by 68
Randomized controlled trial of emotionally focused couple therapy compared to treatment as usual for depression: Outcomes and mechanisms of change
Wittenborn, A. K., Liu, T., Ridenour, T. A., Lachmar, E. M., Mitchell, E. A., & Seedall, R. B. (2018) · Journal of Marital and Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/jmft.12350 · Cited by 68
Academic performance, externalizing disorders and depression: 26,000 adolescents followed into adulthood
Wallin, A. S., Koupil, I., Gustafsson, J., Zammit, S., Allebeck, P., & Falkstedt, D. (2019) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-019-01668-z · Cited by 72
Mothers’ and Fathers’ Parental Warmth, Hostility/Rejection/Neglect, and Behavioral Control: Specific and Unique Relations with Parents’ Depression Versus Anxiety Symptoms
Epkins, C. C., & Harper, S. L. (2016) · Parenting · doi:10.1080/15295192.2016.1134991 · Cited by 67
Mediterranean Diet, Food Consumption and Risk of Late-Life Depression: The Mugello Study
Pagliai, G., Sofi, F., Vannetti, F., Caiani, S., Pasquini, G., Lova, R. M., Cecchi, F., Sorbi, S., & Macchi, C. (2018) · The journal of nutrition health & aging · doi:10.1007/s12603-018-1019-3 · Cited by 66
An in-depth look into PTSD-depression comorbidity: A longitudinal study of chronically-exposed Detroit residents
Horesh, D., Lowe, S. R., Galea, S., Aiello, A. E., Uddin, M., & Koenen, K. C. (2016) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.08.053 · Cited by 65
Neuroticism magnifies the detrimental association between social media addiction symptoms and wellbeing in women, but not in men: a three-way moderation model
Turel, O., Poppa, N. “., & Gil-Or, O. (2018) · Psychiatric Quarterly · doi:10.1007/s11126-018-9563-x · Cited by 63
Childhood Emotional Abuse and Depression Among Adolescents: Roles of Deviant Peer Affiliation and Gender
Li, S., Zhao, F., & Yu, G. (2020) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260520918586 · Cited by 63
Prognosis and Improved Outcomes in Major Depression: A Review
Kraus, C., Kadriu, B., Lanzenberger, R. R., Zarate, C. A., & Kasper, S. F. (2020) · FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.focus.18205 · Cited by 64
The synergic relationship between social anxiety, depressive symptoms, poor sleep quality and body fatness in adolescents
Lima, R. A., de Barros, M. V. G., dos Santos, M. A. M., Machado, L., Bezerra, J., & Soares, F. C. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.08.074 · Cited by 61
The Devastating Clinical Consequences of Child Abuse and Neglect: Increased Disease Vulnerability and Poor Treatment Response in Mood Disorders
Lippard, E., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2023) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.19010020 · Cited by 67
Childhood abuse and deprivation are associated with distinct sex-dependent differences in brain morphology
Everaerd, D., Klumpers, F., Zwiers, M. P., Guadalupe, T. M., Franke, B., van Oostrom, I., Schene, A. H., Fernández, G., & Tendolkar, I. (2015) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2015.344 · Cited by 62
Phenotype integration improves power and preserves specificity in biobank-based genetic studies of major depressive disorder
Dahl, A., Thompson, M., An, U., Krebs, M. D., Appadurai, V., Border, R., Bacanu, S., Werge, T. M., Flint, J., Schork, A. J., et al. (2023) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-023-01559-9 · Cited by 63
Self-citation
Towards a comprehensive developmental model of pathological gambling
Blanco, C., Hanania, J., Petry, N. M., Wall, M. M., Wang, S., Jin, C. J., & Kendler, K. S. (2015) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.12946 · Cited by 57
Self-citation
Evaluation of Prefrontal γ-Aminobutyric Acid and Glutamate Levels in Individuals With Major Depressive Disorder Using Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Ritter, C. J., Buchmann, A., Müller, S. T., Volleberg, M., Haynes, M., Ghisleni, C., Noeske, R., Tuura, R., & Hasler, G. (2022) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.3384 · Cited by 56
Depressogenic vulnerability and gender-specific patterns of neuro-immune dysregulation: What the ratio of cortisol to C-reactive protein can tell us about loss of normal regulatory control
Suarez, E. C., Sundy, J. S., & Erkanli, A. (2014) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2014.09.008 · Cited by 58
The influence of parental care and overprotection, neuroticism and adult stressful life events on depressive symptoms in the general adult population
Ono, Y., Takaesu, Y., Nakai, Y., Ichiki, M., Masuya, J., Kusumi, I., & Inoue, T. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.03.058 · Cited by 53
Association between area deprivation and major depressive disorder in British men and women: a cohort study
Remes, O., Lafortune, L., Wainwright, N. W. J., Surtees, P. G., Khaw, K., & Brayne, C. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-027530 · Cited by 53
Latent class profiles of depressive symptoms from early to middle childhood: predictors, outcomes, and gender effects
Whalen, D. J., Luby, J. L., Tillman, R., Mike, A., Barch, D. M., & Belden, A. C. (2016) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12518 · Cited by 56
Screening for Depression in African-American Churches
Hankerson, S. H., Lee, Y. A., Brawley, D. K., Braswell, K., Wickramaratne, P. J., & Weissman, M. M. (2015) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2015.03.039 · Cited by 49
Diagnostic- and sex-based differences in depression symptoms in autistic and neurotypical early adolescents
Schwartzman, J. M., Williams, Z. J., & Corbett, B. A. (2021) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613211025895 · Cited by 53
A systematic scoping review of community‐based interventions for the prevention of mental ill‐health and the promotion of mental health in older adults in the UK
Lee, C. Y., Kuhn, I. L., McGrath, M., Remes, O., Cowan, A., Duncan, F., Baskin, C., Oliver, E. J., Osborn, D., Dykxhoorn, J. L., et al. (2021) · Health & Social Care in the Community · doi:10.1111/hsc.13413 · Cited by 55
Depression in ankylosing spondylitis and the role of disease-related and contextual factors: a cross-sectional study
Webers, C., Vanhoof, L., Leue, C., Boonen, A. E. R. C. H., & Köhler, S. (2019) · Arthritis Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13075-019-1995-7 · Cited by 48
Testosterone imbalance may link depression and increased body weight in premenopausal women
Stanikova, D., Zsido, R. G., Luck, T., Pabst, A., Enzenbach, C., Bae, Y. J., Thiery, J., Ceglarek, U., Engel, C., Wirkner, K., et al. (2019) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-019-0487-5 · Cited by 47
Pathways to Depressive Symptoms among Former Inmates
Porter, L. C., & Novisky, M. A. (2016) · Justice Quarterly · doi:10.1080/07418825.2016.1226938 · Cited by 47
Association of Early-Life Mental Health With Biomarkers in Midlife and Premature Mortality: Evidence From the 1958 British Birth Cohort
Ploubidis, G. B., Batty, G. D., Patalay, P., Bann, D., & Goodman, A. (2021) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.2893 · Cited by 46
Sex similarities and differences in risk factors for recurrence of major depression
van Loo, H. M., Aggen, S. H., Gardner, C. O., & Kendler, K. S. (2018) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291717003178 · Cited by 45
Self-citation
Multiple risk factors predict recurrence of major depressive disorder in women
van Loo, H. M., Aggen, S. H., Gardner, C. O., & Kendler, K. S. (2015) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.03.045 · Cited by 45
Self-citation
The Value of Twins for Health and Medical Research: A Third of a Century of Progress
Craig, J. M., Calais-Ferreira, L., Umstad, M. P., & Buchwald, D. (2020) · Twin Research and Human Genetics · doi:10.1017/thg.2020.4 · Cited by 44
“Other notable applications of this approach include findings that males are more vulnerable to delinquency than females (Newsome et al., 2016) and that males and females differ on some causes of depression (Kendler & Gardner, 2014).”
Chronic environmental stress and the temporal course of depression and panic disorder: A trait-state-occasion modeling approach.
Conway, C., Rutter, L. A., & Brown, T. A. (2015) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000122 · Cited by 44
Sex Disparities in Adverse Childhood Experiences and HIV/STIs: Mediation of Psychopathology and Sexual Behaviors
Brown, M. J., Masho, S. W., Perera, R. A., Mezuk, B. R., Pugsley, R. A., & Cohen, S. A. (2016) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-016-1553-0 · Cited by 47
Persistence of Symptoms 15 Months since COVID-19 Diagnosis: Prevalence, Risk Factors and Residual Work Ability
Sansone, D., Tassinari, A., Valentinotti, R., Kontogiannis, D., Ronchese, F., Centonze, S., Maggiore, A., Cegolon, L., & Filon, F. L. (2022) · Life · doi:10.3390/life13010097 · Cited by 42
Transtornos mentais em adolescentes, jovens e adultos do Consórcio de Coortes de Nascimento brasileiras RPS (Ribeirão Preto, Pelotas e São Luís)
Orellana, J. D. Y., Ribeiro, M. R. C., Barbieri, M. A., Saraiva, M. D. C. P., Cardoso, V. C., Bettiol, H., da Sílva, A. A. M., Barros, F. C., Gonçalves, H., Wehrmeister, F. C., et al. (2020) · Cadernos de Saúde Pública · doi:10.1590/0102-311x00154319 · Cited by 56
Child mental health and maternal depression history in Pakistan
Maselko, J., Sikander, S., Bangash, O., Bhalotra, S. R., Franz, L., Ganga, N. S., Rajan, D. G., O’Donnell, K., & Rahman, A. (2015) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-015-1143-x · Cited by 40
Associations among depressive symptoms, childhood abuse, neuroticism, and adult stressful life events in the general adult population
Ono, K., Takaesu, Y., Nakai, Y., Shimura, A., Ono, Y., Murakoshi, A., Matsumoto, Y., Tanabe, H., Kusumi, I., & Inoue, T. (2017) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s128557 · Cited by 43
The Long-term Effects of Self-Esteem on Depression: The Roles of Alcohol and Substance Use During Young Adulthood
Park, K., & Yang, T. (2017) · Sociological Quarterly · doi:10.1080/00380253.2017.1331718 · Cited by 48
An exploratory examination of reappraisal success in depressed adolescents: Preliminary evidence of functional differences in cognitive control brain regions
LeWinn, K. Z., Strigo, I. A., Connolly, C. G., Ho, T. C., Tymofiyeva, O., Sacchet, M. D., Weng, H. Y., Blom, E. H., Simmons, A. N., & Yang, T. T. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.07.020 · Cited by 38
Neuroanatomical correlates of late-life depression and associated cognitive changes
Lebedeva, A., Borza, T., Haberg, A. K., Idland, A., Dalaker, T. O., Aarsland, D., Selbæk, G., & Beyer, M. K. (2015) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.04.020 · Cited by 39
Bipolar Disorder in Women
Miller, L. J., Ghadiali, N. Y., LaRusso, E. M., Wahlen, K. J., Avni-Barron, O., Mittal, L. P., & Greene, J. A. (2014) · Health Care For Women International · doi:10.1080/07399332.2014.962138 · Cited by 39
Gender Disparities in Traumatic Life Experiences and Antiretroviral Therapy Adherence Among People Living with HIV in South Carolina
Brown, M. J., Harrison, S. E., & Li, X. (2019) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-019-02440-9 · Cited by 38
Gender moderates the relationship between stressful life events and psychopathology: Findings from a national study.
Armstrong, J., Ronzitti, S., Hoff, R., & Potenza, M. (2018) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.09.012 · Cited by 30
Association between prefrontal glutamine levels and neuroticism determined using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Hasler, G., Buchmann, A., Haynes, M., Müller, S. T., Ghisleni, C., Brechbühl, S., & Tuura, R. (2019) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-019-0500-z · Cited by 39
Stressful life events increase the risk of major depressive episodes: A population-based twin study
Bjørndal, L. D., Kendler, K. S., Reichborn-Kjennerud, T., & Ystrom, E. (2023) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291722002227 · Cited by 35
Self-citation
Comorbidity and continuity of depression and conduct problems from elementary school to adolescence.
McDonough-Caplan, H. M., Klein, D. N., & Beauchaine, T. P. (2018) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000339 · Cited by 41
Sad as a Matter of Evidence: The Desire for Self-Verification Motivates the Pursuit of Sadness in Clinical Depression
Arens, E. A., & Stangier, U. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00238 · Cited by 35
Dissociable Neural Responses to Monetary and Social Gain and Loss in Women With Major Depressive Disorder
Sankar, A., Yttredahl, A. A., Fourcade, E. W., Mickey, B. J., Love, T., Langenecker, S. A., & Hsu, D. T. (2019) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00149 · Cited by 36
Inflammation predicts new onset of depression in men, but not in women within a prospective, representative community cohort
Ernst, M., Brähler, E., Otten, D., Werner, A. M., Tibubos, A. N., Reiner, I., Wicke, F. S., Wiltink, J., Michal, M., Nagler, M., et al. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-81927-9 · Cited by 36
Depression and anxiety among individuals with medical conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic: Findings from a nationwide survey in Bangladesh
Tasnim, R., Sujan, M. S. H., Islam, M. S., Ferdous, M. Z., Hasan, M. M., Koly, K. N., & Potenza, M. N. (2021) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2021.103426 · Cited by 33
Brief assessment of male depression in clinical care: Validation of the Male Depression Risk Scale short form in a cross-sectional study of Australian men
Herreen, D., Rice, S., & Zajac, I. T. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-053650 · Cited by 33
Changes in Depression Subtypes Among Men in STAR*D: A Latent Transition Analysis
Ulbricht, C. M., Dumenci, L., Rothschild, A. J., & Lapane, K. L. (2015) · American Journal of Men s Health · doi:10.1177/1557988315607297 · Cited by 33
Adverse childhood experiences and adult mood problems: evidence from a five-decade prospective birth cohort
Selous, C., Kelly-Irving, M., Maughan, B., Eyre, O., Rice, F., & Collishaw, S. (2020) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329171900271x · Cited by 34
Increased estrogen level can be associated with depression in males
Staníková, D., Luck, T., Bae, Y. J., Thiery, J., Ceglarek, U., Engel, C., Enzenbach, C., Wirkner, K., Staník, J., Kratzsch, J., et al. (2017) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.10.025 · Cited by 32

Authors: Kendler, K. S., & Gardner, C. O.
Affiliations: Virginia Commonwealth University (US)
Corresponding author: Kendler, Kenneth S.
ORCID: Kendler, Kenneth S.
Venue: American Journal of Psychiatry
Publisher: American Psychiatric Association Publishing
Published: 2014-04
Volume: 171
Issue: 4
Pages: 426-435
ISSN: 0002-953X (ISSN-L)
1535-7228
DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.13101375
PMC: PMC3972260
OpenAlex: W2155785248
Cited by: 307
References: 71
Citations by year: 2026: 13 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 15
FWCI: 35.50
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: American Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health
National Institute of Mental Health (MH-49492, R01MH049492)
National Center for Research Resources (UL1RR031990)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Keywords: major depressive disorder, sex differences, etiology of depression, co-twin control, risk factors, parental warmth, neuroticism, child sexual abuse, conduct disorder, drug abuse, life events, personality, interpersonal relationships, externalizing psychopathology, depression subtypes
MeSH terms: Adult, Child, Child Abuse, Sexual, Major Depressive Disorder, Depressive Disorder, Major, Diseases in Twins, Divorce, Female, Humans, Life Change Events, Male, Marriage, Middle Aged, Parent-Child Relations, Personal Satisfaction, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Social Support, Twins, Dizygotic, Conduct Disorder, Substance-Related Disorders, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Adult Survivors of Child Abuse, Gene-Environment Interaction

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Sex Differences in the Pathways to Major Depression: A Study of Opposite-Sex Twin Pairs

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks