The DOI matches its Crossref record; 86 of the 89 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Need Satisfaction and Well-Being: Testing Self-Determination Theory in Eight Cultures
Abstract
According to Self-Determination Theory (SDT), satisfaction of needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness is a universal requirement for psychological well-being. We tested this hypothesis with college students in the United States, Australia, Mexico, Venezuela, the Philippines, Malaysia, China, and Japan. Participants rated the extent to which these needs, plus needs for self-actualization and pleasure-stimulation, were satisfied in various roles and reported their general hedonic (i.e., positive and negative affect) and eudaimonic (e.g., meaning in life, personal growth) well-being. Asian participants averaged lower than non-Asian participants in perceived satisfaction of autonomy, competence, and self-actualization needs and in most aspects of eudaimonic well-being, and these differences were partially accounted for by differences in dialecticism and independent self-construals. Nonetheless, perceived need satisfaction predicted overall well-being to a similar degree in all cultures and in most cultures provided incremental prediction beyond the Big Five traits. Perceived imbalance in the satisfaction of different needs also modestly predicted well-being, particularly negative affect. The study extended support for the universal importance of SDT need satisfaction to several new cultures.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“For instance, having provided evidence for the measurement equivalence of the BPNSNF scale across Chinese, Belgian, American, and Peruvian university students, Chen et al. (2015a) reported that their need-based model held across different countries (see also Church et al. 2013;Sheldon et al. 2011;Taylor and Lonsdale 2010).”
From Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions (2020) · cites this paper as Church et al. 2013
Citations
Cites
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.55.1.68 · Cited by 54,599
The "what" and "why" of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli1104_01 · Cited by 34,210
Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human Behavior
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985) · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-2271-7 · Cited by 26,772
Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation.
Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.98.2.224 · Cited by 21,995
Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human Behavior
Miller, K. A. J., Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1988) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2070638 · Cited by 15,406
(1997) · Naming the Mind: How Psychology Found its Language · doi:10.4135/9781446221815.n7 · Cited by 15,148
Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being.
Ryff, C. D. (1989) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1069 · Cited by 14,847
Asymptotic Confidence Intervals for Indirect Effects in Structural Equation Models
Sobel, M. E. (1982) · Sociological Methodology · doi:10.2307/270723 · Cited by 12,810
On Happiness and Human Potentials: A Review of Research on Hedonic and Eudaimonic Well-Being
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2001) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.141 · Cited by 11,567
Kline, P. (1993) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(93)90054-7 · Cited by 8,800
Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research
Krueger, R. F., & Johnson, W. (2008) · Cited by 7,884
Individualism and Collectivism
Hayek, F. A. (1976) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203991718-8 · Cited by 6,060
The development of markers for the Big-Five factor structure
Goldberg, L. R. (1992) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.4.1.26 · Cited by 5,530
The meaning in life questionnaire: assessing the presence of and search for meaning in life
Steger, M. F., Frazier, P., Oishi, S., & Kaler, M. (2006) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.53.1.80 · Cited by 4,843
Assessing Measurement Invariance in Cross‐National Consumer Research
Steenkamp, J. E. M., & Baumgartner, H. (1998) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/209528 · Cited by 4,760
Handbook of Personality : Theory and Research
Pervin, L. A. (1992) · Cited by 4,543
Individualism and collectivism
OETZEL, J. G. (1996) · International Journal of Intercultural Relations · doi:10.1016/0147-1767(96)83678-9 · Cited by 3,808
The PANAS-X: Manual for the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule - Expanded Form
Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1994) · doi:10.17077/48vt-m4t2 · Cited by 3,790
The Measurement of Independent and Interdependent Self-Construals
Singelis, T. M. (1994) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167294205014 · Cited by 3,605
Handbook of personality theory and research
Wilson, G. (1991) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(91)90043-b · Cited by 3,562
Optimizing well-being: The empirical encounter of two traditions.
Keyes, C. L. M., Shmotkin, D., & Ryff, C. D. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.1007 · Cited by 3,322
Differences Between Tight and Loose Cultures: A 33-Nation Study
Gelfand, M. J., Raver, J. L., Nishii, L., Leslie, L. M., Lun, J., Lim, B. C., Duan, L., Almaliach, A., Ang, S., Arnadottir, J., et al. (2011) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1197754 · Cited by 3,252
Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 1961
Whitehorn, J. C. (1963) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.119.9.904 · Cited by 2,361
Is there a universal need for positive self-regard?
Heine, S. J., Lehman, D. R., Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1999) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.106.4.766 · Cited by 2,247 · cited 2×
“Our predictions regarding cultural differences in need satisfaction were largely inferred from the more extensive literature on cultural differences in well-being, in which lower dialecticism (or non–East Asian cultural membership) and greater individualism have been associated with greater self-esteem and hedonic wel…”
BackgroundResultPsychological Needs and the Facilitation of Integrative Processes
Ryan, R. M. (1995) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1995.tb00501.x · Cited by 2,245
Hedonia, eudaimonia, and well-being: an introduction
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2008) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-006-9018-1 · Cited by 2,187
Daily Well-Being: The Role of Autonomy, Competence, and Relatedness
Reis, H. T., Sheldon, K. M., Gable, S. L., Roscoe, J., & Ryan, R. M. (2000) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167200266002 · Cited by 2,067
Factors predicting the subjective well-being of nations.
Diener, E., Diener, E., & Diener, C. I. (1995) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.69.5.851 · Cited by 1,917
Deci, E. L., Ryan, R. M., Gagné, M., Leone, D. R., Usunov, J., & Kornazheva, B. P. (2001) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167201278002 · Cited by 1,890
Murray, H. A., & McAdams, D. P. (2007) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195305067.001.0001 · Cited by 1,876
Schachtel, E., & Sozialforschung, I. F. (1939) · Zeitschrift für Sozialforschung · doi:10.5840/zfs193981/218 · Cited by 1,870
Mini-Markers: A Brief Version of Goldberg's Unipolar Big-Five Markers
Saucier, G. (1994) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa6303_8 · Cited by 1,785
Culture, dialectics, and reasoning about contradiction.
Peng, K., & Nisbett, R. E. (1999) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.54.9.741 · Cited by 1,758
Living well: A self-determination theory perspective on eudaimonia
Ryan, R. M., Huta, V., & Deci, E. L. (2008) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-006-9023-4 · Cited by 1,752
Cross-Cultural Correlates of Life Satisfaction and Self-Esteem
Diener, E., & Diener, M. (1995) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.68.4.653 · Cited by 1,722
What is satisfying about satisfying events? Testing 10 candidate psychological needs.
Sheldon, K. M., Elliot, A. J., Kim, Y., & Kasser, T. (2001) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.80.2.325 · Cited by 1,694
Personality and Subjective Well-Being
Richard, E., & Diener, E. (2009) · Social indicators research series · doi:10.1007/978-90-481-2350-6_4 · Cited by 1,615
Rethinking the value of choice: A cultural perspective on intrinsic motivation.
Iyengar, S. S., & Lepper, M. R. (1999) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.76.3.349 · Cited by 1,515
Chirkov, V., Ryan, R. M., Kim, Y., & Kaplan, U. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.1.97 · Cited by 1,425 · cited 5×
“As in the present study, some studies have reported minimal or no cultural differences in the strength of the relationship between need satisfaction and well-being (Chirkov & Ryan, 2001; Chirkov et al., 2003; Levesque et al., 2004; Tay & Diener, 2011).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialNeeds and subjective well-being around the world.
Tay, L., & Diener, E. (2011) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0023779 · Cited by 1,303
Positive affect and the experience of meaning in life.
King, L. A., Hicks, J. A., Krull, J. L., & Del Gaiso, A. K. (2006) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.90.1.179 · Cited by 1,253
On the nature and importance of cultural tightness-looseness.
Gelfand, M. J., Nishii, L. H., & Raver, J. L. (2006) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.91.6.1225 · Cited by 1,169
Sheldon, K. M., Ryan, R. M., Rawsthorne, L. J., & Ilardi, B. C. (1997) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.73.6.1380 · Cited by 1,095
The relational-interdependent self-construal and relationships.
Cross, S. E., Bacon, P. L., & Morris, M. L. (2000) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.78.4.791 · Cited by 1,092
What Makes for a Good Day? Competence and Autonomy in the Day and in the Person
Sheldon, K. M., Ryan, R. M., & Reis, H. T. (1996) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672962212007 · Cited by 990
Unidimensional Versus Domain Representative Parceling of Questionnaire Items: An Empirical Example
Kishton, J. M., & Widaman, K. F. (1994) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164494054003022 · Cited by 982
Becoming; Basic Considerations for a Psychology of Personality.
Shirk, E., & Āllport, G. W. (1957) · The Journal of Philosophy · doi:10.2307/2022446 · Cited by 921
Parent and Teacher Autonomy-Support in Russian and U.S. Adolescents
Chirkov, V., & Ryan, R. M. (2001) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022101032005006 · Cited by 789
Cross-cultural variations in predictors of life satisfaction: Perspectives from needs and values
Oishi, S., Diener, E. F., Lucas, R. E., & Suh, E. M. (1999) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672992511006 · Cited by 728
The Cultural Psychology of Personality
Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1998) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022198291004 · Cited by 684
van Dierendonck, D. (2003) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(03)00122-3 · Cited by 638
Personality and well-being: reexamining methods and meanings
Schmutte, P. S., & Ryff, C. D. (1997) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.73.3.549 · Cited by 613
Cognitive-Experiential Self-Theory
Epstein, S. J. (1998) · The Plenum series in social/clinical psychology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-8580-4_9 · Cited by 591
In Search of East Asian Self-Enhancement
Heine, S. J., & Hamamura, T. (2007) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868306294587 · Cited by 590
Best News Yet on the Six-Factor Model of Well-Being
Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. H. (2006) · Social Science Research · doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2006.01.002 · Cited by 551
Levesque, C. S., Zuehlke, A. N., Stanek, L. R., & Ryan, R. M. (2004) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.96.1.68 · Cited by 492
The meaningful life in Japan and the United States: Levels and correlates of meaning in life
Steger, M. F., Kawabata, Y., Shimai, S., & Otake, K. (2007) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2007.09.003 · Cited by 467
It's not just the amount that counts: Balanced need-satisfaction also affects well-being
Sheldon, K. M., & Niemiec, C. P. (2006) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.91.2.331 · Cited by 454
The cultural construction of self-enhancement: An examination of group-serving biases.
Heine, S. J., & Lehman, D. R. (1997) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.72.6.1268 · Cited by 398
Spencer‐Rodgers, J., Williams, M. J., & Peng, K. (2010) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868310362982 · Cited by 392
Self-Concordance and Subjective Well-Being in Four Cultures
Sheldon, K. M., Elliot, A. J., Ryan, R. M., Chirkov, V., Kim, Y., Wu, C., Demir, M., & Sun, Z. (2004) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022103262245 · Cited by 366
Morling, B., & Lamoreaux, M. J. (2008) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868308318260 · Cited by 364
Dialectical Self-Esteem and East-West Differences in Psychological Well-Being
Spencer‐Rodgers, J., Peng, K., Wang, L., & Hou, Y. (2004) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167204264243 · Cited by 350
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2008) · Research Bank (Australian Catholic University) · Cited by 319
Cultural differences in response styles: The role of dialectical thinking
Hamamura, T., Heine, S. J., & Paulhus, D. L. (2008) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2007.10.034 · Cited by 306
Kashima, E. S., & Hardie, E. A. (2000) · Asian Journal Of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/1467-839x.00053 · Cited by 253
Cultural Context and Psychological Needs in Canada and Brazil
Chirkov, V., Ryan, R. M., & Willness, C. R. (2005) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022105275960 · Cited by 253
Collectivism among the Japanese: A perspective from the self.
Yamaguchi, S. (1994) · Cited by 252
Ryff’s Six-factor Model of Psychological Well-being, A Spanish Exploration
van Dierendonck, D., Díaz, D., Rodríguez‐Carvajal, R., Blanco, A., & Jiménez, B. M. (2007) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-007-9174-7 · Cited by 238
Kim, M., Hunter, J. E., Miyahara, A., Horvath, A., Bresnahan, M., & Yoon, H. (1996) · Communication Monographs · doi:10.1080/03637759609376373 · Cited by 238
Lynch, M. F., Guardia, J. G. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2009) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760902933765 · Cited by 188
Vansteenkiste, M., Lens, W., Soenens, B., & Luyckx, K. (2006) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-006-9041-x · Cited by 177
Goodwin, R. (1997) · Routledge eBooks · Cited by 172
The actualizing tendency in relation to 'motives' and to consciousness.
Rogers, C. R. (2008) · Cited by 170
Are Americans more Optimistic than the Chinese?
Lee, Y., & Seligman, M. E. P. (1997) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167297231004 · Cited by 164
Sheldon, K. M., Cheng, C., & Hilpert, J. C. (2011) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2011.532477 · Cited by 142
Cultural conceptions of duty: Implications for motivation and morality.
Miller, J. G. (1997) · Cited by 126
Self-concept consistency and short-term stability in eight cultures
Church, A. T., Alvarez, J. M., Katigbak, M. S., Mastor, K. A., Cabrera, H. F., Tanaka‐Matsumi, J., Vargas‐Flores, J. D. J., Ibáñez‐Reyes, J., Zhang, H.-S., Shen, J., et al. (2012) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2012.06.003 · Cited by 107
Self-citationImplicit Theories and Self-Perceptions of Traitedness Across Cultures
Church, A. T., Katigbak, M. S., del Prado, A. M., Ortiz, F. A., Mastor, K. A., Harumi, Y., Tanaka‐Matsumi, J., Vargas‐Flores, J. D. J., Ibáñez‐Reyes, J., White, F. A., et al. (2006) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022106292078 · Cited by 90
Self-citationThe cultural constitution of personality.
Cross, S. E., & Markus, H. R. (1999) · Cited by 83
Culture and Implicit Self-Esteem
Boucher, H. C., Peng, K., Shi, J., & Wang, L. (2008) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022108326195 · Cited by 82
Spencer‐Rodgers, J., Srivastava, S., Boucher, H. C., English, T., Paletz, S. B., & Peng, K. (2015) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t75704-000 · Cited by 75
Measuring individual and cultural differences in implicit trait theories.
Church, A. T., Ortiz, F. A., Katigbak, M. S., Avdeyeva, T. V., Emerson, A. M., Flores, J. D. J. V., & Reyes, J. I. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.332 · Cited by 67
Self-citationGeneral causality orientations are distinct from but related to dispositional traits
Olesen, M. H. (2011) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2011.04.015 · Cited by 45
Measurement Issues in Cross-cultural Research
Church, A. T. (2010) · SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781446268230.n9 · Cited by 41
Self-citationKobayashi, E., Kerbo, H. R., & Sharp, S. F. (2009) · International Journal of Comparative Sociology · doi:10.1177/0020715209343424 · Cited by 25
Research works printed but not linked: 7
- 10.1037/0022-3514.69.5.851 · DOI
- 10.1037/0022-3514.72.6.1268 · DOI
- 10.1037/0022-3514.76.3.349 · DOI
- McClelland D., 1985, Human motivation
- McCrae R. R., 2008, Handbook of personality: Theory and research, 159
- 10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68 · DOI · Paper page
- Ryan R. M., 2008, Handbook of personality: Theory and research, 654
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Getting to the “COR”: Understanding the Role of Resources in Conservation of Resources Theory
Halbesleben, J. R. B., Neveu, J.-P., Paustian-Underdahl, S. C., & Westman, M. (2014) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206314527130 · Cited by 3,356
Basic psychological need satisfaction, need frustration, and need strength across four cultures
Chen, B., Vansteenkiste, M., Beyers, W., Boone, L., Deci, E. L., Van der Kaap-Deeder, J., Duriez, B., Lens, W., Matos, L., Mouratidis, A., et al. (2015) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-014-9450-1 · Cited by 2,507
Advances in subjective well-being research
Diener, E., Oishi, S., & Tay, L. (2018) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-018-0307-6 · Cited by 2,003
Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions
Vansteenkiste, M., Ryan, R. M., & Soenens, B. (2020) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-019-09818-1 · Cited by 1,891
The Psychology of Working Theory.
Duffy, R. D., Blustein, D. L., Diemer, M. A., & Autin, K. L. (2016) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/cou0000140 · Cited by 1,209
Metadata
- Authors
- Church, A. T., Katigbak, M. S., Locke, K. D., Zhang, H., Shen, J., de Jesús Vargas-Flores, J., Ibáñez-Reyes, J., Tanaka-Matsumi, J., Curtis, G. J., Cabrera, H. F., Mastor, K. A., Alvarez, J. M., Ortiz, F. A., Simon, J.-Y. R., & Ching, C. M.
- Affiliations
- Washington State University (US)
- University of Idaho (US)
- Beijing Normal University (CN)
- National Autonomous University of Mexico, Iztacala, Mexico City, Mexico
- Kwansei Gakuin University, Nishinomiya-City, Hyogoken, Japan
- Murdoch University (AU)
- University of Santo Tomas (PH)
- National University of Malaysia (MY)
- Gonzaga University (US)
- Universidad Central de Venezuela (VE)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2012-11-08
- Volume
- 44
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 507-534
- ISSN
- 0022-0221 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-5422
- OpenAlex
- W2095937489
- Cited by
- 335
- References
- 89
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 17.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Motivation and Self-Concept in Sports
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Cultural Differences and Values
- Keywords
- self-determination theory, need satisfaction, psychological well-being, autonomy, competence, relatedness, self-realization, eudaimonic well-being, hedonic well-being, cross-cultural comparison, Asian participants, dialecticism, independent self-construal, Big Five personality traits, negative affect, meaning in life, personal growth
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review