Prospective Study of Tobacco Smoking and Substance Dependencies Among Samples of ADHD and Non-ADHD Participants
Abstract
This study focused on an audience at high risk for heavy use of licit and illicit substances: young adults who as children had attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The participants in this study were part of a longitudinal study of the life histories of 492 children, one third of whom were identified as hyperactive in 1974 and whose childhood symptom ratings and medical histories were used to establish Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd ed., revised; DSM-III-R) ADHD diagnoses (American Psychiatric Association, 1987). The objectives of the study centered on describing (a) developmental history of tobacco use among ADHD and non-ADHD participants in a longitudinal sample, (b) the characteristic adult patterns of tobacco use from early adolescence through early adulthood, and (c) the relationship between ADHD status and tobacco and substance dependence outcomes. Adult data were obtained for 81% of the original 492 participants (77% of the ADHD and 86% of the controls). Lifetime and current tobacco use were assessed from child, adolescent, and adult data, yielding eight measures of smoking status. The study showed that participants with and without ADHD did not differ in age of initiation to smoking, but there was a significant difference in the age they began smoking regularly. By age 17, 46% of all participants with ADHD, as contrasted with 24% of the age-mate controls, reported smoking cigarettes daily. In adulthood, the proportion of participants with ADHD who were current smokers (42%) continued to exceed that of the age-mate controls (26%). Among current adult smokers, 35% with ADHD smoked daily as compared to 16% of the age-mate controls. There were significantly different lifetime tobacco dependence rates—40% compared to 19% for age-mate controls. The rates for cocaine dependence were 21% for participants with ADHD and 10% for age-mate controls. We reported a significant difference in rates of daily smoking and tobacco dependence for those with ADHD who had used stimulant medication in childhood in contrast to controls. Results were interpreted to support a possible link between ADHD treatment histories and levels of tobacco smoking and tobacco dependence in adulthood.
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Treatment increased subsequent substance use or use disorders.
“treatment increased subsequent substance use/use disorders”
From The Impact of Pharmacotherapy of Childhood-Onset Psychiatric Disorders on the Development of Substance Use Disorders (2022) · cites this paper as Lambert and Hartsough (1998)
There are no significant differences among treated versus untreated ADHD groups on rates of SUD.
“No significant differences among Tx versus UnTx groups on rates of SUD”
From The Impact of Pharmacotherapy of Childhood-Onset Psychiatric Disorders on the Development of Substance Use Disorders (2022) · cites this paper as Lambert and Hartsough (1998)
Over a dozen studies have examined the association between stimulant treatment of ADHD and SUD and, with one exception, have failed to find a significant positive relationship.
“Over a dozen studies have examined the association between stimulant treatment of ADHD and SUD (18–20) and, with one exception (21), have failed to find a significant positive relationship.”
From Age of methylphenidate treatment initiation in children with ADHD and later substance abuse: prospective follow-up into adulthood. (2008) · cites this paper as [21]
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- Authors
- Lambert, N. M., & Hartsough, C. S.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Learning Disabilities
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 1998-11
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 533-544
- ISSN
- 0022-2194 (ISSN-L)
- 1538-4780
- OpenAlex
- W2112640823
- Cited by
- 465
- References
- 3
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 26
- FWCI
- 4.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Learning Disabilities (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, smoking, tobacco dependence, substance dependence, cocaine dependence, stimulant medication, childhood ADHD, adolescent smoking initiation, daily smoking, young adults
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Central Nervous System Stimulants, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Methylphenidate, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, San Francisco, Self Medication, Smoking, Tobacco Use Disorder, Prevalence, Case-Control Studies, Treatment Outcome, Substance-Related Disorders, Cocaine-Related Disorders
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