Epidemiology of Obesity and Pharmacologic Treatment Options
Abstract
Prevalence of obesity and its related morbidity have increased to alarming levels in adults and children in the United States and globally. Weight loss results in improvement of much of the obesity‐related morbidity. Lifestyle changes such as dietary modifications, increased physical activity, and behavioral therapy form the crux of weight management. However, many individuals need additional assistance (pharmacologic or surgical) to initiate or sustain weight loss. Pharmacologic therapy consists of a number of agents that work by decreasing appetite, gastric emptying, or nutrient absorption or by increasing satiety. Five classes of drug are currently approved for adults, including sympathomimetics (with and without an antiepileptic agent topiramate), gastrointestinal lipase inhibitors, serotonin agonists, glucagon‐like peptide 1 agonists, and antidepressant/opioid antagonist combination. Pharmacologic options for children with obesity are minimal (lipase inhibitor orlistat is the only approved medication for children aged >12 years); however, all adult medications are approved by the Food and Drug Administration for children aged >16 years old. While side effect profiles of these medications are far superior to older medications, their use is limited by lack of long‐term cardiovascular safety data, costs of medications and variable insurance coverages, and the need for continued usage for sustainable benefits. Weight loss medications may induce complacence, on part of both the patient and the provider, regarding lifestyle modifications, without which the drug therapy is almost certain to be of minimal benefit. Several novel drugs are in the pipeline targeting brown fat, energy expenditure, appetite suppression, and satiety.
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Certain anti-obesity drugs, including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and naltrexone/bupropion combinations, have been linked to adverse psychological outcomes such as mood alterations and suicidal ideation.
“Certain anti-obesity drugs, including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and naltrexone/bupropion combinations, have been linked to adverse psychological outcomes such as mood alterations and suicidal ideation [69].”
From Exploring the Side Effects of GLP-1 Receptor Agonist: To Ensure Its Optimal Positioning (2025) · cites this paper as [69]
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- Authors
- Shettar, V., Patel, S., & Kidambi, S.
- Affiliations
- Medical College of Wisconsin (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kidambi, Srividya
- ORCID
- Kidambi, Srividya
- Venue
- Nutrition in Clinical Practice
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2017-06-20
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 441-462
- ISSN
- 0884-5336 (ISSN-L)
- 1941-2452
- OpenAlex
- W2628165181
- Cited by
- 26
- References
- 234
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 7 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 0.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Nutrition in Clinical Practice (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Pharmacology and Obesity Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Bariatric Surgery and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Keywords
- obesity, obesity pharmacotherapy, anti-obesity drugs, obesity prevalence, childhood obesity, sympathomimetic drugs, topiramate, lipase inhibitors, orlistat, serotonin receptor agonists, GLP-1 receptor agonists, lifestyle modification, brown adipose tissue, energy expenditure, adverse drug reactions, cardiovascular safety, obesity-related morbidity
- MeSH terms
- Diet, Energy Metabolism, Humans, Life Style, Obesity, United States, United States Food and Drug Administration, Meta-Analysis as Topic, Weight Loss, Exercise, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Anti-Obesity Agents, Disease Management
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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