Evolved disease-avoidance mechanisms and contemporary xenophobic attitudes
Abstract
From evolutionary psychological reasoning, we derived the hypothesis that chronic and contextually aroused feelings of vulnerability to disease motivate negative reactions to foreign peoples. The hypothesis was tested and supported across four correlational studies: chronic disease worries predicted implicit cognitions associating foreign outgroups with danger, and also predicted less positive attitudes toward foreign (but not familiar) immigrant groups. The hypothesis also received support in two experiments in which the salience of contagious disease was manipulated: participants under high disease-salience conditions expressed less positive attitudes toward foreign (but not familiar) immigrants and were more likely to endorse policies that would favor the immigration of familiar rather than foreign peoples. These results reveal a previously under-explored influence on xenophobic attitudes, and suggest interesting linkages between evolved disease-avoidance mechanisms and contemporary social cognition.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Individuals who are or perceive themselves to be more vulnerable to infection tend to endorse more xenophobic and ethnocentric attitudes.
“individuals who are—or who merely perceive themselves to be—more vulnerable to infection tend to endorse more xenophobic and ethnocentric attitudes [21], [22], [23].”
From Pathogens and Politics: Further Evidence That Parasite Prevalence Predicts Authoritarianism (2013) · cites this paper as [21]
Cites
Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test.
Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. L. K. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.74.6.1464 · Cited by 11,720 · see citing works
Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: the implicit association test
Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. L. K. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1464 · Cited by 9,210 · see citing works
The emotional dog and its rational tail: A social intuitionist approach to moral judgment.
Haidt, J. (2001) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.108.4.814 · Cited by 8,048 · see citing works
(1999) · Cited by 7,995 · see citing works
DeLamater, J., & Ward, A. (2013) · Handbooks of sociology and social research · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-6772-0 · Cited by 7,565 · see citing works
Culture and the Evolutionary Process
Griesemer, J. R., Boyd, R. T., & Richerson, P. J. (1986) · Ornithological Applications · doi:10.2307/1367778 · Cited by 7,133 · see citing works
(2004) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.41-3182 · Cited by 4,740 · see citing works
Handbook of Personality : Theory and Research
Pervin, L. A. (1992) · Cited by 4,543 · see citing works
Sidanius, J., & Felicia Pratto, B. (1999) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139175043 · Cited by 3,632 · see citing works
The Psychological Foundations of Culture
Tooby, J., & Cosmides, L. (1992) · The Adapted Mind · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195060232.003.0002 · Cited by 3,627 · see citing works
Social dominance: an intergroup theory of social hierarchy and oppression
(2000) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.37-3413 · Cited by 3,374 · see citing works
Lewis, M., & Haviland, J. M. (1993) · Cited by 3,308 · see citing works
The Social Psychology of Stigma
Major, B., & O'Brien, L. T. (2005) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.56.091103.070137 · Cited by 3,114 · see citing works
Handbook of Personality Theory and Research.
Schwartz, M. L., Borgatta, E. F., & Lambert, W. W. (1970) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2093310 · Cited by 2,182 · see citing works
The Handbook of evolutionary psychology
(2006) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.44-0622 · Cited by 2,128 · see citing works
The evolution of human mating: Trade-offs and strategic pluralism
Gangestad, S. W., & Simpson, J. A. (2000) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x0000337x · Cited by 1,822 · see citing works
(1998) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,773 · see citing works
The evolution of altruistic punishment
Boyd, R., Gintis, H., Bowles, S., & Richerson, P. J. (2003) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0630443100 · Cited by 1,748 · see citing works
Haidt, J., McCauley, C., & Rozin, P. (1994) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(94)90212-7 · Cited by 1,632 · see citing works
Evolutionary origins of stigmatization: The functions of social exclusion.
Kurzban, R., & Leary, M. R. (2001) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.127.2.187 · Cited by 1,424 · see citing works
Diamond, J. M. (1997) · Dominican Scholar (Dominican University of California) · Cited by 1,236 · see citing works
The Social Psychology of Stigma.
Chaiklin, H. (2001) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-200111000-00013 · Cited by 685 · see citing works
Stephan, W. G., Ybarra, O., & Bachman, G. F. (1999) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1999.tb00107.x · Cited by 643 · see citing works
The Psychological Foundations of Culture
Harton, H. C., & Bourgeois, M. J. (2003) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410608994 · Cited by 630 · see citing works
Emotional selection in memes: The case of urban legends.
Heath, C., Bell, C., & Sternberg, E. (2001) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.81.6.1028 · Cited by 588 · see citing works
Gil-White, F. J. (2001) · Current Anthropology · doi:10.1086/321802 · Cited by 534 · see citing works
Park, J. H., Faulkner, J., & Schaller, M. (2003) · Journal of Nonverbal Behavior · doi:10.1023/a:1023910408854 · Cited by 526 · see citing works
Self-citationGoldhagen, D. J., & Wohlgelernter, M. (1997) · Society · doi:10.1007/bf02823096 · Cited by 411 · see citing works
Integrated Threat Theory and Intercultural Attitudes
Stephan, W. G., Díaz‐Loving, R., & Duran, A. (2000) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022100031002006 · Cited by 377 · see citing works
Rudman, L. A., Greenwald, A. G., Mellott, D. S., & Schwartz, J. L. K. (1999) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.1999.17.4.437 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Schaller, M., Park, J. H., & Mueller, A. (2003) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167203029005008 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
The Foreignness of Germs: The Persistent Association of Immigrants and Disease in American Society
Markel, H., & Stern, A. M. (2002) · Milbank Quarterly · doi:10.1111/1468-0009.00030 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Noy, D. (2000) · doi:10.2307/j.ctv1n3583p · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Gil-White (2001) · Current Anthropology · doi:10.2307/3596550 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Foreigners at Rome: Citizens and Strangers
Noy, D. (2000) · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Magical Contagion Beliefs and Fear of AIDS1
Rozin, P. N., Markwith, M., & Nemeroff, C. J. (1992) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1992.tb00943.x · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Why people stigmatize: Toward a biocultural framework.
Neuberg, S. L., Smith, D., & Asher, T. (2000) · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Oldstone, M. B. A. (2020) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190056780.001.0001 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Herek, G. M., & Capitanio, J. P. (1998) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15324834basp2003_5 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Smith, G. L. (1998) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/3325 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Kord, C., & Goldhagen, D. J. (1996) · The Antioch Review · doi:10.2307/4613355 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Threat and the social construction of stigma.
Stangor, C., & Crandall, C. S. (2000) · Cited by 133 · see citing works
The Logic of Social Sharing: An Evolutionary Game Analysis of Adaptive Norm Development
Kameda, T., Takezawa, M., & Hastie, R. (2003) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0701_1 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Correlates of racial prejudice.
Maykovich, M. K. (1975) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.32.6.1014 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Contagion: Perspectives from Pre-Modern Societies
Conrad, L. I., & Wujastyk, D. (2000) · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Conway, L. G., & Schaller, M. (2002) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0602_04 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Responses to Persons with AIDS: Fear of Contagion or Stigma?1
Bishop, G. D., Alva, A. L., Cantú, L., & Rittiman, T. K. (1991) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1991.tb00511.x · Cited by 69 · see citing works
AIDS‐Related Stigmatization: Instrumental and Symbolic Attitudes1
Crandall, C. S., Glor, J., & Britt, T. W. (1997) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1997.tb00625.x · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Authoritarianism and the HolocaustSome Cognitive and Affective Implications
Suedfeld, P., & Schaller, M. (2002) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195133622.003.0004 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Foreigners and Englishmen: the controversy over immigration and population, 1660-1760
(1995) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.33-1103 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Macbeth, H. M. (1997) · Berghahn Books · doi:10.3167/9781571819581 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Ancestral Environments and Motivated Social Perception: Goal-Like Blasts From the Evolutionary Past
Spencer, S. J., Fein, S., Zanna, M. P., & Olson, J. M. (2003) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410606679-15 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Biological Foundations of Moral Norms
Krebs, D. L., & Janicki, M. (2003) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410608994-13 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Foreigners and Englishmen. The Controversy over Immigration and Population, 1660–1760
Eßer, R. (1996) · Huguenot Society Journal · doi:10.3828/huguenot.1996.26.04.521 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Authoritarianism and Achievement Motivation in Contemporary West Germany
Ray, J. J., & Kiefl, W. (1984) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.1984.9713451 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Markel, H. (2004) · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Orpen, C. (1972) · British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1972.tb00809.x · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Ethnic Attitudes, Neuroticism, and Culture
Prentice, N. M. (1961) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.1961.9919352 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Characteristics Associated with Racial Prejudice in Adolescent Boys
Hebron, M. E., & RIDLEY, F. (1965) · British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1965.tb00445.x · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Graham, J., Haidt, J., Koleva, S. P., Motyl, M. S., Iyer, R., Wojcik, S. P., & Ditto, P. H. (2013) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-407236-7.00002-4 · Cited by 1,815 · see citing works
Disgust as a disease-avoidance mechanism.
Oaten, M., Stevenson, R. J., & Case, T. I. (2009) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0014823 · Cited by 1,120 · see citing works
Microbes, mating, and morality: Individual differences in three functional domains of disgust.
Tybur, J. M., Lieberman, D., & Griskevicius, V. (2009) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0015474 · Cited by 1,116 · see citing works
Pathogen prevalence predicts human cross-cultural variability in individualism/collectivism
Fincher, C. L., Thornhill, R., Murray, D. R., & Schaller, M. (2008) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2008.0094 · Cited by 1,014 · see citing works
The coronavirus pandemic – A critical discussion of a tourism research agenda
Zenker, S., & Köck, F. (2020) · Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2020.104164 · Cited by 950 · see citing works
The behavioral immune system (and why it matters)
Schaller, M., & Park, J. H. (2011) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721411402596 · Cited by 1,119 · see citing works
Disgust: evolved function and structure
Tybur, J. M., Lieberman, D., Kurzban, R., & DeScioli, P. (2013) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/a0030778 · Cited by 810 · see citing works
Perceived vulnerability to disease: Development and validation of a 15-item self-report instrument
Duncan, L. A., Schaller, M., & Park, J. H. (2009) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2009.05.001 · Cited by 758 · see citing works
Disgust as an adaptive system for disease avoidance behaviour
Curtis, V., de Barra, M., & Aunger, R. (2011) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2010.0117 · Cited by 746 · see citing works
Culture, mind, and the brain: current evidence and future directions.
Kitayama, S., & Uskul, A. K. (2011) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-120709-145357 · Cited by 610 · see citing works
Schaller, M., & Murray, D. R. (2008) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.95.1.212 · Cited by 647 · see citing works
The Paranoid Optimist: An Integrative Evolutionary Model of Cognitive Biases
Haselton, M. G., & Nettle, D. (2006) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr1001_3 · Cited by 838 · see citing works
Navarrete, C. D., & Fessler, D. M. T. (2006) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2005.12.001 · Cited by 610 · see citing works
Political Attitudes Vary with Physiological Traits
Oxley, D. R., Smith, K. B., Alford, J. R., Hibbing, M. V., Miller, J. L., Scalora, M. J., Hatemi, P., & Hibbing, J. R. (2008) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1157627 · Cited by 569 · see citing works
Human threat management systems: Self-protection and disease avoidance
Neuberg, S. L., Kenrick, D. T., & Schaller, M. (2010) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.08.011 · Cited by 525 · see citing works
Fincher, C. L., & Thornhill, R. (2012) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x11000021 · Cited by 526 · see citing works
Do you believe in atheists? Distrust is central to anti-atheist prejudice.
Gervais, W. M., Shariff, A. F., & Norenzayan, A. (2011) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0025882 · Cited by 495 · see citing works
Preferred interpersonal distances: A global comparison
Sorokowska, A., Sorokowski, P., Hilpert, P., Cantarero, K., Frackowiak, T., Ahmadi, K., Alghraibeh, A. M., Aryeetey, R., Bertoni, A., Bettache, K., et al. (2017) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022117698039 · Cited by 468 · see citing works
Disgust sensitivity predicts intuitive disapproval of gays
Inbar, Y., Pizarro, D. A., Knobe, J., & Bloom, P. (2009) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0015960 · Cited by 466 · see citing works
The Evolution of Cognitive Bias
Haselton, M. G., Nettle, D., & Andrews, P. W. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470939376.ch25 · Cited by 483 · see citing works
The behavioural immune system and the psychology of human sociality
Schaller, M. (2011) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2011.0029 · Cited by 441 · see citing works
Understanding the COVID-19 tourist psyche: The Evolutionary Tourism Paradigm
Köck, F., Nørfelt, A., Josiassen, A., Assaf, A. G., & Tsionas, M. G. (2020) · Annals of Tourism Research · doi:10.1016/j.annals.2020.103053 · Cited by 426 · see citing works
Xenophobia in the time of pandemic: othering, anti-Asian attitudes, and COVID-19
Reny, T. T., & Barreto, M. A. (2020) · Politics Groups and Identities · doi:10.1080/21565503.2020.1769693 · Cited by 424 · see citing works
Mortensen, C. R., Becker, D. V., Ackerman, J. M., Neuberg, S. L., & Kenrick, D. T. (2010) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797610361706 · Cited by 403 · see citing works
Morris, M. W., Chiu, C., & Liu, Z. (2014) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010814-015001 · Cited by 403 · see citing works
The behavioral immune system and social conservatism: a meta-analysis
Terrizzi, J. A., Shook, N. J., & McDaniel, M. A. (2012) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2012.10.003 · Cited by 382 · see citing works
Pathogen-avoidance mechanisms and the stigmatization of obese people
Park, J. H., Schaller, M., & Crandall, C. S. (2007) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2007.05.008 · Cited by 378 · see citing works
Disgust Sensitivity, Political Conservatism, and Voting
Inbar, Y., Pizarro, D., Iyer, R., & Haidt, J. (2012) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550611429024 · Cited by 358 · see citing works
Remanufactured Products in Closed‐Loop Supply Chains for Consumer Goods
Abbey, J. D., Meloy, M. G., Guide, V. D. R., & Atalay, S. (2014) · Production and Operations Management · doi:10.1111/poms.12238 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
Hodson, G., & Costello, K. (2007) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01962.x · Cited by 497 · see citing works
Murray, D. R., Trudeau, R., & Schaller, M. (2011) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167210394451 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
Li, Y., & Nicholson, H. L. (2021) · Sociology Compass · doi:10.1111/soc4.12849 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Esses, V. M., Hamilton, L. K., & Gaucher, D. (2017) · Social Issues and Policy Review · doi:10.1111/sipr.12028 · Cited by 436 · see citing works
Disgust: a predictor of social conservatism and prejudicial attitudes toward homosexuals
Terrizzi, J. A., Shook, N. J., & Ventis, W. L. (2010) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.05.024 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
Murray, D. R., & Schaller, M. (2016) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.09.002 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
Self-citationAarøe, L., Petersen, M. B., & Arceneaux, K. (2017) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055416000770 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Danger, Disease, and the Nature of Prejudice(s)
Schaller, M., & Neuberg, S. L. (2012) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-394281-4.00001-5 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Parasites, democratization, and the liberalization of values across contemporary countries
Thornhill, R., Fincher, C. L., & Aran, D. (2009) · Biological Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1469-185x.2008.00062.x · Cited by 260 · see citing works
The behavioral immune system: Current concerns and future directions
Ackerman, J. M., Hill, S. E., & Murray, D. R. (2018) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12371 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Tybur, J. M., Inbar, Y., Aarøe, L., Barclay, P., Barlow, F. K., de Barra, M., Becker, D. V., Borovoi, L., Choi, I., Choi, J. A., et al. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1607398113 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Murray, D. R., & Schaller, M. (2011) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.863 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Toward a Social Psychology of Race and Race Relations for the Twenty-First Century
Richeson, J. A., & Sommers, S. R. (2015) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115115 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Trust predicts COVID-19 prescribed and discretionary behavioral intentions in 23 countries
Pagliaro, S., Sacchi, S., Pacilli, M. G., Brambilla, M., Lionetti, F., Bettache, K., Bianchi, M., Biella, M., Bonnot, V., Boza, M., et al. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0248334 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Elevated ethnocentrism in the first trimester of pregnancy
Navarrete, C. D., Fessler, D. M. T., & Eng, S. J. (2007) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2006.06.002 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Too afraid to Travel? Development of a Pandemic (COVID-19) Anxiety Travel Scale (PATS)
Zenker, S., Braun, E., & Gyimóthy, S. (2021) · Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2021.104286 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
COMMENTARIES ON Evolutionary Foundations of Cultural Variation: Evoked Culture and Mate Preferences
(2006) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli1702_2 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Yakushko, O. F. (2008) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/0011000008316034 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Kim, H. S., Sherman, D. K., & Updegraff, J. A. (2016) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797616642596 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Evolutionary Social Psychology
Neuberg, S. L., Kenrick, D. T., & Schaller, M. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470561119.socpsy002021 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
A pox on the mind: Disjunction of attention and memory in the processing of physical disfigurement
Ackerman, J. M., Becker, D. V., Mortensen, C. R., Sasaki, T., Neuberg, S. L., & Kenrick, D. T. (2009) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2008.12.008 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Moral hypervigilance: The influence of disgust sensitivity in the moral domain
Jones, A., & Fitness, J. (2008) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0013435 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Fincher, C. L., & Thornhill, R. (2008) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2008.0688 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Climato-economic habitats support patterns of human needs, stresses, and freedoms
de Vliert, E. V. (2013) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x12002828 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
The Parasite-Stress Theory of Values and Sociality
Thornhill, R., & Fincher, C. (2014) · Cambridge International Law Journal · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-08040-6 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Pathogens and Politics: Further Evidence That Parasite Prevalence Predicts Authoritarianism
Murray, D. R., Schaller, M., & Suedfeld, P. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0062275 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Self-citationPrehistoric dangers and contemporary prejudices
Schaller, M., Park, J. G., & Faulkner, J. (2003) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463280340000036 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Self-citationOverperceiving disease cues: The basic cognition of the behavioral immune system.
Miller, S. L., & Maner, J. K. (2012) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0027198 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
The Influence of Disease Cues on Preference for Typical versus Atypical Products
Huang, Y., & Sengupta, J. (2020) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1093/jcr/ucaa029 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
The Evolution of Cognitive Bias
Haselton, M. G., Nettle, D., & Murray, D. R. (2015) · doi:10.1002/9781119125563.evpsych241 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Jensen, N. H., & Lieberoth, A. (2018) · Food Quality and Preference · doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2018.08.012 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Schaller, M., Murray, D. R., & Bangerter, A. (2015) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2014.0105 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Thornhill, R., Fincher, C. L., Murray, D. R., & Schaller, M. (2010) · Evolutionary Psychology · doi:10.1177/147470491000800201 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Lieberman, D., Tybur, J. M., & Latner, J. D. (2011) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2011.247 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Regional variation in pathogen prevalence predicts endorsement of group-focused moral concerns
van Leeuwen, F., Park, J. H., Koenig, B. L., & Graham, J. (2012) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2011.12.005 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Evolutionary Political Psychology: On the Origin and Structure of Heuristics and Biases in Politics
Petersen, M. B. (2015) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12237 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Zhang, K., Hou, Y., & Li, G. (2020) · Annals of Tourism Research · doi:10.1016/j.annals.2020.102993 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Human pathogen avoidance adaptations
Tybur, J. M., & Lieberman, D. (2015) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.06.005 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Huang, J. Y., Sedlovskaya, A., Ackerman, J. M., & Bargh, J. A. (2011) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797611417261 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
The social impact of pathogen threat: How disease salience influences conformity
Bao-Pei, W., & Chang, L. (2012) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2012.02.023 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Pandemics and marketing: insights, impacts, and research opportunities
Das, G., Jain, S. P., Maheswaran, D., Slotegraaf, R. J., & Srinivasan, R. (2021) · Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science · doi:10.1007/s11747-021-00786-y · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Pathogen Prevalence, Group Bias, and Collectivism in the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample
Cashdan, E., & Steele, M. (2013) · Human Nature · doi:10.1007/s12110-012-9159-3 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
The Big Five Personality Traits and Attitudes towards Immigrants
Gallego, A., & Pardos-Prado, S. (2014) · Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies · doi:10.1080/1369183x.2013.826131 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Liu, Y., Finch, B. K., Brenneke, S. G., Thomas, K., & Le, P. D. (2020) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2020.06.007 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Hatemi, P., McDermott, R., Eaves, L. J., Kendler, K. S., & Neale, M. C. (2013) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/ajps.12016 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Dhanani, L. Y., & Franz, B. A. (2020) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113572 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Huang, F., Ding, H., Liu, Z., Wu, P., Zhu, M., Li, A., & Zhu, T. (2020) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-020-09674-6 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Priming COVID-19 salience increases prejudice and discriminatory intent against Asians and Hispanics
Lu, Y., Kaushal, N., Huang, X., & Gaddis, S. M. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2105125118 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Xenophobia and anti-immigrant attitudes in the time of COVID-19
Esses, V. M., & Hamilton, L. K. (2021) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430220983470 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Why do so many modern people hate insects? The urbanization–disgust hypothesis
Fukano, Y., & Soga, M. (2021) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146229 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
The behavioral immune system is designed to avoid infected individuals, not outgroups
van Leeuwen, F., & Petersen, M. B. (2017) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2017.12.003 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Tybur, J. M., Merriman, L. A., Hooper, A. E. C., McDonald, M. M., & Navarrete, C. D. (2010) · Evolutionary Psychology · doi:10.1177/147470491000800406 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Social life and social death: Inclusion, ostracism, and rejection in groups
Wesselmann, E. D., & Williams, K. D. (2017) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430217708861 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
A parasite‐driven wedge: infectious diseases may explain language and other biodiversity
Fincher, C. L., & Thornhill, R. (2008) · Oikos · doi:10.1111/j.0030-1299.2008.16684.x · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Nikolaev, B., & Salahodjaev, R. (2017) · Kyklos · doi:10.1111/kykl.12132 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Sorokowski, P., Groyecka-Bernard, A., Kowal, M., Sorokowska, A., Białek, M., Lebuda, I., Dobrowolska, M., Zdybek, P. M., & Karwowski, M. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12124912 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Götz, F. M., Gvirtz, A., Galinsky, A. D., & Jachimowicz, J. (2020) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/amp0000740 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Refugees, xenophobia, and domestic conflict
Getmansky, A., Sınmazdemir, T., & Zeitzoff, T. (2018) · Journal of Peace Research · doi:10.1177/0022343317748719 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Kavaliers, M., Choleris, E., & Pfaff, D. W. (2005) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2005.04.011 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
How Disgust Influences Health Purity Attitudes
Clifford, S., & Wendell, D. G. (2015) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-015-9310-z · Cited by 106 · see citing works
A social identity perspective on COVID‐19: Health risk is affected by shared group membership
Cruwys, T., Stevens, M. R., & Greenaway, K. H. (2020) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12391 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Köck, F., Josiassen, A., & Assaf, A. G. (2018) · Annals of Tourism Research · doi:10.1016/j.annals.2018.11.005 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
When trust goes wrong: A social identity model of risk taking.
Cruwys, T., Greenaway, K. H., Ferris, L. J., Rathbone, J. A., Saeri, A. K., Williams, E., Parker, S. L., Chang, M. X., Croft, N., Bingley, W., et al. (2020) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspi0000243 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Disgust: The body and soul emotion in the 21st century.
Rozin, P. N., Haidt, J., & McCauley, C. R. (2009) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/11856-001 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Thornhill, R., & Fincher, C. L. (2014) · Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1037/ebs0000020 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Bürgel, T. R., Hiebl, M. R. W., & Pielsticker, D. I. (2022) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2022.122135 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
The Infectiousness of Crowds: Crowding Experiences Are Amplified by Pathogen Threats
Wang, I. M., & Ackerman, J. M. (2018) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167218780735 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Marshall, S. R., & Shapiro, J. R. (2018) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/josi.12298 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Impact of the perceived threat of COVID-19 on variety-seeking
Kim, J. (2020) · Australasian Marketing Journal · doi:10.1016/j.ausmj.2020.07.001 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
COVID-19-related stigma profiles and risk factors among people who are at high risk of contagion
Duan, W., Bu, H., & Chen, Z. (2020) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113425 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Schaller, M. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119125563.evpsych107 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
- Authors
- Faulkner, J., Schaller, M., Park, J. H., & Duncan, L. A.
- Affiliations
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Faulkner, Jason
- Venue
- Group Processes & Intergroup Relations
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2004-10
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 333-353
- ISSN
- 1368-4302 (ISSN-L)
- 1461-7188
- OpenAlex
- W2114038289
- Cited by
- 845
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 55 · 2023: 71 · 2022: 101 · 2021: 133 · 2020: 78 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 31 · 2015: 36 · 2014: 44 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 27
- FWCI
- 17.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Group Processes & Intergroup Relations (publishedVersion)
- Explore Bristol Research (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
- Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Psychology of Moral and Emotional Judgment
- Keywords
- xenophobia, xenophobic attitudes, disease avoidance, evolved psychological mechanisms, outgroup threat, implicit cognition, attitudes toward immigrants, immigration policy attitudes, social cognition, intergroup relations
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
