Pupillometry: A Window to the Preconscious?
Abstract
The measurement of pupil diameter in psychology (in short, "pupillometry") has just celebrated 50 years. The method established itself after the appearance of three seminal studies (Hess & Polt, 1960, 1964; Kahneman & Beatty, 1966). Since then, the method has continued to play a significant role within the field, and pupillary responses have been successfully used to provide an estimate of the "intensity" of mental activity and of changes in mental states, particularly changes in the allocation of attention and the consolidation of perception. Remarkably, pupillary responses provide a continuous measure regardless of whether the participant is aware of such changes. More recently, research in neuroscience has revealed a tight correlation between the activity of the locus coeruleus (i.e., the "hub" of the noradrenergic system) and pupillary dilation. As we discuss in this short review, these neurophysiological findings provide new important insights to the meaning of pupillary responses for mental activity. Finally, given that pupillary responses can be easily measured in a noninvasive manner, occur from birth, and can occur in the absence of voluntary, conscious processes, they constitute a very promising tool for the study of preverbal (e.g., infants) or nonverbal participants (e.g., animals, neurological patients).
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Pupil dilation can be used as a sensitive measure of cognitive load and task difficulty.
“Pupil dilation can be used as a sensitive measure of cognitive load and task difficulty (Kahneman, 1973;Laeng et al., 2012).”
From Oxytocin enhances pupil dilation and sensitivity to 'hidden' emotional expressions (2013) · cites this paper as Laeng et al., 2012
Pupil dilation has been successfully used as an index of interest, attention allocation or cognitive load.
“Pupil dilation has been successfully used as an index of interest, attention allocation or cognitive load (Hess and Polt, 1960;Kahneman and Beatty, 1966;Laeng et al., 2012).”
From Oxytocin enhances pupil dilation and sensitivity to 'hidden' emotional expressions (2013) · cites this paper as Laeng et al., 2012
Pupil dilation reflects task demands.
“Since pupil dilation reflects task demands and we expected those with low emotional sensitivity to find the rating tasks more demanding than those with high emotional sensitivity, we expected and found a trend towards a significant association between task-induced pupil dilation and oxytocin-induced improvement of evaluation of implicit expressions (t ¼ 2.1, P ¼ 0.053).”
From Oxytocin enhances pupil dilation and sensitivity to 'hidden' emotional expressions (2013) · cites this paper as Laeng et al., 2012
Pupil diameter increases as cognitive load increases as a result of central autonomic nervous system activity.
“Pupil diameter increases as cognitive load increases as a result of central autonomic nervous system activity.”
From Measuring physician cognitive load: validity evidence for a physiologic and a psychometric tool (2017) · cites this paper as Laeng et al. 2012
Pupillometry is thought to provide an estimate of the intensity of a participant's cognitive load at a given instant in time.
“As such, pupillometry is thought to provide an estimate of the intensity of a participant's cognitive load at a given instant in time (Laeng et al. 2012).”
From Measuring physician cognitive load: validity evidence for a physiologic and a psychometric tool (2017) · cites this paper as Laeng et al. 2012
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The question of stimulus content and pupil size
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An exploratory study of pupillary responses during deception.
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Physiologic Differentiation of Sexual Arousal and Anxiety
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EFFECTS OF A TASK‐RELEVANT RESPONSE ON PUPIL SIZE
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Female Subjective and Pupillary Reaction to Nude Male and Female Figures
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Self-citationCHANGES IN PUPIL SIZE AS A MEASURE OF TASTE DIFFERENCE
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Pupillary Responses With and Without Awareness in Blindsight
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Measurements of Pupillary Responses to Light in Term and Preterm Infants
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Cortical membrane potential signature of optimal states for sensory signal detection
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Eye tracking and pupillometry are indicators of dissociable latent decision processes.
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Self-citationOxytocin enhances pupil dilation and sensitivity to 'hidden' emotional expressions
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Self-citationConfidence controls perceptual evidence accumulation
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Atypical pupillary light reflex and heart rate variability in children with autism spectrum disorder
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Measuring physician cognitive load: validity evidence for a physiologic and a psychometric tool
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Pupil dilation patterns spontaneously synchronize across individuals during shared attention.
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Brain Networks Underlying Eye’s Pupil Dynamics
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Pupil dilation patterns reflect the contents of consciousness
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Pupillary Contagion in Infancy: Evidence for Spontaneous Transfer of Arousal
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Speech Planning at Turn Transitions in Dialog Is Associated With Increased Processing Load
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A single dose of antidepressant alters eye-gaze patterns across face stimuli in healthy women
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UX Heatmaps: Mapping User Experience on Visual Interfaces
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The "hypnotic state" and eye movements: Less there than meets the eye?
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- Authors
- Laeng, B., Sirois, S., & Gredebäck, G.
- Affiliations
- University of Oslo (NO)
- Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (CA)
- Uppsala University (SE)
- Venue
- Perspectives on Psychological Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2012-01
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 18-27
- ISSN
- 1745-6916 (ISSN-L)
- 1745-6924
- OpenAlex
- W2166325560
- Cited by
- 921
- References
- 127
- Citations by year
- 2026: 65 · 2025: 79 · 2024: 68 · 2023: 59 · 2022: 55 · 2021: 79 · 2020: 68 · 2019: 94 · 2018: 78 · 2017: 73 · 2016: 67 · 2015: 54 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 33 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 21.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Perspectives on Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Keywords
- pupillometry, pupil size, pupillary response, attention allocation, locus coeruleus, noradrenergic system, infants, animals, neurological patients
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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