Cited by 457Decision-Making and Behavioral EconomicsMemory Processes and InfluencesClinical Reasoning and Diagnostic Skills

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Hindsight Bias

Roese, Neal J., Vohs, Kathleen D.·2012·Perspectives on Psychological Science

DOI 10.1177/1745691612454303

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Abstract

Hindsight bias occurs when people feel that they “knew it all along,” that is, when they believe that an event is more predictable after it becomes known than it was before it became known. Hindsight bias embodies any combination of three aspects: memory distortion, beliefs about events’ objective likelihoods, or subjective beliefs about one’s own prediction abilities. Hindsight bias stems from (a) cognitive inputs (people selectively recall information consistent with what they now know to be true and engage in sensemaking to impose meaning on their own knowledge), (b) metacognitive inputs (the ease with which a past outcome is understood may be misattributed to its assumed prior likelihood), and (c) motivational inputs (people have a need to see the world as orderly and predictable and to avoid being blamed for problems). Consequences of hindsight bias include myopic attention to a single causal understanding of the past (to the neglect of other reasonable explanations) as well as general overconfidence in the certainty of one’s judgments. New technologies for visualizing and understanding data sets may have the unintended consequence of heightening hindsight bias, but an intervention that encourages people to consider alternative causal explanations for a given outcome can reduce hindsight bias.

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Background
Pretending Not to Know Reveals a Capacity for Model-Based Self-Simulation
Mazor, M., Firestone, C., & Phillips, I. (2026) · Psychology Science · doi:10.1177/09567976251409747 · Cited by 3
“Previous research has identified limitations in our capacity to prevent knowledge from influencing our decisions and behavior (Fischhoff, 1975, 1977; Harley et al., 2004; Roese & Vohs, 2012; Wood, 1978).”
Self-Blinding and Counterfactual Self-Simulation Mitigate Biases and Sycophancy in Large Language Models
Christian, B., & Mazor, M. (2026) · arXiv.org · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2601.14553 · Cited by 3
“Research on hindsight bias, for example, reveals that people fail to estimate what they would have thought if they hadn’t known a piece of information [7, 9, 17, 33].”
What if publication bias is the rule and net carbon loss from priming the exception?
Michel, J., Brostaux, Y., Longdoz, B., Vanderschuren, H., & Delaplace, P. (2025) · SOIL · doi:10.5194/soil-11-755-2025 · Cited by 4
Perception, bias, and adaptation: Role of indigenous knowledge in dual climate-stressed farming communities of Assam, India
Sandilya, J., & Goswami, K. (2025) · Environmental Development · doi:10.1016/j.envdev.2025.101295 · Cited by 4
Biocultural evolution, narratives, and emerging cultures of sustainability
Glynn, P. D., Cockerill, K., HELGESON, J. F., Newman, G., Glynn, S. A., & White, P. (2025) · Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change · doi:10.1007/s11027-025-10200-5 · Cited by 6
“Counterfactual thought is used (Roese 1994; Van Hoeck 2015; Byrne 2016; Roese and Epstude 2017), invariably narrowed and simplified through emotional valence attributions (Lebrecht et al. 2012), affective cognition (Ong et al. 2019), hindsight bias (Roese and Vohs 2012) and other BBHV.”
Perceptions, facilitators, and barriers of participation for a behavioral weight loss group-based telehealth program for breast cancer survivors: a qualitative study
Liu, Y., Jesus, E. D., Goldbach, M. M., Krouse, R. S., Guerra, C. E., Rendle, K. A. S., Cadet, T. J., Allison, K. C., & Tchou, J. C. (2024) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-024-08999-x · Cited by 2
“In addition, interviewee responses were subjected to hindsight bias [20].”
Individual differences and counterfactual thinking
Gambetti, E., Zucchelli, M. M., & Nori, R. (2024) · Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/20445911.2024.2398787 · Cited by 3
“…and intentionality judgments was partially mediated by the perceived defendant’s predictability of the negative outcomes, in line with research on cognitive biases, such as the outcome bias (Baron & Hershey, 1988; Mazzocco et al., 2004) or the hindsight bias (e.g. Roese & Vohs, 2012).”
El control de los sesgos cognitivos en el contexto jurídico procesal: medidas preventivas y correctivas y deberes de responsabilidad epistémica
Requena, J. F. B. (2024) · Ius Et Veritas · doi:10.18800/iusetveritas.202401.002 · Cited by 3
Just as I expected? Hindsight bias for the outcome of a national referendum is moderated by outcome valence and surprise
Greene, C. M., Levine, L. J., Loftus, E., & Murphy, G. (2023) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.4099 · Cited by 3
Memory load of information encoded amplifies the magnitude of hindsight bias
Kaida, K., & Kaida, N. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0283969 · Cited by 3
But did they get it “right”? Deadly force, body-worn camera footage, and hindsight bias
Roche, S. P., Fenimore, D. M., & Taylor, P. L. (2022) · Policing: An International Journal · doi:10.1108/pijpsm-09-2021-0126 · Cited by 3
Taking a naïve other's perspective to debias the hindsight bias: Did it backfire?
Son, L., Hong, S.-S., Han, L., Lee, Y., & Kim, T. H. (2021) · New Ideas in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.newideapsych.2021.100867 · Cited by 3
Investigating Financial Biases that Can Increase Impact on Paying Bills and Saving
Delgadillo, L. (2021) · Journal of Financial Therapy · doi:10.4148/1944-9771.1267 · Cited by 3
“Roese and Vohs (2012) have studied different levels of hindsight bias.”
September 11th, an attack at the limits of thought
Patalano, R. (2017) · The International journal of psycho-analysis · doi:10.1111/1745-8315.12579 · Cited by 3
Do We Need Alliance Factor Definitions Unique to Coaching? Clients’ Operational Definitions of Research-Based Definitions
Lopez, M. L. (2017) · International Journal of Evidence Based Coaching and Mentoring · doi:10.1177/174183051701500105 · Cited by 3
“Reasons cited were the review of personal areas of coaching needs, progress, exercises, and assessment material from participants’ past coaching programme prior to the study to reduce hind-sight issues (Roese & Vohs, 2012).”
Background
Seeing through a Magnifying Lens: A Qualitative Inquiry of K-12 Readiness of Faculty Members from Higher Education Institutions in the Philippines
Acosta, I., & Acosta, A. S. (2016) · doi:10.18843/rwjasc/v7i4/01 · Cited by 3
“Acording to Roese and Vohs (2012) hindsight bias occurs when people feel that they “knew it all along,” that is, when they believe that an event is more predictable after it becomes known than it was before it became known.”
Background
Are We Prepared for the Next Disaster? Evidence from Ice Storm
Asgary, A., Vaezi, A., & Azimi, N. (2021) · International Journal of Disaster Management/International journal of disaster management/Smong News · doi:10.24815/ijdm.v4i2.21183 · Cited by 3
“There Is a Crack in Everything. That’s How the Light Gets in”: An Introduction to Mistakes, Errors and Failure as Resources
Vanderheiden, E., & Mayer, C. (2020) · Mistakes, Errors and Failures across Cultures · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-35574-6_1 · Cited by 3
Cognitive biases in the legal field: A meeting place of legal and behavioral science
Mojašević, A. S., & Nikolić, L. (2018) · Zbornik radova Pravnog fakulteta Nis · doi:10.5937/zrpfni1879253m · Cited by 6
The Last Thing on Your Mind: Recall Bias in EU Income Measurement
Menyhért, B. (2025) · The Review of Income and Wealth · doi:10.1111/roiw.70030 · Cited by 2
Rethinking Regret: Reappraisal Tendencies Buffer Regret for ICU Surrogates Following Patient Death
Pignatiello, G. A., Tuschman, P., Griggs, S. A., Schiltz, N. K., Hoffer, A., & Hickman, R. L. (2025) · Western Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/01939459251344205 · Cited by 2
“19,20 Consistent with regret’s theoretical underpinnings, these biases concentrate on the gap between what occurred and what might have been, which may further intensify their negative appraisal of the decision.”
Expectations and Outcomes of First-year University Students in English Language Learning
Lengálová, A., & Semotamová, J. (2025) · International Journal of Instruction · doi:10.29333/iji.2025.18223a · Cited by 2
“One contributing factor is hindsight bias, wherein memory distortion and the subjective nature of foreseeability, centred on beliefs about one’s own knowledge and ability, play a critical role (Roese & Vohs, 2012).”
Causation, Norms, and Cognitive Bias.
Güver, L., & Kneer, M. (2025) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106105 · Cited by 2
“…(Kamin & Rachlinski, 1995; Margoni & Surian, 2022; Kneer & Skocze ´ n, 2023; Margoni & Brown, 2023; Rachlinski, 1998, 2000; for a review, see Roese & Vohs, 2012), we presented participants with both ex ante (outcome information not yet available) and ex post (outcome information…”
A framework of motivations that drive communicative resistance and cooperation in interviews: perspectives from the field
Brimbal, L., Meissner, C. A., Kleinman, S. M., Martinez, K. D., Doyle, M. K., Quinby, E. A., Perry, A. D., & Mindthoff, A. (2025) · Journal of Criminal Psychology · doi:10.1108/jcp-12-2024-0132 · Cited by 2
Clarifying the decision-making mystery: drivers of professional skepticism, ego depletion and overconfidence in independent auditors’ quality of judgment
Shirowzhan, H., & Fakhari, H. (2024) · Managerial Auditing Journal · doi:10.1108/maj-04-2024-4317 · Cited by 12
The impact of hindsight bias on the diagnosis of perioperative events by anesthesia providers: A multicenter randomized crossover study.
Millan, P. D., Kleiman, A., Friedman, J., Dunn, L. K., Gui, J. L., Bechtel, A. J., Collins, S., Huffmyer, J. L., Dwivedi, P., Wolpaw, J. T., et al. (2024) · Journal of clinical anesthesia · doi:10.1016/j.jclinane.2024.111549 · Cited by 2
Effects of Instructor’s “Task Knowledge” and “Learning-Process Knowledge” on Educational Desirability Judgment
Kinda, S. (2022) · The Japanese Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.5926/jjep.70.333 · Cited by 6
The role of perceptual difficulty in visual hindsight bias for emotional faces
Burgess, E., & Lien, M.-C. (2022) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-022-02219-5 · Cited by 2
“This is a robust cognitive error that has been largely observed using almanac questions, real-world events, political election outcomes, and natural disasters (e.g., Bryant & Guilbault, 2002; Roese & Vohs, 2012).”
Background
Investigação de homicídio, indiciamento e a tomada de decisão de delegados
de Sousa, D. V. L., & Roazzi, A. (2022) · Revista Brasileira de Ciências Policiais · doi:10.31412/rbcp.v13i10.999 · Cited by 2
“Da mesma forma, o viés retrospectivo ( hindsight bias ) é uma crença de que os eventos passados eram mais facilmente previsíveis do que realmente eram (ROESE, VOHS, 2012).”
Investigating false memories among “winners” and “losers” in the prisoner’s dilemma
Greene, C. M., Donnelly, O., Garvin, C., & Murphy, G. (2022) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2022.2115515 · Cited by 2
“Studies of hindsight bias show that judgements about past events are influenced by our knowledge of the outcome (Fischhoff, 1975; Roese & Vohs, 2012) and that this in turn is moderated by the valence of the outcome—that is, whether the individual views the event as having been positive or negative…”
Background
Evaluation of Biases in Construction Project Dispute Resolution: Case Study
Tayeh, B. A., Alaloul, W., Alkurdi, M. H., Aisheh, Y. I. A., & Musarat, M. A. (2022) · Journal of Legal Affairs and Dispute Resolution in Engineering and Construction · doi:10.1061/(asce)la.1943-4170.0000525 · Cited by 2
Teaching techniques adapted for online delivery to achieve course learning outcomes in a virtual environment
Moşteanu, N. (2021) · Journal of Digital Art & Humanities · doi:10.33847/2712-8148.2.2_3 · Cited by 2
Moral Memories and Identity Protection
Brigard, F. D., & Stanley, M. L. (2021) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2021.2004817 · Cited by 3
“People often have difficulty retrospectively determining what they knew prior to acquiring all kinds of new information (e.g., Fischoff, 1975; Hasher, Attig, & Alba, 1981; Hawkins & Hastie, 1990; Roese & Vohs, 2012; Wood, 1978).”
Background
The Happening of Bias in Construction Dispute Negotiation
Cheung, S.-O., & Li, K. (2021) · Springer Tracts in Civil Engineering · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-80256-1_1 · Cited by 2
Reflecting or ruminating: listening to the regrets of life science leaders
Meldrum, H. (2021) · International Journal of Organization Theory and Behavior · doi:10.1108/ijotb-06-2019-0069 · Cited by 2
Debiasing media articles–reducing hindsight bias in the production of written work.
Meuer, M., Nestler, S., & Oeberst, A. (2021) · Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.jarmac.2020.12.006 · Cited by 2
Confronting Functional Complexity Failures: The Case of a Runway Excursion in Munich
Mauro, R., & Sherry, L. (2019) · Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting · doi:10.1177/1071181319631486 · Cited by 2
“But this perception is largely the result of hindsight bias (e.g., Roese & Vohs, 2012).”
Background
Belief bias and representation in assessing the Bayesian rationality of others
Anderson, R. B., Leventhal, L. M., Zhang, D. C., Fasko, D., Basehore, Z., Gamsby, C., Branch, J. G., & Patrick, T. (2019) · Judgment and Decision Making · doi:10.1017/s1930297500002862 · Cited by 2
“…person’s knowledge of the occurrence of a particular event can cause that person to either overestimate the extent to which he or she could have successfully predicted the event, or to falsely remember the he or she made a correct prediction (this is “hindsight bias;” see Pohl, 2017, for a review).”
Controlling Bias in Forensic Radiology
Meltzer, C., & Banja, J. (2014) · AJOB Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/21507740.2014.880087 · Cited by 2
“Another source of bias with which neuroradiologists are quite familiar is “visual hindsight” bias (Berlin 2000).”
Background
Using Opportunity Costs to Counter “One-Shot Bias” in Policy Innovation
Elston, T., & Bevan, G. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-03008-7_35-1 · Cited by 3
Umweltkrisen
Schanze, J., Hornidge, A.-K., Hutter, G., Macke, A., & Osberghaus, D. (2020) · Handbuch Krisenforschung · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-28571-5_10 · Cited by 2
Entrepreneurial decision-makers and their cognitive biases in view of uncertainty—a literature review and conceptual framework
Schropp, T. (2026) · Management Review Quarterly · doi:10.1007/s11301-026-00590-4 · Cited by 1
Looking for a Straw in a Haystack by Bridging the Cracks Between Individual Judgments: Narrowing the Knowledge Gap To Anticipate Surprises by Transforming Risk Assessors’ Small Worlds Into Large Worlds
Derbyshire, J., & Aven, T. (2026) · Risk Analysis · doi:10.1111/risa.70256 · Cited by 1
From Corporate Social Responsibility to Organizational Resilience: The Role of Sustainability Control Systems and Governance Heterogeneity
Latif, B., Elbanna, S., Hanan, A., & Roh, T. (2026) · Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management · doi:10.1002/csr.70492 · Cited by 2
Common, Uncommon Sense: Visiting the Human‐Versus‐AI Argument
Ahmed, D., Dechang, Goldstein, M. A., Stremekiene, D., & Bhutta, U. S. (2026) · Journal of Economic Surveys · doi:10.1111/joes.70066 · Cited by 1
‘You can't have an ego in this game’: A simulation primed qualitative inquiry of team reflection in paediatrics
Meister, R. A., McBride, M. E., Schmutz, J. B., Adler, M., & Eppich, W. (2025) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/medu.70077 · Cited by 1
“2,3 While many patient safety initiatives rely on retrospective analysis to make proactive or preventative strategies, such reviews often lack granularity of real time events, 4 suffer from hindsight bias, 4,5 and frequently overlook complex team dynamics and adaptation.”
Protocol to examine the feasibility and acceptability of a randomized controlled trial of a chaplain-delivered compassion intervention to improve psychological safety among interprofessional healthcare teams
Giordano, N. A., Kaplan, D. M., Peacock, C., Vyas, I., Pozzo, N. S., Shelton, M., Escoffery, C., Rana, S., Raison, C. L., Grant, G. H., et al. (2025) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-025-01712-7 · Cited by 1
Why Experience Fails to Foster Expertise in Athlete Selection.
Peringa, I., Niessen, A., Meijer, R. R., & den Hartigh, R. D. (2025) · Psychology of Sport And Exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2025.103022 · Cited by 1
Behavioral Biases and Investment Choices: Understanding the Mediating Role of Risk Perception among Indian Retail Investors
Choudhary, G. S., & Yamuna, G. (2025) · South Asian Journal of Management · doi:10.62206/sajm.32.3.2025.187-210 · Cited by 2
Ретроспективные паттерны в литературе о войне: 1812
Szubin, R. (2025) · Przegląd Rusycystyczny · doi:10.31261/pr.18631 · Cited by 1
Does the Devil’s Advocate Approach Mitigate Escalation of Commitment?
Gerstel, H., Kreilkamp, N., Schmidt, M., & Wöhrmann, A. (2022) · Journal of Business Economics · doi:10.1007/s11573-025-01234-x
“However, research on hindsight bias (see e.g., Roese and Vohs 2012 for a review) shows that an initially preferable investment decision can be perceived as a failure in hindsight if a negative outcome occurs.”
Epistemic nudging for accurate normative expectations
Wang, C.-M., Juzaszek, M., & Ryan, S. (2025) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-025-05127-y · Cited by 2
“This reinterpretation rein - forces the perception of recycling as a deeply ingrained norm and reduces openness to alternative initiatives (Roese & Vohs, 2012).”
How Should Autonomous Vehicles Allocate Accident Liability? Rethinking the Applicability of the Hand Formula
Tian, X. (2025) · Asian Journal of Law and Economics · doi:10.1515/ajle-2025-0037 · Cited by 1
Beyond accuracy: how judgments of resolving time (JoRTs) impact confidence and persistence in the math and verbal domains
Chen, Y., & Son, L. K. (2025) · Metacognition and Learning · doi:10.1007/s11409-025-09428-y · Cited by 1
“These data suggested that people would often succumb to the bias, and retrospectively underestimate the time they spent completing a prior task—in line with the notion of “I knew it all along” (Fischhoff, 1975; Hawkins & Hastie, 1990; Roese & Vohs, 2012).”
Conceptual characteristics of weather information: An interdisciplinary integrative review
Bukowski, F. (2025) · Journal of the European Meteorological Society. · doi:10.1016/j.jemets.2025.100014 · Cited by 1
Emotional aftermath of the 2020 U.S. presidential election: a study of hindsight bias in younger and older adults
Kara-Yakoubian, M., & Spaniol, J. (2024) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2024.2421400 · Cited by 1
“Hindsight bias can be expressed in terms of memory distortion, feelings of inevitability, and feelings of fore-seeability (Blank et al., 2008; Groß & Bayen, 2022; Roese & Vohs, 2012).”
Counterfactual thoughts in complex causal domain: content, benefits, and implications for their function
Bogani, A., Tentori, K., Ferrante, D., & Pighin, S. (2024) · Thinking & Reasoning · doi:10.1080/13546783.2024.2343455 · Cited by 1
“The proposal that counterfactuals can serve a sense-making function is certainly not new (e.g., Byrne, 2016; Mandel, 2011; Roese & Vohs, 2012) and offers a more coherent account of various results observed in the present work.”
Can knowledgeable experts assess costs and outcomes as if they were ignorant? An experiment within precision medicine evaluation
Dulsamphan, T., Juntama, P., Suwanpanich, C., Isaranuwatchai, W., Silzle, M., Poonmaksatit, S., Boonsimma, P., Shotelersuk, V., Visudtibhan, A., Lusawat, A., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care · doi:10.1017/s0266462323002714 · Cited by 1
“This could also be due to the effects of overconfidence, a consequence of hindsight bias, in unblind experts (23).”
Background
Responses to Transgressions: Grudges or Forgiveness?
Kowalski, R. M., Cote, N., Brewer, L., Mochizuki, G., Dowd, M., Burzin, K., Gagne, M., Ridder, A., Carroll, H., Korson, H., et al. (2023) · Journal of Social Psychology Research · doi:10.37256/jspr.2220233086 · Cited by 1
The reliability of recall measurement in assessing migrant reintegration: Evidence from Ethiopia, Somalia, and Sudan
Dennison, J. (2023) · International migration (Geneva. Print) · doi:10.1111/imig.13177 · Cited by 1
Corporate capital allocation: a behavioral perspective and guidance for future research
Kremer, R. (2023) · Journal of strategy and management · doi:10.1108/jsma-01-2020-0014 · Cited by 2
A Twofold Tension in Schurz’s Meta-Inductive Solution to Hume’s Problem of Induction
Shogenji, T. (2023) · Journal for General Philosophy of Science · doi:10.1007/s10838-022-09613-6 · Cited by 1
Over Triage: Injury Classification Mistake or Hindsight Bias?
Simonson, R., Keebler, J., Fernandez, R., Lazzara, E., & Chaparro, A. (2022) · Proceedings of the International Symposium on Human Factors and Ergonomics in Health Care · doi:10.1177/2327857922111001 · Cited by 1
“Hindsight bias is a cognitive phenomenon that occurs when an actor (e.g., individual, organization, etc.) makes a decision regarding an event after the outcome of said event is known (Roese & Vohs, 2012).”
Background
Pragmatic, constructive, and reconstructive memory influences on the hindsight bias
Salmen, K., Ermark, F. K. G., & Fiedler, K. (2022) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-022-02158-1 · Cited by 2
“To demonstrate hindsight bias in the laboratory, two predominant research designs are used (e.g., Pohl, 2007; Pohl & Erdfelder, 2016).”
Method
Nanoeconomics of Households in Lockdown Using Agent Models during COVID-19
Cifuentes‐Faura, J., & Francesco, R. D. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14042083 · Cited by 1
Debiased-CAM to mitigate systematic error with faithful visual explanations of machine learning
Zhang, W.-C., Dimiccoli, M., & Lim, B. Y. (2022) · arXiv.org · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2201.12835 · Cited by 1
“Zhang et al. [103] evaluated saliency using a reverse-ablation method to incrementally reveal important segments and ask participants to label the image; this avoids the hindsight bias effect [76].”
Method

Authors: Roese, N. J., & Vohs, K. D.
Affiliations: Northwestern University (US)
University of Minnesota (US)
ORCID: Roese, Neal J.
Vohs, Kathleen D.
Venue: Perspectives on Psychological Science
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2012-09
Volume: 7
Issue: 5
Pages: 411-426
ISSN: 1745-6916 (ISSN-L)
1745-6924
DOI: 10.1177/1745691612454303
OpenAlex: W4211165067
Cited by: 457
References: 186
Citations by year: 2026: 35 · 2025: 50 · 2024: 52 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 54 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 38 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 2
FWCI: 9.21
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Perspectives on Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Science Foundation
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
Health Sciences › Medicine › Family Practice › Clinical Reasoning and Diagnostic Skills
Keywords: hindsight bias, memory distortion, perceived predictability, metacognition, overconfidence, causal explanation, sensemaking, alternative explanations, data visualization, bias reduction interventions

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Hindsight Bias

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