CX3CL1/fractalkine is released from apoptotic lymphocytes to stimulate macrophage chemotaxis
Open accessAbstract
Cells undergoing apoptosis are efficiently located and engulfed by phagocytes. The mechanisms by which macrophages, the professional scavenging phagocytes of apoptotic cells, are attracted to sites of apoptosis are poorly defined. Here we show that CX3CL1/fractalkine, a chemokine and intercellular adhesion molecule, is released rapidly from apoptotic lymphocytes, via caspase- and Bcl-2-regulated mechanisms, to attract macrophages. Effective chemotaxis of macrophages to apoptotic lymphocytes is dependent on macrophage fractalkine receptor, CX3CR1. CX3CR1 deficiency caused diminished recruitment of macrophages to germinal centers of lymphoid follicles, sites of high-rate B-cell apoptosis. These results provide the first demonstration of chemokine/chemokine-receptor activity in the navigation of macrophages toward apoptotic cells and identify a mechanism by which macrophage infiltration of tissues containing apoptotic lymphocytes is achieved.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Fractalkine CX3CL1 recruits phagocytes and induces MFG-E8, a bridging molecule for detection of apoptotic cells.
“Another such signal is the fractalkine CX3CL1, which recruits phagocytes 115 and induces one of the bridging molecules for detection of apoptotic cells, MFG-E8 116.”
From Immunogenic and tolerogenic cell death (2009) · cites this paper as [116]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Blood Monocytes Consist of Two Principal Subsets with Distinct Migratory Properties
Geissmann, F., Jung, S., & Littman, D. R. (2003) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/s1074-7613(03)00174-2 · Cited by 3,366 · see citing works
A new class of membrane-bound chemokine with a CX3C motif
Bazan, J. F., Bacon, K. B., Hardiman, G., Wang, W., Soo, K., Rossi, D., Greaves, D. R., Zlotnik, A., & Schall, T. J. (1997) · Nature · doi:10.1038/385640a0 · Cited by 2,013 · see citing works
CX 3 CR1-Mediated Dendritic Cell Access to the Intestinal Lumen and Bacterial Clearance
Niess, J. H., Brand, S., Gu, X., Landsman, L., Jung, S., McCormick, B. A., Vyas, J. M., Boes, M. L., Ploegh, H. L., Fox, J. G., et al. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1102901 · Cited by 1,609 · see citing works
Control of microglial neurotoxicity by the fractalkine receptor
Cardona, A. E., Pioro, E. P., Sasse, M. E., Kostenko, V., Cardona, S. M., Dijkstra, I. M., Huang, D., Kidd, G., Dombrowski, S., Dutta, R., et al. (2006) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1715 · Cited by 1,531 · see citing works
Imai, T., Hieshima, K., Haskell, C. A., Baba, M., Nagira, M., Nishimura, M., Kakizaki, M., Takagi, S., Nomiyama, H., Schall, T. J., et al. (1997) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80438-9 · Cited by 1,446 · see citing works
Identification of a factor that links apoptotic cells to phagocytes
Hanayama, R., Tanaka, M., Miwa, K., Shinohara, A., Iwamatsu, A., & Nagata, S. (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/417182a · Cited by 1,401 · see citing works
Membrane blebbing during apoptosis results from caspase-mediated activation of ROCK I
Coleman, M. L., Sahai, E. A., Yeo, M., Bosch, M., Dewar, A. L., & Olson, M. F. (2001) · Nature Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/35070009 · Cited by 1,313 · see citing works
Identification of Tim4 as a phosphatidylserine receptor
Miyanishi, M., Tada, K., Koike, M., Uchiyama, Y., Kitamura, T., & Nagata, S. (2007) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature06307 · Cited by 1,180 · see citing works
Mechanism of antigen-driven selection in germinal centres
Liu, Y.-J., Joshua, D., Williams, G. T., Smith, C. A., Gordon, J., & Maclennan, I. C. M. (1989) · Nature · doi:10.1038/342929a0 · Cited by 1,080 · see citing works
Lauber, K., Bohn, E., Kröber, S. M., Xiao, Y.-J., Blumenthal, S. G., Lindemann, R. K., Marini, P., Wiedig, C., Zobywalski, A., Baksh, S., et al. (2003) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(03)00422-7 · Cited by 967 · see citing works
Caspase-3-mediated cleavage of ROCK I induces MLC phosphorylation and apoptotic membrane blebbing
Sebbagh, M., Renvoizé, C., Hamelin, J., Riché, N., Bertoglio, J., & Bréard, J. (2001) · Nature Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/35070019 · Cited by 915 · see citing works
BAI1 is an engulfment receptor for apoptotic cells upstream of the ELMO/Dock180/Rac module
Park, D., Tosello‐Trampont, A., Elliott, M. R., Lu, M., Haney, L. B., Ma, Z., Klibanov, A. L., Mandell, J. W., & Ravichandran, K. S. (2007) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature06329 · Cited by 848 · see citing works
Hundhausen, C., Misztela, D., Berkhout, T. A., BROADWAY, N. M., Säftig, P., Reiß, K., Hartmann, D., Fahrenholz, F., Postina, R., Matthews, V. B., et al. (2003) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2002-12-3775 · Cited by 714 · see citing works
Neurotactin, a membrane-anchored chemokine upregulated in brain inflammation
Pan, Y., Lloyd, C. M., Zhou, H., Dolich, S., Deeds, J., Gonzalo, J.-Á., Vath, J., Gosselin, M., Ma, J., Dussault, B. J., et al. (1997) · Nature · doi:10.1038/42491 · Cited by 643 · see citing works
Lauber, K., Blumenthal, S. G., Waibel, M., & Wesselborg, S. (2004) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/s1097-2765(04)00237-0 · Cited by 552 · see citing works
Dive, C., Gregory, C. D., Phipps, D. J., et al. (1992) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research · doi:10.1016/0167-4889(92)90048-g · Cited by 544 · see citing works
Self-citationDecreased Atherosclerotic Lesion Formation in CX3CR1/Apolipoprotein E Double Knockout Mice
Combadière, C., Potteaux, S., Gao, J.-L., Esposito, B., Casanova, S., Lee, E. J., Debré, P., Tedgui, A., Murphy, P. M., & Mallat, Z. (2003) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000057548.68243.42 · Cited by 476 · see citing works
Self-citationRapid cell corpse clearance by stabilin-2, a membrane phosphatidylserine receptor
Park, S.-Y., Jung, M.-Y., Kim, H.-J., Lee, S., Kim, S.-Y., Lee, B.-H., Kwon, T.-H., Park, R. W., & Kim, I. T. (2007) · Cell Death and Differentiation · doi:10.1038/sj.cdd.4402242 · Cited by 464 · see citing works
Hume, D. A., Perry, V. H., & Gordon, S. (1983) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.97.1.253 · Cited by 447 · see citing works
Apoptotic cell removal in development and tissue homeostasis
Henson, P. M., & Hume, D. A. (2006) · Trends in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.it.2006.03.005 · Cited by 388 · see citing works
Chapman, G. A., Moores, K., Harrison, D. C., Campbell, C. A., Stewart, B. R., & Strijbos, P. J. L. M. (2000) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.20-15-j0004.2000 · Cited by 349 · see citing works
Gregory, C. D., Rowe, M., & Rickinson, A. B. (1990) · Journal of General Virology · doi:10.1099/0022-1317-71-7-1481 · Cited by 339 · see citing works
Self-citationThe macrophage and the apoptotic cell: an innate immune interaction viewed simplistically?
Gregory, C. D., & Devitt, A. (2004) · Immunology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2567.2004.01959.x · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Self-citationCombadière, C., Salzwedel, K., Smith, E. D., Tiffany, H. L., Berger, E. A., & Murphy, P. M. (1998) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.273.37.23799 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Cues for apoptotic cell engulfment: eat-me, don't eat-me and come-get-me signals
Grimsley‐Myers, C. M. (2003) · Trends in Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/j.tcb.2003.10.004 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Chen, S., Bacon, K. B., Li, L. Y., et al. (1998) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.188.1.193 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Akakura, S., Singh, S., Spataro, M., Akakura, R., Kim, J., Albert, M. L., & Birge, R. B. (2003) · Experimental Cell Research · doi:10.1016/j.yexcr.2003.09.011 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Tumor Necrosis Factor-α-converting Enzyme Mediates the Inducible Cleavage of Fractalkine
Tsou, C.-L., Haskell, C. A., & Charo, I. F. (2001) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m107327200 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Degradomics: Systems biology of the protease web. Pleiotropic roles of MMPs in cancer
Overall, C. M., & Dean, R. A. (2006) · Cancer and Metastasis Reviews · doi:10.1007/s10555-006-7890-0 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Characterization of a novel tumor-derived cytokine. Endothelial-monocyte activating polypeptide II.
Kao, J. J., Houck, K. A., Fan, Y., Haehnel, I., Libutti, S. K., Kayton, M. L., Grikscheit, T. C., Chabot, J. A., Nowygrod, R., & Greenberg, S. (1994) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(17)31505-3 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Hundhausen, C., Schulte, A., Schulz, B., Andrzejewski, M. G., Schwarz, N., von Hundelshausen, P., Winter, U., Paliga, K., Reiß, K., Säftig, P., et al. (2007) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.178.12.8064 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Regulation of endothelial monocyte-activating polypeptide II release by apoptosis
Knies, U. E., Behrensdorf, H. A., Mitchell, C. A., Deutsch, U., Risau, W., Drexler, H. C. A., & Clauss, M. A. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.21.12322 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Ogden, C. A., Pound, J. D., Batth, B. K., Owens, S., Johannessen, I., Wood, K., & Gregory, C. D. (2005) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.174.5.3015 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Self-citationLudwig, A., Berkhout, T. A., Moores, K., et al. (2002) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.168.2.604 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Shinall, S. M., Gonzalez-Fernandez, M., Noelle, R. J., & Waldschmidt, T. J. (2000) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.164.11.5729 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Persistence of apoptotic cells without autoimmune disease or inflammation in CD14−/− mice
Devitt, A., Parker, K. G., Ogden, C. A., Oldreive, C., Clay, M. F., Melville, L. A., Bellamy, C. O. C., Lacy‐Hulbert, A., Gangloff, S. C., Goyert, S. M., et al. (2004) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.200410057 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Self-citationShalak, V. F., Kaminska, M., Mitnacht‐Kraus, R., Vandenabeele, P., Clauss, M. A., & Mirande, M. (2001) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m100489200 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Fractalkine-Induced MFG-E8 Leads to Enhanced Apoptotic Cell Clearance by Macrophages
Miksa, M., Amin, D., Wu, R., Dong, W., Ravikumar, T. S., & Wang, P. (2007) · Molecular Medicine · doi:10.2119/2007-00019.miksa · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Horino, K., Nishiura, H., Ohsako, T., Shibuya, Y., Hiraoka, T., Kitamura, N., & Yamamoto, T. (1998) · PubMed · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Segundo, C., Medina, F., Rodriguez, C. S., Martı́nez-Palencia, R., Leyva‐Cobián, F., & Brieva, J. A. (1999) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood.v94.3.1012.415k05_1012_1020 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
CD14-dependent clearance of apoptotic cells by human macrophages: the role of phosphatidylserine
Devitt, A., Pierce, S., Oldreive, C., Shingler, W. H., & Gregory, C. D. (2003) · Cell Death and Differentiation · doi:10.1038/sj.cdd.4401168 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Self-citationFractalkine: moving from chemotaxis to neuroprotection
Ré, D. B., & Przedborski, S. (2006) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn0706-859 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Distinctive characteristics of germinal center B cells
Han, S., Zheng, B. Q., Takahashi, Y., & Kelsoe, G. H. (1997) · Seminars in Immunology · doi:10.1006/smim.1997.0081 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Fractalkine-upregulated milk-fat globule EGF factor-8 protein in cultured rat microglia
Leonardi‐Essmann, F., Emig, M., Kitamura, Y., Spanagel, R., & Gebicke‐Haerter, P. J. (2005) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2004.11.012 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Wang, H., Grand, R. J. A., Milner, A. E., et al. (1996) · PubMed · Cited by 67 · see citing works
堀野, 敬. (1998) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · doi:10.11501/3166022 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Recycling of the Membrane-anchored Chemokine, CX3CL1
Liu, G., Kulasingam, V., Alexander, R. T., et al. (2005) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m413073200 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Cytogenetic studies on Burkitt's lymphoma cell lines
Bernheim, A., Berger, R., & Lenoir, G. (1983) · Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics · doi:10.1016/0165-4608(83)90138-3 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
B cell lymphomas express CX3CR1 a non-B cell lineage adhesion molecule
Andréasson, U., Ek, S., Merz, H., et al. (2007) · Cancer Letters · doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2007.10.031 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Macrophage chemotaxis to apoptotic Burkitt's lymphoma cells in vitro: role of CD14 and CD36
Truman, L. A., Ogden, C. A., Howie, S., & Gregory, C. D. (2004) · Immunobiology · doi:10.1016/j.imbio.2004.02.001 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationHoerr, I. (2000) · doi:10.1002/1521-4141(200001)30:1
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- [11]11. Combadiere C, Salzwedel K, Smith ED, Tiffany HL, Berger EA, Murphy PM. Identification of CX3CR1.Achemotactic receptor for the human CX3C chemokine fractalkine and a fusion coreceptor for HIV-1. J Biol Chem. 1998;273:2379923804.
- [5]5. p43/proEMAPII component. J Biol Chem. 2001; 276:23769-23776.
- [10]10. that links apoptotic cells to phagocytes. Nature. 2002;417:182-187.
- [48]48. Niess JH, Brand S, Gu X, et al. CX3CR1-mediated dendritic cell access to the intestinal lumen and bacterial clearance. Science. 2005;307:254-258.
- [49]49. FoussatA, Coulomb-L'HermineA, Gosling J, et al. Fractalkine receptor expression by T lymphocyte subpopulations and in vivo production of fractalkine in human. Eur J Immunol. 2000;30:87-97.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Programmed Cell Death in Animal Development and Disease
Fuchs, Y., & Steller, H. (2011) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2011.10.033 · Cited by 1,915 · see citing works
Nucleotides released by apoptotic cells act as a find-me signal to promote phagocytic clearance
Elliott, M. R., Chekeni, F. B., Trampont, P. C., Lazarowski, E. R., Kadl, A., Walk, S. F., Park, D., Woodson, R. I., Ostankovich, M., Sharma, P., et al. (2009) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature08296 · Cited by 1,654 · see citing works
Apoptotic cell clearance: basic biology and therapeutic potential
Poon, I. K. H., Lucas, C. D., Rossi, A. G., & Ravichandran, K. S. (2014) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri3607 · Cited by 1,223 · see citing works
Immunogenic and tolerogenic cell death
Green, D. R., Ferguson, T., Zitvogel, L., & Kroemer, G. (2009) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri2545 · Cited by 1,176 · see citing works
Efferocytosis in health and disease
Doran, A. C., Yurdagul, A., & Tabas, I. (2020) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-019-0240-6 · Cited by 1,066 · see citing works
Phagocyte partnership during the onset and resolution of inflammation
Soehnlein, O., & Lindbom, L. (2010) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri2779 · Cited by 1,054 · see citing works
Macrophages in intestinal inflammation and resolution: a potential therapeutic target in IBD
Na, Y. R., Stakenborg, M., Seok, S. H., & Matteoli, G. (2019) · Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1038/s41575-019-0172-4 · Cited by 900 · see citing works
Therapeutically harnessing extracellular vesicles
Cheng, L., & Hill, A. F. (2022) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/s41573-022-00410-w · Cited by 737 · see citing works
Janus-faced microglia: beneficial and detrimental consequences of microglial phagocytosis
Sierra, A., Abiega, O., Shahraz, A., & Neumann, H. (2013) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2013.00006 · Cited by 574 · see citing works
Beginnings of a Good Apoptotic Meal: The Find-Me and Eat-Me Signaling Pathways
Ravichandran, K. S. (2011) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2011.09.004 · Cited by 559 · see citing works
Apoptotic Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: More Than Just Debris
Caruso, S., & Poon, I. K. H. (2018) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.01486 · Cited by 541 · see citing works
Osteocytes: master orchestrators of bone
Schaffler, M. B., Cheung, W.-Y., Majeska, R., & Kennedy, O. (2014) · Calcified Tissue International · doi:10.1007/s00223-013-9790-y · Cited by 514 · see citing works
Drugging the efferocytosis process: concepts and opportunities
Mehrotra, P., & Ravichandran, K. S. (2022) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/s41573-022-00470-y · Cited by 459 · see citing works
Living on the Edge: Efferocytosis at the Interface of Homeostasis and Pathology
Morioka, S., Maueröder, C., & Ravichandran, K. S. (2019) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2019.04.018 · Cited by 391 · see citing works
The clearance of dying cells: table for two
Green, D. R., Oguin, T. H., & Martinez, J. (2016) · Cell Death & Differentiation · doi:10.1038/cdd.2015.172 · Cited by 314 · see citing works
Mechanisms and Consequences of Defective Efferocytosis in Atherosclerosis
Yurdagul, A., Doran, A. C., Cai, B., Fredman, G., & Tabas, I. A. (2018) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2017.00086 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Tissue-resident macrophages are locally programmed for silent clearance of apoptotic cells
Roberts, A. W., Lee, B. L., Deguine, J., John, S., Shlomchik, M. J., & Barton, G. M. (2017) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2017.10.006 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Cx3cl1 (Fractalkine): A Signpost for Biliary Inflammation in Primary Biliary Cirrhosis
Shimoda, S., Harada, K., Niiro, H., Taketomi, A., Maehara, Y., Tsuneyama, K., Kikuchi, K., Nakanuma, Y., Mackay, I. R., Gershwin, E. M., et al. (2010) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.23318 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Regulation of efferocytosis as a novel cancer therapy
Zhou, Y., Yao, Y., Deng, Y., & Shao, A. (2020) · Cell Communication and Signaling · doi:10.1186/s12964-020-00542-9 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Eating the dead to keep atherosclerosis at bay
Brophy, M. L., Dong, Y., Wu, H., Rahman, H. N. A., Song, K., & Chen, H. (2017) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2017.00002 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Efferocytosis Creates a Tumor Microenvironment Supportive of Tumor Survival and Metastasis
(2015) · Cancer Cell & Microenvironment · doi:10.14800/ccm.666 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
- Authors
- Truman, L. A., Ford, C. A., Pasikowska, M., Pound, J. D., Wilkinson, S. J., Dumitriu, I. E., Melville, L., Melrose, L. A., Ogden, C. A., Nibbs, R., Graham, G., Combadiere, C., & Gregory, C. D.
- Affiliations
- Centre for Inflammation Research (GB)
- University of Glasgow (GB)
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie Cellulaire, Faculte de Medecine Pitie-Salpetiere, Inserm U543, Paris, France
- Venue
- Blood
- Publisher
- American Society of Hematology
- Published
- 2008-12-15
- Volume
- 112
- Issue
- 13
- Pages
- 5026-5036
- ISSN
- 0006-4971 (ISSN-L)
- 1528-0020
- OpenAlex
- W2127514713
- Cited by
- 473
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 7.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Blood (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam) (submittedVersion)
- University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Phagocytosis and Immune Regulation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Chemokine receptors and signaling
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Cell death mechanisms and regulation
- Keywords
- CX3CR1, macrophage chemotaxis, B cell apoptosis, germinal center, phagocytosis, caspase regulation, Bcl-2, macrophage recruitment, lymphoid follicles, chemokine receptor signaling
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Burkitt Lymphoma, Cells, Cultured, Chemotaxis, Humans, Lymph Nodes, Lymphocytes, Macrophages, Mice, Inbred BALB C, Apoptosis, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2, Caspases, Cell Line, Tumor, Mice, Chemokine CX3CL1
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
