The DOI matches its Crossref record; 15 of the 15 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Systemic effects of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Open accessAbstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterised by an inappropriate/excessive inflammatory response of the lungs to respiratory pollutants, mainly tobacco smoking. Recently, besides the typical pulmonary pathology of COPD (i.e.chronic bronchitis and emphysema), several effects occurring outside the lungs have been described, the so-called systemic effects of COPD. These effects are clinically relevant because they modify and can help in the classification and management of the disease. The present review discusses the following systemic effects of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: 1) systemic inflammation; 2) nutritional abnormalities and weight loss; 3) skeletal muscle dysfunction; and 4) other potential systemic effects. For each of these, the potential mechanisms and clinical implications are discussed and areas requiring further research are highlighted.
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Metadata
- Authors
- Agustí, A. G. N., Noguera, A., Sauleda, J., Sala, E., Pons, J., & Busquets, X.
- Venue
- European Respiratory Journal
- Publisher
- European Respiratory Society (ERS)
- Published
- 2003-02
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 347-360
- ISSN
- 0903-1936 (ISSN-L)
- 1399-3003
- OpenAlex
- W2110378267
- Cited by
- 1,045
- References
- 15
- FWCI
- 32.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
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