Reduced serum concentrations of 25-hydroxy vitamin D in children with autism: Relation to autoimmunity
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Aside from the skeletal health affection, vitamin D deficiency has been implicated as a potential environmental factor triggering for some autoimmune disorders. Vitamin D might play a role in the regulation of the production of auto-antibodies. Immunomodulatory effects of vitamin D may act not only through modulation of T-helper cell function, but also through induction of CD4(+)CD25(high) regulatory T-cells. We are the first to investigate the relationship between serum levels of 25-hydroxy vitamin D and anti-myelin-associated glycoprotein (anti-MAG) auto-antibodies in autistic children. METHODS: Serum levels of 25-hydroxy vitamin D and anti-MAG auto-antibodies were measured in 50 autistic children, aged between 5 and 12 years, and 30 healthy-matched children. Serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels 10-30 ng/mL and < 10 ng/mL were defined as vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency, respectively. RESULTS: Autistic children had significantly lower serum levels of 25-hydroxy vitamin D than healthy children (P < 0.001) with 40% and 48% being vitamin D deficient and insufficient, respectively. Serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D had significant negative correlations with Childhood Autism Rating Scale (P < 0.001). Increased levels of serum anti-MAG auto-antibodies were found in 70% of autistic patients. Serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels had significant negative correlations with serum levels of anti-MAG auto-antibodies (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Vitamin D deficiency was found in some autistic children and this deficiency may contribute to the induction of the production of serum anti-MAG auto-antibodies in these children. However, future studies looking at a potential role of vitamin D in the pathophysiology and treatment of autism are warranted.
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Mostafa and Al-Ayadi found that 25(OH)D concentrations correlated negatively with CARS scores (r = −0.84, p < 0.001) and anti-MAG anti-autoantibodies (r = −0.86, p < 0.001).
“Furthermore, 25(OH)D concentrations correlated negatively with CARS scores, (r = −0.84, p < 0.001) and anti-MAG anti-autoantibodies (r = −0.86, p < 0.001).”
From Vitamin D and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Literature Review (2016) · cites this paper as [109]
Mostafa and Al-Ayadi found that cases had significantly higher anti-MAG anti-autoantibodies than controls.
“Cases also had significantly higher anti-myelin-associated glycoprotein (anti-MAG) anti-autoantibodies than controls.”
From Vitamin D and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Literature Review (2016) · cites this paper as [109]
Mostafa and Al-Ayadi found that children with ASD displayed significantly lower 25(OH)D concentration than healthy controls.
“Children with ASD displayed significantly lower 25(OH)D concentration than healthy controls.”
From Vitamin D and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Literature Review (2016) · cites this paper as [109]
Of 14 studies, nine reported significant differences in 25(OH)D concentrations between cases and controls, one borderline difference, and four found no significant differences among study groups.
“Of 14 studies, nine reported significant differences in 25(OH)D concentrations between cases and controls [78,81,108,109,110,111,112,117,118], one borderline difference [114], and four found no significant differences among study groups [79,113,115,116].”
From Vitamin D and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Literature Review (2016) · cites this paper as [109]
Mostafa and Al-Ayadi (2012) collected all blood samples from Saudi Arabian children with ASD and healthy controls during summer months.
“Similarly, Mostafa and Al-Ayadi (2012) collected all blood samples from Saudi Arabian children with ASD and healthy controls during summer months [109].”
From Vitamin D and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Literature Review (2016) · cites this paper as [109]
Mostafa and Al-Ayadi found that 40% of children with ASD had 25(OH)D concentrations <25 nmol/L, while no one from the control group had 25(OH)D concentrations in that range.
“While 40% of children with ASD had 25(OH)D concentrations <25 nmol/L, no one from control group had 25(OH)D concentrations in that range.”
From Vitamin D and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Literature Review (2016) · cites this paper as [109]
Mostafa and Al-Ayadi found that children on the severe end of the spectrum had significantly higher anti-MAG anti-autoantibodies levels than those with mild/moderate ASD.
“Children on the severe end of the spectrum had significantly higher anti-MAG anti-autoantibodies levels than those with mild/moderate ASD.”
From Vitamin D and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Literature Review (2016) · cites this paper as [109]
Mostafa and Al-Ayadi reported significantly higher proportion of children with ASD having anti-MAG antiautoantibodies, anti-ganglioside M1, anti-neuronal and anti-nuclear antibodies than typically developing controls.
“Mostafa and Al-Ayadi reported significantly higher proportion of children with ASD having anti-MAG antiautoantibodies, anti-ganglioside M1, anti-neuronal and anti-nuclear antibodies than typically developing controls, that positively correlated with the severity of autism symptoms (CARS scores) [109,165,166,167].”
From Vitamin D and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Literature Review (2016) · cites this paper as [109]
Anti-MAG antiautoantibodies correlated negatively with serum 25(OH)D concentrations (r = −0.86, p < 0.001).
“Furthermore, anti-MAG antiautoantibodies correlated negatively with serum 25(OH)D concentrations (r = −0.86, p < 0.001) [109], and anti-nuclear antibody positive healthy controls were significantly more likely to be deficient in vitamin D than antibody negative healthy controls (71% vs. 22%, respectively, p = 0.003) [172].”
From Vitamin D and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Literature Review (2016) · cites this paper as [109]
These antibodies positively correlated with the severity of autism symptoms (CARS scores).
“Mostafa and Al-Ayadi reported significantly higher proportion of children with ASD having anti-MAG antiautoantibodies, anti-ganglioside M1, anti-neuronal and anti-nuclear antibodies than typically developing controls, that positively correlated with the severity of autism symptoms (CARS scores) [109,165,166,167].”
From Vitamin D and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Literature Review (2016) · cites this paper as [109]
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- Authors
- Mostafa, G. A., & AL-Ayadhi, L. Y.
- Affiliations
- King Saud University (SA)
- Corresponding author
- Mostafa, Gehan A
- ORCID
- AL-Ayadhi, Laila Y
- Venue
- Journal of Neuroinflammation
- Published
- 2012-08-17
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 201-201
- ISSN
- 1742-2094 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3476426
- OpenAlex
- W2109361390
- Cited by
- 168
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 9.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroinflammation (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology
- National Plan for Science, Technology and Innovation
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Vitamin D Research Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, vitamin D deficiency, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, anti-myelin-associated glycoprotein antibodies, autoimmunity, vitamin D insufficiency, immunomodulation, regulatory T cells, Childhood Autism Rating Scale, children
- MeSH terms
- Autistic Disorder, Autoantibodies, Autoimmune Diseases, Child, Child, Preschool, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Male, Vitamin D, Vitamin D Deficiency, Biomarkers, Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein
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