Cited by 114Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration MechanismsAlzheimer's disease research and treatmentsDementia and Cognitive Impairment Research

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TREM2 ectodomain and its soluble form in Alzheimer’s disease

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Yang, Jiaolong, Fu, Zhihui, Zhang, Xingyu, Xiong, Min, Meng, Lanxia, Zhang, Zhentao·2020·Journal of Neuroinflammation

DOI 10.1186/s12974-020-01878-2PMC PMC7341574

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Abstract

Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is a receptor mainly expressed on the surface of microglia. It mediates multiple pathophysiological processes in various diseases. Recently, TREM2 has been found to play a role in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). TREM2 is a transmembrane protein that is specifically expressed on microglia in the brain. It contains a long ectodomain that directly interacts with the extracellular environment to regulate microglial function. The ectodomain of TREM2 is processed by a disintegrin and metalloprotease, resulting in the release of a soluble form of TREM2 (sTREM2). Recent studies have demonstrated that sTREM2 is a bioactive molecule capable of binding ligands, activating microglia, and regulating immune responses during the AD continuum. Clinical studies revealed that sTREM2 level is elevated in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of AD patients, and the sTREM2 level is positively correlated with the levels of classical CSF biomarkers, namely t-tau and p-tau, indicating that it is a reliable predictor of the early stages of AD. Herein, we summarize the key results on the generation, structure, and function of sTREM2 to provide new insights into TREM2-related mechanisms underlying AD pathogenesis and to promote the development of TREM2-based therapeutic strategy.

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Fig. 1 Schematic representation of the human TREM2 gene and protein. TREM2 gene showing exonic (numbered boxes) and intronic (line) regions and sizes. The transcripts are shown with translated regions, and different colors represent different coding sequences of the transcription template. The three isoforms (ENST00000373113, ENST00000373122, and ENST00000338469) have the same exons 1, 2, and 3 coding regions but different exons 4 and 5 coding regions. ENST00000373122 contains a portion of the intronic sequence. The bottom panel shows the TREM2 protein, including the signal peptide (SP), immunoglobulin (Ig) domain, extracellular region (ETC), and transmembrane region (TM). Arrows represent α-secretase and γ-secretase cleavage sites, respectively. α-Secretase (ADAMs) cleaves TREM2 at His157−Ser158 site. R47H and R62H are two common AD-associated variants occurring in the Ig domain. aa, amino acidCC BY · PubMed Central

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See all 114

Authors: Yang, J., Fu, Z., Zhang, X., Xiong, M., Meng, L., & Zhang, Z.
Affiliations: Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University (CN)
Corresponding author: Zhang, Zhentao
ORCID: Yang, Jiaolong
Meng, Lanxia
Zhang, Zhentao
Venue: Journal of Neuroinflammation
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2020-07-07
Volume: 17
Issue: 1
Pages: 204-204
ISSN: 1742-2094 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01878-2
PMC: PMC7341574
OpenAlex: W3039674883
Cited by: 113
References: 129
Citations by year: 2026: 12 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 16
FWCI: 1.44
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 (tdm)
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 (vor)
Locations: Journal of Neuroinflammation (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders: National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.81822016,81771382, and 81571249)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
Keywords: TREM2, soluble TREM2, Alzheimer's disease, microglia, extracellular domain, cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers, tau protein, early diagnosis, neuroinflammation
MeSH terms: Alzheimer Disease, Animals, Humans, Membrane Glycoproteins, Receptors, Immunologic, Solubility, Biomarkers, tau Proteins, Microglia, Protein Isoforms

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TREM2 ectodomain and its soluble form in Alzheimer’s disease

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