Exosomes to exosome-functionalized scaffolds: a novel approach to stimulate bone regeneration
Open accessAbstract
Bone regeneration is a complex biological process that relies on the orchestrated interplay of various cellular and molecular events. Bone tissue engineering is currently the most promising method for treating bone regeneration. However, the immunogenicity, stable and cell quantity of seed cells limited their application. Recently, exosomes, which are small extracellular vesicles released by cells, have been found to effectively address these problems and better induce bone regeneration. Meanwhile, a growing line of research has shown the cargos of exosomes may provide effective therapeutic and biomarker tools for bone repair, including miRNA, lncRNA, and proteins. Moreover, engineered scaffolds loaded with exosomes can offer a cell-free bone repair strategy, addressing immunogenicity concerns and providing a more stable functional performance. Herein, we provide a comprehensive summary of the role played by scaffolds loaded with exosomes in bone regeneration, drawing on a systematic analysis of relevant literature available on PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar database.
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The internal three-dimensional network structure of GelMA provides ample space for exosome loading, effectively maintains exosome activity, and has been extensively utilized to construct exosome delivery systems.
“The internal three-dimensional network structure of the GelMA hydrogel provides ample space for exosome loading, effectively maintains exosome activity, and has been extensively utilized to construct exosome delivery systems [57].”
From Hydrogel scaffold encapsulating MSC-Exos and ZIF-8 promotes bone regeneration via coordinating osteogenesis and immunomodulation (2025) · cites this paper as [57]
The section ‘Exosomes functionalized naturally derived scaffolds’ (page unavailable) describes exosomes incorporated into chitosan hydrogel and carried by hyaluronic-acid scaffolds, supporting the broader use of scaffolds for exosome delivery. It does not identify GelMA, describe its three-dimensional network as providing loading space, or say that GelMA maintains exosome activity or has been extensively used for delivery systems. (LLM, conf=0.82)
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Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 3
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Si, Y., Li, X., Dong, S., Gao, X., Zhu, Y., Mo, L., Wang, Z., Wang, S., & Zhang, C. (2025) · Bioactive Materials · doi:10.1016/j.bioactmat.2025.08.026 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“The internal three-dimensional network structure of the GelMA hydrogel provides ample space for exosome loading, effectively maintains exosome activity, and has been extensively utilized to construct exosome delivery systems [57].”
- Authors
- Deng, L., Liu, Y., Wu, Q., Lai, S., Yang, Q., Mu, Y., & Dong, M.
- Affiliations
- Chengdu Fifth People's Hospital (CN)
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Mu, Yandong
- Dong, Mingqing
- Venue
- Stem Cell Research & Therapy
- Published
- 2024-11-09
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 407-407
- ISSN
- 1757-6512 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC11550564
- OpenAlex
- W4404199535
- Cited by
- 32
- References
- 149
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 17
- FWCI
- 1.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Stem Cell Research & Therapy (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Chengdu Municipal Science and Technology Program (No. 2024-YF05- 01140-SN, No. 2024-YF09-00026-SN)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Bone Tissue Engineering Materials
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Extracellular vesicles in disease
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmacology › Medicinal Plant Pharmacodynamics Research
- Keywords
- exosomes, bone regeneration, bone tissue engineering, extracellular vesicles, cell-free therapy, immunogenicity, exosome cargo, microRNA, long non-coding RNA, biomarkers
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Bone Regeneration, Humans, Tissue Engineering, Tissue Scaffolds, Exosomes
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