Changing wildfire, changing forests: the effects of climate change on fire regimes and vegetation in the Pacific Northwest, USA
Open accessAbstract
Background: Wildfires in the Pacific Northwest (Washington, Oregon, Idaho, and western Montana, USA) have been immense in recent years, capturing the attention of resource managers, fire scientists, and the general public. This paper synthesizes understanding of the potential effects of changing climate and fire regimes on Pacific Northwest forests, including effects on disturbance and stress interactions, forest structure and composition, and post-fire ecological processes. We frame this information in a risk assessment context, and conclude with management implications and future research needs. Results: Large and severe fires in the Pacific Northwest are associated with warm and dry conditions, and such conditions will likely occur with increasing frequency in a warming climate. According to projections based on historical records, current trends, and simulation modeling, protracted warmer and drier conditions will drive lower fuel moisture and longer fire seasons in the future, likely increasing the frequency and extent of fires compared to the twentieth century. Interactions between fire and other disturbances, such as drought and insect outbreaks, are likely to be the primary drivers of ecosystem change in a warming climate. Reburns are also likely to occur more frequently with warming and drought, with potential effects on tree regeneration and species composition. Hotter, drier sites may be particularly at risk for regeneration failures. Conclusion: Resource managers will likely be unable to affect the total area burned by fire, as this trend is driven strongly by climate. However, fuel treatments, when implemented in a spatially strategic manner, can help to decrease fire intensity and severity and improve forest resilience to fire, insects, and drought. Where fuel treatments are less effective (wetter, high-elevation, and coastal forests), managers may consider implementing fuel breaks around high-value resources. When and where post-fire planting is an option, planting different genetic stock than has been used in the past may increase seedling survival. Planting seedlings on cooler, wetter microsites may also help to increase survival. In the driest topographic locations, managers may need to consider where they will try to forestall change and where they will allow conversions to vegetation other than what is currently dominant.
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Changes in fire regimes can contribute to a shift in vegetation composition, as more frequent fires, especially those coinciding with drought or insect outbreaks, suppress seedling regeneration and push closed forests toward more open forest-steppe systems.
“Changes in fire regimes can also contribute to a shift in vegetation composition, as more frequent fires, especially those coinciding with drought or insect outbreaks, suppress seedling regeneration and push, for example, closed forests toward more open forest-steppe systems (77,78).”
From Restoring Degraded Lands (2021) · cites this paper as [77]
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Self-citationIndividual tree growth response to variable-density thinning in coastal Pacific Northwest forests.
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InfluentialThe missing fire: quantifying human exclusion of wildfire in Pacific Northwest forests, USA
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Characterizing Fire-on-Fire Interactions in Three Large Wilderness Areas
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Quantifying drought-induced tree mortality in the open canopy woodlands of central Texas
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Holocene fire and vegetation dynamics in a montane forest, North Cascade Range, Washington, USA
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“Several fires in 2015 occurred in conifer forests on the west ( i.e. , wet) side of the Cascade Range, including a rare fire event in coastal temperate rainforest on the Olympic Peninsula.”
FIRE SEVERITY UNAFFECTED BY SPRUCE BEETLE OUTBREAK IN SPRUCE-FIR FORESTS IN SOUTHWESTERN COLORADO
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InfluentialManaging and Adapting to Changing Fire Regimes in a Warmer Climate
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27 of the 235 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 15
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Sorted by citations
Climate Change 2022 – Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
(IPCC), I. P. O. C. C. (2023) · doi:10.1017/9781009325844 · Cited by 8,473 · see citing works
Filkov, A., Ngo, T., Matthews, S., Telfer, S., & Penman, T. (2020) · Journal of Safety Science and Resilience · doi:10.1016/j.jnlssr.2020.06.009 · Cited by 386 · see citing works
Elevation in wildfire frequencies with respect to the climate change
Mansoor, S., Farooq, I., Kachroo, M. M., Mahmoud, A. E. D., Fawzy, M., Popescu, S. M., Alyemeni, M. N., Sonne, C., Rinklebe, J., & Ahmad, P. (2021) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113769 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
Mechanisms of forest resilience
Falk, D. A., van Mantgem, P. J., Keeley, J. E., Gregg, R. M., Guiterman, C. H., Tepley, A. J., Young, D. J. N., & Marshall, L. A. E. (2022) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2022.120129 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
The impact of fire on soil-dwelling biota: A review
Certini, G., Moya, D., Lucas‐Borja, M. E., & Mastrolonardo, G. (2021) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2021.118989 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Influences of wildfire on the forest ecosystem and climate change: A comprehensive study.
Gajendiran, K., Kandasamy, S., & Narayanan, M. (2023) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2023.117537 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
An Overview of the Role of Forests in Climate Change Mitigation
Psistaki, K., Τsantopoulos, G., & Paschalidou, A. Κ. (2024) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su16146089 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Deep Learning in Forestry Using UAV-Acquired RGB Data: A Practical Review
Diez, Y., Kentsch, S., Fukuda, M., Caceres, M., Moritake, K., & Cabezas, M. (2021) · Remote Sensing · doi:10.3390/rs13142837 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Assessing changes in global fire regimes
Sayedi, S. S., Abbott, B. W., Vannière, B., Leys, B. A., Colombaroli, D., Gil‐Romera, G., Słowiński, M., Aleman, J. C., Blarquez, O., Feurdean, A., et al. (2024) · Fire Ecology · doi:10.1186/s42408-023-00237-9 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
“For example, the risk of fire-climate interactions can vary in different type of conifer forests of western North America (moist-dry-subalpine) based on their elevation (Halofsky et al., 2020).”
BackgroundFire as a driver and mediator of predator–prey interactions
Doherty, T. S., Geary, W. L., Jolly, C. J., Macdonald, K. J., Miritis, V., Watchorn, D. J., Cherry, M. J., Conner, L. M., González, T. M., Legge, S., et al. (2022) · Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · doi:10.1111/brv.12853 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Assessing the Effectiveness of YOLO Architectures for Smoke and Wildfire Detection
Casas, E., Ramos, L., Bendek, E., & Rivas-Echeverría, F. (2023) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2023.3312217 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Asif, Z., Chen, Z., Sadiq, R., & Zhu, Y. (2023) · Water Resources Management · doi:10.1007/s11269-023-03474-4 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
“In 2020, most of the largest fires on record burned in California and Oregon saw historic levels of wildfire spread and damage to forest watersheds (Halofsky et al. 2020).”
BackgroundInfluentialThe role of climate change and urban development on compound dry-hot extremes across US cities
Ghanbari, M., Arabi, M., Georgescu, M., & Broadbent, A. M. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-39205-x · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Arneth, A., Olsson, L., Cowie, A., Erb, K.-H., Hurlbert, M., Kurz, W. A., Mirzabaev, A., & Rounsevell, M. D. A. (2021) · Annual Review of Environment and Resources · doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-012320-054809 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
“Changes in fire regimes can also contribute to a shift in vegetation composition, as more frequent fires, especially those coinciding with drought or insect outbreaks, suppress seedling regeneration and push, for example, closed forests toward more open forest-steppe systems (77, 78).”
BackgroundCase, M., Johnson, B. G., Bartowitz, K., & Hudiburg, T. (2021) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118886 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Reilly, M., Zuspan, A., Halofsky, J. S., Raymond, C., McEvoy, A., Dye, A., Donato, D., Kim, J. B., Potter, B., Walker, N., et al. (2022) · Ecosphere · doi:10.1002/ecs2.4070 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“…process-based models that area burned in westside forests is likely to increase as the climate warms and summers become drier (Davis et al., 2017; Halofsky et al., 2020; McEvoy et al., 2020; Rogers et al., 2011; Sheehan et al., 2015), the effects of climate change on dry, east winds now and in…”
Self-citationUnprecedented 21st century heat across the Pacific Northwest of North America
Heeter, K. J., Harley, G. L., Abatzoglou, J. T., Anchukaitis, K. J., Cook, E. R., Coulthard, B. L., Dye, L. A., & Homfeld, I. K. (2023) · npj Climate and Atmospheric Science · doi:10.1038/s41612-023-00340-3 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Tian, Y., Wu, Z., Li, M.-Z., Wang, B., & Zhang, X.-D. (2022) · Remote Sensing · doi:10.3390/rs14184431 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Plant functional traits as measures of ecosystem service provision
Brown, L. M., & Anand, M. (2022) · Ecosphere · doi:10.1002/ecs2.3930 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Mehmood, K., Anees, S. A., Luo, M., Akram, M., Zubair, M., Khan, K. A., & Khan, W. R. (2024) · Trees Forests and People · doi:10.1016/j.tfp.2024.100521 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Williams, J., Safford, H., Enstice, N., Steel, Z., & Paulson, A. (2023) · Ecosphere · doi:10.1002/ecs2.4397 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Singha, C., Swain, K., Moghimi, A., Foroughnia, F., & Swain, S. (2024) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2024.121729 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Urban forest invertebrates: how they shape and respond to the urban environment
Kotze, D. J., Lowe, E. C., MacIvor, J. S., Ossola, A., Norton, B. A., Hochuli, D. F., Mata, L., Moretti, M., Gagné, S. A., Handa, I. T., et al. (2022) · Urban Ecosystems · doi:10.1007/s11252-022-01240-9 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Climate change and extreme weather: A review focusing on the continental United States
Robinson, W. A. (2021) · Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association · doi:10.1080/10962247.2021.1942319 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Fire and smoke detection from videos: A literature review under a novel taxonomy
Gragnaniello, D., Greco, A., Sansone, C., & Vento, B. (2024) · Expert systems with applications · doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2024.124783 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Teixeira, J., Delerue-Matos, C. M., Morais, S., & Oliveira, M. (2024) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-024-34727-3 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“…the number of occurrences and severity of wildfires have progressively increased all over the world in part as a consequence of global warming and climatic changes, principally during heat waves (Bowman et al. 2019; Dupuy et al. 2020; Halofsky et al. 2020; Miezïte et al. 2022; Turco et al. 2019).”
BackgroundBhowmik, R., Jung, Y., Aguilera, J. A., Prunicki, M., & Nadeau, K. C. (2023) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117908 · Cited by 67
Foundations and Future Directions for Causal Inference in Ecological Research
Siegel, K., & Dee, L. E. (2025) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/ele.70053 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Singh, H., Ang, L.-M., Lewis, T., Paudyal, D., Acuna, M. A., Srivastava, P. K., & Srivastava, S. K. (2024) · Journal of Forestry Research · doi:10.1007/s11676-024-01783-x · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“In many forest ecosystems, fire has long been an important component and has influenced flora and fauna both favourably and unfavourably (Halofsky et al. 2020; González et al. 2022).”
A Study of YOLO Architectures for Wildfire and Smoke Detection in Ground and Aerial Imagery
Ramos, L., Casas, E., Romero, C., Rivas-Echeverría, F., & Bendek, E. (2025) · Results in Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.rineng.2025.104869 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Zahura, F., Bisht, G., Li, Z., McKnight, S., & Chen, X. (2024) · Ecological Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.ecoinf.2024.102757 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Jager, H. I., Long, J. W., Malison, R. L., Murphy, B. P., Rust, A. J., Silva, L. G. M., Sollmann, R., Steel, Z. L., Bowen, M. D., Dunham, J. B., et al. (2021) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.8026 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“…conditions become warmer and drier, the increase in frequency, size, and severity of wildfires in western North America is redirecting vegetation along new successional trajectories (Frelich & Reich, 1999; Halofsky et al., 2020; Hessburg et al., 2019; Johnstone et al., 2010; Morris et al., 2019).”
BackgroundSuccess of post-fire plant recovery strategies varies with shifting fire seasonality
Tangney, R., Paroissien, R., Breton, T. D. L., Thomsen, A. M., Doyle, C., Ondik, M. M., Miller, R. G., Miller, B. P., & Ooi, M. K. J. (2022) · Communications Earth & Environment · doi:10.1038/s43247-022-00453-2 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
High‐severity and short‐interval wildfires limit forest recovery in the Central Cascade Range
Busby, S. U., Moffett, K. B., & Holz, A. (2020) · Ecosphere · doi:10.1002/ecs2.3247 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“Thus, dominant forest compositions in the upper-montane and subalpine zones of the Cascades may be poorly adapted to fire regimes that may be shifting to larger, more severe, and more frequent fires (Enright et al. 2015, Halofsky et al. 2020).”
BackgroundWildfire assessment using machine learning algorithms in different regions
Moghim, S., & Mehrabi, M. (2024) · Fire Ecology · doi:10.1186/s42408-024-00335-2 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“Agee (2003) used the historical fire return intervals to evaluate the range of variability of the forest age structure in the central-eastern Cascade Range in Washington State, USA.”
InfluentialMonitoring and Cordoning Wildfires with an Autonomous Swarm of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
Saffre, F., Hildmann, H., Karvonen, H., & Lind, T. (2022) · Drones · doi:10.3390/drones6100301 · Cited by 54
Summers, J. K., Lamper, A., McMillion, C., & Harwell, L. C. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14074158 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“Wildfires appear to be spreading to “new” areas (northern Washington), and the size and intensity of wildfires appear to be increasing based on our spatial analyses and confirms projections by others [45].”
BackgroundLundquist, J., Dickerson‐Lange, S., Gutmann, E., Jonas, T., Lumbrazo, C., & Reynolds, D. (2021) · Hydrological Processes · doi:10.1002/hyp.14274 · Cited by 54
“Both forest cover and snow processes are changing globally at unprecedented rates (Adams et al., 2009; Allen, 2009; Bormann et al., 2018; Halofsky et al., 2020).”
BackgroundFrom flames to inflammation: how wildfires affect patterns of wildlife disease
Albery, G. F., Turilli, I., Joseph, M. B., Foley, J. E., Frère, C., & Bansal, S. (2021) · Fire Ecology · doi:10.1186/s42408-021-00113-4 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Research on Wildfires and Remote Sensing in the Last Three Decades: A Bibliometric Analysis
dos Santos, S. M. B., Bento‐Gonçalves, A., & Vieira, A. (2021) · Forests · doi:10.3390/f12050604 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
The global lake area, climate, and population dataset
Meyer, M. F., Brousil, M., Cramer, A. N., Lanouette, B. P., Padowski, J., & Hampton, S. E. (2019) · Scientific Data · doi:10.1038/s41597-020-0517-4 · Cited by 53
Global plant responses to intensified fire regimes
Grau‐Andrés, R., Moreira, B., & Pausas, J. G. (2024) · Global Ecology and Biogeography · doi:10.1111/geb.13858 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Elevation-dependent intensification of fire danger in the western United States
Alizadeh, M., Abatzoglou, J., Adamowski, J., Modaresirad, A., Aghakouchak, A., Pausata, F., & Sadegh, M. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-37311-4 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Dye, A. W., Houtman, R. M., Gao, P., Anderegg, W. R. L., Fettig, C. J., Hicke, J. A., Kim, J. B., Still, C. J., Young, K. A., & Riley, K. L. (2024) · Carbon Balance and Management · doi:10.1186/s13021-024-00282-0 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
A Review of the Occurrence and Causes for Wildfires and Their Impacts on the Geoenvironment
Farid, A. M., Alam, M. K., Goli, V. S. N. S., Akin, I. D., Akinleye, T. O., Chen, X., Cheng, Q., Cleall, P. J., Cuomo, S., Foresta, V., et al. (2024) · Fire · doi:10.3390/fire7080295 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Abujayyab, S. K. M., Kassem, M. M., Khan, A. A., Wazirali, R., Coşkun, M., Taşoğlu, E., Öztürk, A., & TOPRAK, F. (2022) · Advances in Civil Engineering · doi:10.1155/2022/3959150 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Global warming amplifies wildfire health burden and reshapes inequality
Zhao, J., Zheng, B.-Y., Ciais, P., Chen, Y., Gasser, T., Canadell, J., Zhang, L., & Zhang, Q. (2025) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-025-09612-9 · Cited by 45
“This will release a large quantity of greenhouse gases and air pollutants during burning, which cause damage to ecosystem functions and create a potential positive feedback loop between warming and fire occurrence 4,5 .”
Dixon, D. J., Zhu, Y., Brown, C. F., & Yufang Jin, A. (2023) · Remote Sensing of Environment · doi:10.1016/j.rse.2023.113842 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
The Impact of Climate Change on Environmental Sustainability and Human Mortality
Chen, X., Sharma, A., & Liu, H. (2023) · Environments · doi:10.3390/environments10100165 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Fire‐related threats and transformational change in Australian ecosystems
Keith, D., Allen, S., Gallagher, R., Mackenzie, B., Auld, T., Barrett, S., Buchan, A., English, V., Gosper, C., Kelly, D., et al. (2022) · Global Ecology and Biogeography · doi:10.1111/geb.13500 · Cited by 43
Spatial Assessment of Wildfires Susceptibility in Santa Cruz (Bolivia) Using Random Forest
Sánchez, M. B., Tonini, M., Mapelli, A., & Fiorucci, P. (2021) · Geosciences · doi:10.3390/geosciences11050224 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Shen, Z.-H., Giljohann, K., Liu, Z.-H., Pausas, J., & Rogers, B. (2025) · Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2023.0446 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“— Temperate North America : In addition to boreal forests, the Mediterranean chaparral and temperate conifer forests have also experienced increasing extreme fires in the last decade [57,58].”
Effects of Climate Change on Natural-Caused Fire Activity in Western U.S. National Forests
Heidari, H., Arabi, M., & Warziniack, T. (2021) · Atmosphere · doi:10.3390/atmos12080981 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Wildfire Smoke Exposure and Incident Dementia
Elser, H. C., Frankland, T. B., Chen, C., Tartof, S. Y., Mayeda, E. R., Lee, G. S., Northrop, A. J., Torres, J. M., Benmarhnia, T., & Casey, J. A. (2024) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2024.4058 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Identifying and managing disturbance‐stimulated flammability in woody ecosystems
Lindenmayer, D. B., & Zylstra, P. (2023) · Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · doi:10.1111/brv.13041 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Nikinmaa, L., Lindner, M., Cantarello, E., Gardiner, B., Jacobsen, J. B., Jump, A. S., Parra, C., Plieninger, T., Schuck, A., Seidl, R., et al. (2023) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.117039 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
A Disrupted Historical Fire Regime in Central British Columbia
Brookes, W., Daniels, L. D., Copes‐Gerbitz, K., Baron, J. N., & Carroll, A. L. (2021) · Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.3389/fevo.2021.676961 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“Historical baselines are also used to gauge departures from historical conditions and determine where ecological restoration or fire hazard mitigation are warranted (Hessburg et al., 2005, 2016; Stephens et al., 2012, 2013; Halofsky et al., 2020).”
BackgroundKarna, Y. K., Penman, T., Aponte, C., Hinko-Najera, N., & Bennett, L. T. (2020) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118255 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Post‐Wildfire Stability of Unsaturated Hillslopes Against Rainfall‐Triggered Landslides
Abdollahi, M., Vahedifard, F., & Tracy, F. (2023) · Earth's Future · doi:10.1029/2022ef003213 · Cited by 39
“In their study of 203 burned basins in the Western United States (Gartner et al., 2005), concluded that 12% of the observed debris flows were initially generated from shallow landslides.”
BackgroundInfluentialHolocene fire history in southwestern China linked to climate change and human activities
Yuan, Z., Wu, D., Wang, T., Ma, X., Li, Y.-F., Shao, S., Zhang, Y., & Zhou, A.-F. (2022) · Quaternary Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2022.107615 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Anthropogenic contaminants in glacial environments I: Inputs and accumulation
Beard, D., Clason, C., Rangecroft, S., Poniecka, E., Ward, K. J., & Blake, W. (2022) · Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment · doi:10.1177/03091333221107376 · Cited by 39
“The frequency and intensity of wildfires are expected to increase as our climate warms (Dupuy et al., 2020; Halofsky et al., 2020) and so BC deposits on glaciers are also likely to increase.”
BackgroundDickinson, G. N., Miller, D. D., Bajracharya, A., Bruchard, W., Durbin, T., McGarry, J., Moser, E. P., Nuñez, L. A., Pukkila, E. P., Scott, P. S., et al. (2022) · GeoHealth · doi:10.1029/2021gh000546 · Cited by 38
“Ground-based wildfire smoke sampling via dual sorbent air samplers was conducted in Idaho and Washington during the 2019 and 2020 wildfire seasons.”
BackgroundInfluentialPathologists and entomologists must join forces against forest pest and pathogen invasions
Jactel, H., Desprez-Loustau, M., Battisti, A., Brockerhoff, E., Santini, A., Stenlid, J., Björkman, C., Branco, M., Dehnen-Schmutz, K., Douma, J., et al. (2020) · NeoBiota · doi:10.3897/neobiota.58.54389 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Large and severe fires associated with warm and dry conditions, more frequent in a warming climate, may also favour insect outbreaks (Halofsky et al. 2020) and, conversely, trees killed by pests and pathogens may fuel forest fires (Jenkins et al. 2008).”
BackgroundShirk, A. J., Jones, G. M., Yang, Z., Davis, R. J., Ganey, J. L., Gutiérrez, R. J., Healey, S. P., Hedwall, S. J., Hoagland, S., Maes, R., et al. (2022) · Landscape Ecology · doi:10.1007/s10980-022-01457-1 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“As our expanding human footprint and changing climate increase the frequency and magnitude of ecological disturbances, many landscapes are changing rapidly and often dramatically (e.g., Serra-Diaz et al. 2018; Halofsky et al. 2020).”
BackgroundWildfire and prescribed burning impacts on air quality in the United States
Altshuler, S., Zhang, Q., Kleinman, M., Garcia-Menendez, F., Moore, C. T., Hough, M. L., Stevenson, E., Chow, J., Jaffe, D., & Watson, J. (2020) · Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association · doi:10.1080/10962247.2020.1813217 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Dastour, H., Ahmed, M. R., & Hassan, Q. K. (2024) · Ecological Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.ecoinf.2024.102531 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Climate change strongly affects future fire weather danger in Indian forests
Barik, A., & Roy, S. B. (2023) · Communications Earth & Environment · doi:10.1038/s43247-023-01112-w · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Stark, G., Ma, L., Zeng, Z.-G., Du, W.-G., & Levy, O. (2023) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.16802 · Cited by 35
“…e.g. removal of rocks, Pike et al., 2010), alongside changes in precipitation, extreme events, and fire regimes (e.g. decreasing vegetation cover, Halofsky et al., 2020; Nolan et al., 2021), we must better understand the resulting thermal constraints on activity in animals (Kearney et al., 2021).”
BackgroundEvers, C., Holz, A., Busby, S., & Nielsen-Pincus, M. (2022) · Fire · doi:10.3390/fire5020041 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Chronically drier fuels will prime temperate rainforests for more frequent fire as a result [103,107,108], which will likely burn at severity levels similar to those observed during P2 (i.”
BackgroundQuantifying the smoke-related public health trade-offs of forest management
Schollaert, C., Jung, J., Wilkins, J. L., Alvarado, E., Baumgartner, J. C., Brun, J., Busch-Isaksen, T., Lydersen, J., Marlier, M. M., Marshall, J. D., et al. (2023) · Nature Sustainability · doi:10.1038/s41893-023-01253-y · Cited by 34
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“Climate change in shifting areas of moist mixed-conifer forest to dry mixed-conifer forests, and areas of sparse woodland and shrub steppe or chaparral are likewise expanding within former areas of dry pine and dry mixed-conifer forest (Littell et al. 2010, Halofsky et al. 2020).”
BackgroundModeling and prediction of fire occurrences along an elevational gradient in Western Himalayas
Bar, S., Parida, B. R., Pandey, A. C., Shankar, B. U., Kumar, P., Panda, S. K., & Behera, M. D. (2022) · Applied Geography · doi:10.1016/j.apgeog.2022.102867 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Disturbance and management effects on forest soil organic carbon stocks in the Pacific Northwest.
Nave, L., DeLyser, K., Domke, G., Holub, S. M., Janowiak, M., Kittler, B., Ontl, T., Sprague, E., Sucre, E., Walters, B., et al. (2022) · Ecological Applications · doi:10.1002/eap.2611 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Kobziar, L. N., Hiers, J. K., Belcher, C. M., Bond, W. J., Enquist, C. A. F., Loudermilk, E. L., Miesel, J., O’Brien, J. J., Pausas, J. G., Hood, S. M., et al. (2024) · Fire Ecology · doi:10.1186/s42408-024-00272-0 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
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FLAME: fire detection in videos combining a deep neural network with a model-based motion analysis
Gragnaniello, D., Greco, A., Sansone, C., & Vento, B. (2025) · Neural computing & applications (Print) · doi:10.1007/s00521-024-10963-z · Cited by 31 · see citing works
UAV Based Spatiotemporal Analysis of the 2019–2020 New South Wales Bushfires
Ullah, F., Khan, S. I., Munawar, H. S., Qadir, Z., & Qayyum, S. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su131810207 · Cited by 31
Northwest Forest Plan—the first 25 years (1994–2018): watershed condition status and trends
Dunham, J. B., Hirsch, C., Gordon, S. N., Flitcroft, R. L., Chelgren, N. D., Snyder, M. N., Hockman-Wert, D. P., Reeves, G. H., Andersen, H., Anderson, S. A., et al. (2022) · doi:10.2737/pnw-gtr-1010 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Changing climates may also cause direct drought-related mortality of large trees that are important nesting/roosting structure (Gutiérrez et al. 2017), as well as large shifts in the forest types that recover (or not) after a stand-replacing event (Halofsky et al. 2020, Peterson et al. 2014).”
Dong, H., Wu, H., Sun, P., & Ding, Y.-H. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su141610107 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Northern spotted owl nesting forests as fire refugia: a 30-year synthesis of large wildfires
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“…Davis et al. 2011; Clark et al. 2013; Rockweit et al. 2017; Lesmeister et al. 2019), yet the issue has been debated in the scientific literature, especially when also considering other spotted owl subspecies (e.g., Hanson et al. 2009; Spies et al. 2010; Ganey et al. 2017; Lesmeister et al. 2018).”
BackgroundHaller, A. P., Ştefănică, M., Butnaru, G. I., & Butnaru, R. C. (2023) · Kybernetes · doi:10.1108/k-09-2022-1254 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
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“Additionally, assessment of functional recovery may need to project hydrologic functional adequacy into the future to account for vegetation or climate shifts (e.g., Halofsky et al., 2020).”
BackgroundAsthma exacerbation due to climate change-induced wildfire smoke in the Western US
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The state of wildfire and bushfire science: Temporal trends, research divisions and knowledge gaps
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“Fire patterns have historically been influenced by climate variability, with fires being more common in drier, warmer climates [12].”
System-level feedbacks of active fire regimes in large landscapes
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“However, high-elevation cold forests in the Tripod region are characterized by moderately infrequent to frequent, moderate-, and high-severity fires (Agee 1996, 2003; Halofsky et al 2020).”
BackgroundModeling wildfire effects on streamflow in the Cascade Mountains, Oregon, USA
Wampler, K. A., Bladon, K. D., & Faramarzi, M. (2023) · Journal of Hydrology · doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2023.129585 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
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Effects of Wildfire on Rockfall Occurrence: A Review through Actual Cases in Spain
Sarro, R., Pérez-Rey, I., Tomas, R., Alejano, L., Hernández-Gutiérrez, L., & Mateos, R. (2021) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app11062545 · Cited by 28
“Trends in global wildfire activity are changing dangerously, as climatic conditions due to global warming clearly influence the frequency, severity, and extent of wildfires [4,5].”
BackgroundSolanki, A. C., Gurjar, N., Sharma, S. K., Wang, Z., Kumar, A., Solanki, M. K., Divvela, P. K., Yadav, K., & Kashyap, B. K. (2024) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2024.1258934 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Facing the Wildfire Spread Risk Challenge: Where Are We Now and Where Are We Going?
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“In the literature, this cluster mainly represents research in the field of regional ecology, such as studies related to vegetation after wildfires [23,24].”
BackgroundFunctional traits and climate drive interspecific differences in disturbance‐induced tree mortality
Barrere, J., Reineking, B., Cordonnier, T., Kulha, N., Honkaniemi, J., Peltoniemi, M., Korhonen, K. T., Ruiz‐Benito, P., Zavala, M. A., & Künstler, G. (2023) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.16630 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“For instance, fire is most often attributed to hotter and drier conditions (Halofsky et al., 2020; Xu et al., 2020), biotic disturbances are notably promoted by milder winters (Weed et al., 2013) while for windthrow, the effect of climate might mainly result in a shift in storm tracks (Seneviratne…”
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Satellite monitoring of forest fire impact and regeneration using NDVI and LST
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Enhanced CH4 emissions from global wildfires likely due to undetected small fires
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Liu, Y., Li, X., Cheng, Z., Liu, X., Dai, J., Zhao, X., Chen, J., Li, M., Chen, Z., & Sun, Q. (2022) · Quaternary Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2022.107881 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Soil Biological Responses under Different Vegetation Types in Mediterranean Area
Panico, S. C., Memoli, V., Santorufo, L., Aiello, S., Barile, R., Marco, A. D., & Maisto, G. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19020903 · Cited by 24
- Authors
- Halofsky, J. E., Peterson, D. L., & Harvey, B. J.
- Affiliations
- US Forest Service (US)
- University of Washington (US)
- Corresponding author
- Halofsky, Jessica E.
- Venue
- Fire Ecology
- Published
- 2020-01-27
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 1
- ISSN
- 1933-9747 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3000989483
- Cited by
- 640
- References
- 235
- Citations by year
- 2026: 74 · 2025: 142 · 2024: 141 · 2023: 121 · 2022: 91 · 2021: 62 · 2020: 8
- FWCI
- 26.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Fire Ecology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Northwest Climate Adaptation Science Center (G17AS00114)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Fire effects on ecosystems
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Forest Management and Policy
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Rangeland and Wildlife Management
- Keywords
- climate change, forest fires, fire regimes, Pacific Northwest forests, insect outbreaks, fuel moisture content, fire season length, fire severity, fuel treatment, firebreaks, post-fire regeneration, seedling survival, forest resilience, forest composition, vegetation change, fire risk assessment
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