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To Parcel or Not to Parcel: Exploring the Question, Weighing the Merits

Little, Todd D., Cunningham, William A., Shahar, Golan, Widaman, Keith F.·2002·Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal

DOI 10.1207/s15328007sem0902_1

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Abstract

We examine the controversial practice of using parcels of items as manifest variables in structural equation modeling (SEM) procedures. After detailing arguments pro and con, we conclude that the unconsidered use of parcels is never warranted, while, at the same time, the considered use of parcels cannot be dismissed out of hand. In large part, the decision to parcel or not depends on one's philosophical stance regarding scientific inquiry (e.g., empiricist vs. pragmatist) and the substantive goal of a study (e.g., to understand the structure of a set of items or to examine the nature of a set of constructs). Prior to creating parcels, however, we recommend strongly that investigators acquire a thorough understanding of the nature and dimensionality of the items to be parceled. With this knowledge in hand, various techniques for creating parcels can be utilized to minimize potential pitfalls and to optimize the measurement structure of constructs in SEM procedures. A number of parceling techniques are described, noting their strengths and weaknesses.

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Authors: Little, T. D., Cunningham, W. A., Shahar, G., & Widaman, K. F.
Affiliations: Yale University (US)
University of California, Davis (US)
ORCID: Little, Todd D.
Cunningham, William A.
Shahar, Golan
Widaman, Keith F.
Venue: Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2002-04
Volume: 9
Issue: 2
Pages: 151-173
ISSN: 1070-5511 (ISSN-L)
1532-8007
DOI: 10.1207/s15328007sem0902_1
OpenAlex: W2006763260
Cited by: 6,552
References: 33
Citations by year: 2026: 467 · 2025: 345 · 2024: 328 · 2023: 358 · 2022: 431 · 2021: 423 · 2020: 426 · 2019: 432 · 2018: 372 · 2017: 367 · 2016: 380 · 2015: 343 · 2014: 345 · 2013: 303 · 2012: 304
FWCI: 51.33
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal (publishedVersion)
Funders: Yale University
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
Keywords: parceling, manifest variables, measurement structure, construct measurement, dimensionality, measurement invariance

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To Parcel or Not to Parcel: Exploring the Question, Weighing the Merits

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