Cited by 6,552Psychometric Methodologies and TestingStatistical Methods and Bayesian InferenceMental Health Research Topics

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 32 of the 33 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

To Parcel or Not to Parcel: Exploring the Question, Weighing the Merits

Little, Todd D., Cunningham, William A., Shahar, Golan, Widaman, Keith F.·2002·Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal

DOI 10.1207/s15328007sem0902_1

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

We examine the controversial practice of using parcels of items as manifest variables in structural equation modeling (SEM) procedures. After detailing arguments pro and con, we conclude that the unconsidered use of parcels is never warranted, while, at the same time, the considered use of parcels cannot be dismissed out of hand. In large part, the decision to parcel or not depends on one's philosophical stance regarding scientific inquiry (e.g., empiricist vs. pragmatist) and the substantive goal of a study (e.g., to understand the structure of a set of items or to examine the nature of a set of constructs). Prior to creating parcels, however, we recommend strongly that investigators acquire a thorough understanding of the nature and dimensionality of the items to be parceled. With this knowledge in hand, various techniques for creating parcels can be utilized to minimize potential pitfalls and to optimize the measurement structure of constructs in SEM procedures. A number of parceling techniques are described, noting their strengths and weaknesses.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1207/s15328007sem0902_1

Cites

32 of 32 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix.
Campbell, D. T., & Fiske, D. W. (1959) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0046016 · Cited by 17,116
Psychometric theory (2nd ed.).
Sitgreaves, R. (1979) · Contemporary Psychology · doi:10.1037/018882 · Cited by 14,384
Sample size in factor analysis.
MacCallum, R. C., Widaman, K. F., Zhang, S., & Hong, S. (1999) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.4.1.84 · Cited by 5,497
Self-citation
Normal personality assessment in clinical practice: the NEO personality inventory
Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1992) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.4.1.5 · Cited by 3,414
Relation of self-efficacy beliefs to academic outcomes: A meta-analytic investigation.
Multon, K. D., Brown, S. D., & Lent, R. W. (1991) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.38.1.30 · Cited by 2,309
Primary Mental Abilities
Thurstone, L. L. (1973) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-011-6129-9_8 · Cited by 2,126
A guide to constructs of control.
Skinner, E. A. (1996) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.71.3.549 · Cited by 1,918
The European Red Mite
Headstrom, B. R. (1928) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.68.1750.38-a · Cited by 1,816
A general approach to representing multifaceted personality constructs: Application to state self‐esteem
Bagozzi, R. P., & Heatherton, T. F. (1994) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705519409539961 · Cited by 1,477
Mean and Covariance Structures (MACS) Analyses of Cross-Cultural Data: Practical and Theoretical Issues
Little, T. D. (1997) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr3201_3 · Cited by 1,444
Self-citation

Show all 33 references

Research works printed but not linked: 3

Gorsuch, R. L. (1983). Factor analysis (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
10.1037//0021-9010.73.1.107 · DOI
10.1037//0022-3514.71.3.549 · DOI

Sorted by citations

Using Self-Report Assessment Methods to Explore Facets of Mindfulness
Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J., & Toney, L. (2006) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191105283504 · Cited by 7,511
Assimilation of Enterprise Systems: The Effect of Institutional Pressures and the Mediating Role of Top Management1
Liang, H., Saraf, N., Hu, Q., & Xue, Y. (2007) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.2307/25148781 · Cited by 3,921
Specification, evaluation, and interpretation of structural equation models
Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (2012) · Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science · doi:10.1007/s11747-011-0278-x · Cited by 3,735
Authentic Leadership: Development and Validation of a Theory-Based Measure†
Walumbwa, F. O., Avolio, B. J., Gardner, W. L., Wernsing, T. S., & Peterson, S. J. (2008) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206307308913 · Cited by 3,471
Construct Validity of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire in Meditating and Nonmeditating Samples
Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Lykins, E., Button, D., Krietemeyer, J., Sauer, S., Walsh, E., Duggan, D., & Williams, J. M. G. (2008) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191107313003 · Cited by 2,930
Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling: An Integration of the Best Features of Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis
Marsh, H. W., Morin, A. J. S., Parker, P. D., & Kaur, G. (2013) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153700 · Cited by 1,988
The Necessity of Others is The Mother of Invention: Intrinsic and Prosocial Motivations, Perspective Taking, and Creativity
Grant, A. M., & Berry, J. W. (2011) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2011.59215085 · Cited by 1,630
Why the items versus parcels controversy needn’t be one.
Little, T. D., Rhemtulla, M., Gibson, K., & Schoemann, A. M. (2013) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/a0033266 · Cited by 1,603
Self-citation
Psychopathy as a Clinical and Empirical Construct
Hare, R. D., & Neumann, C. S. (2007) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091452 · Cited by 1,583
Emotional Brand Attachment and Brand Personality: The Relative Importance of the Actual and the Ideal Self
Malär, L., Krohmer, H., Hoyer, W. D., & Nyffenegger, B. (2011) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1509/jmkg.75.4.35 · Cited by 1,466
The effect of green human resource management on hotel employees’ eco-friendly behavior and environmental performance
Kim, Y. J., Kim, W. G., Choi, H., & Phetvaroon, K. (2018) · International Journal of Hospitality Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2018.04.007 · Cited by 1,453
A Multicomponent Conceptualization of Authenticity: Theory and Research
Kernis, M. H., & Goldman, B. M. (2006) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(06)38006-9 · Cited by 1,244
Effect of the number of variables on measures of fit in structural equation modeling
Kenny, D. A., & McCoach, D. B. (2003) · Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1207/s15328007sem1003_1 · Cited by 1,231
Individual-Level Cultural Values as Moderators of Perceived Organizational Support–Employee Outcome Relationships in China: Comparing the Effects of Power Distance and Traditionality
Farh, J., Hackett, R. D., & Liang, J. (2007) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2007.25530866 · Cited by 1,168
Scoring and Modeling Psychological Measures in the Presence of Multidimensionality
Reise, S. P., Bonifay, W. E., & Haviland, M. G. (2013) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2012.725437 · Cited by 1,069
Self-Determination Theory and Diminished Functioning: The Role of Interpersonal Control and Psychological Need Thwarting
Bartholomew, K. J., Ntoumanis, N., Ryan, R. M., Bosch, J. A., & Thøgersen-Ntoumani, C. (2011) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167211413125 · Cited by 1,064
A Longitudinal Model of Continued IS Use: An Integrative View of Four Mechanisms Underlying Postadoption Phenomena
Kim, S. S., & Malhotra, N. K. (2005) · Management Science · doi:10.1287/mnsc.1040.0326 · Cited by 1,047
Item Parceling in Structural Equation Modeling: A Primer
Matsunaga, M. (2008) · Communication Methods and Measures · doi:10.1080/19312450802458935 · Cited by 1,036
Factorial Invariance Within Longitudinal Structural Equation Models: Measuring the Same Construct Across Time
Widaman, K. F., Ferrer, E. E., & Conger, R. D. (2010) · Child Development Perspectives · doi:10.1111/j.1750-8606.2009.00110.x · Cited by 961
Self-citation
12 Structural Equation Modeling in Management Research: A Guide for Improved Analysis
Williams, L. J., Vandenberg, R. J., & Edwards, J. R. (2009) · Academy of Management Annals · doi:10.5465/19416520903065683 · Cited by 960
Proactive personality and job performance: The role of job crafting and work engagement
Bakker, A. B., Tims, M., & Derks, D. (2012) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/0018726712453471 · Cited by 937
A new look at the big five factor structure through exploratory structural equation modeling
Marsh, H. W., Lüdtke, O., Muthén, B., Asparouhov, T., Morin, A. J. S., Trautwein, U., & Nagengast, B. (2010) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0019227 · Cited by 899
Employee well‐being in organizations: Theoretical model, scale development, and cross‐cultural validation
Zheng, X., Zhu, W., Zhao, H., & Zhang, C. (2015) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.1990 · Cited by 882
Integrative data analysis: The simultaneous analysis of multiple data sets
Curran, P. J., & Hussong, A. M. (2009) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/a0015914 · Cited by 867
How teachers’ self-efficacy is related to instructional quality: A longitudinal analysis.
Holzberger, D., Philipp, A., & Kunter, M. (2013) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0032198 · Cited by 853
Disentangling the “whys” from the “whats” of aggressive behaviour
Little, T. D., Henrich, C. C., Jones, S., & Hawley, P. H. (2003) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1080/01650250244000128 · Cited by 852
Self-citation
Emotion dysregulation and adolescent psychopathology: A prospective study
McLaughlin, K. A., Hatzenbuehler, M. L., Mennin, D. S., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2011) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2011.06.003 · Cited by 850
Rumination as a transdiagnostic factor in depression and anxiety
McLaughlin, K. A., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2011) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2010.12.006 · Cited by 842
Speaking (Un–)Truth to Power: Conspiracy Mentality as A Generalised Political Attitude
Imhoff, R., & Bruder, M. (2014) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.1930 · Cited by 831
The Questionnaire for Eudaimonic Well-Being: Psychometric properties, demographic comparisons, and evidence of validity
Waterman, A. S., Schwartz, S. J., Zamboanga, B. L., Ravert, R. D., Williams, M. K., Agocha, V. B., Kim, S. Y., & Donnellan, M. B. (2010) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760903435208 · Cited by 822
Cultural tourism: An analysis of engagement, cultural contact, memorable tourism experience and destination loyalty
Chen, H., & Rahman, I. (2017) · Tourism Management Perspectives · doi:10.1016/j.tmp.2017.10.006 · Cited by 821
Mediation Models for Longitudinal Data in Developmental Research
Selig, J. P., & Preacher, K. J. (2009) · Research in Human Development · doi:10.1080/15427600902911247 · Cited by 804
Low self-esteem prospectively predicts depression in adolescence and young adulthood.
Orth, U., Robins, R. W., & Roberts, B. W. (2008) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.95.3.695 · Cited by 784
Internalized homophobia and relationship quality among lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals.
Frost, D. M., & Meyer, I. H. (2009) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0012844 · Cited by 781
Do perceived autonomy-supportive and controlling teaching relate to physical education students' motivational experiences through unique pathways? Distinguishing between the bright and dark side of motivation
Haerens, L., Aelterman, N., Vansteenkiste, M., Soenens, B., & Van Petegem, S. (2015) · Psychology of Sport and Exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2014.08.013 · Cited by 747
Why students become more engaged or more disengaged during the semester: A self-determination theory dual-process model
Jang, H., Kim, E. J., & Reeve, J. (2016) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2016.01.002 · Cited by 738
Rumination as a mechanism linking stressful life events to symptoms of depression and anxiety: Longitudinal evidence in early adolescents and adults.
Michl, L. C., McLaughlin, K. A., Shepherd, K., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2013) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0031994 · Cited by 694
The Role of Conspiracist Ideation and Worldviews in Predicting Rejection of Science
Lewandowsky, S., Gignac, G. E., & Oberauer, K. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0075637 · Cited by 693
Psychosocial causes and consequences of pathological gaming
Lemmens, J. S., Valkenburg, P. M., & Peter, J. (2010) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2010.07.015 · Cited by 688
Psychometric evaluation of the altered states of consciousness rating scale (OAV)
Studerus, E., Gamma, A., & Vollenweider, F. X. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012412 · Cited by 683
The curiosity and exploration inventory-II: Development, factor structure, and psychometrics
Kashdan, T. B., Gallagher, M. W., Silvia, P. J., Winterstein, B. P., Breen, W. E., Terhar, D., & Steger, M. F. (2009) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2009.04.011 · Cited by 674
Differential Effects of Right Wing Authoritarianism and Social Dominance Orientation on Outgroup Attitudes and Their Mediation by Threat From and Competitiveness to Outgroups
Duckitt, J. H. (2006) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167205284282 · Cited by 657
Leader–member exchange and affective organizational commitment: The contribution of supervisor's organizational embodiment.
Eisenberger, R., Karagonlar, G., Stinglhamber, F., Neves, P., Becker, T. E., Gonzalez-Morales, M. G., & Steiger-Mueller, M. (2010) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0020858 · Cited by 652
Parent and Teacher SNAP-IV Ratings of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms
Bussing, R., Fernandez, M. A., Harwood, M. D., Hou, W., GARVAN, C. W., Eyberg, S. M., & Swanson, J. M. (2008) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191107313888 · Cited by 652
Prosocial Behavior in Adolescence: Gender Differences in Development and Links with Empathy
der Graaff, J. V., Carlo, G., Crocetti, E., Koot, H. M., & Branje, S. (2017) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-017-0786-1 · Cited by 651
On the Validity and Utility of Discriminating Among Impulsivity-Like Traits
Smith, G. T., Fischer, S. F., Cyders, M. A., Annus, A. M., Spillane, N. S., & McCarthy, D. M. (2007) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191106295527 · Cited by 631
Corporate psychopathy: talking the walk.
Babiak, P., Neumann, C. S., & Hare, R. D. (2010) · Behavioral Sciences & the Law · doi:10.1002/bsl.925 · Cited by 628
An empirical assessment of the EFQM Excellence Model: Evaluation as a TQM framework relative to the MBNQA Model
Llusar, J. C. B., Tena, A. B. E., Roca‐Puig, V., & Martín, I. B. (2008) · Journal of Operations Management · doi:10.1016/j.jom.2008.04.001 · Cited by 627
Competency development and career success: The mediating role of employability
Vos, A. D., Hauw, S. D., & HEIJDEN, B. I. J. M. V. D. (2011) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2011.05.010 · Cited by 620
How transformational leadership and employee motivation combine to predict employee proenvironmental behaviors in China
Graves, L. M., Sarkis, J., & Zhu, Q. (2013) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2013.05.002 · Cited by 614
Perceived Discrimination and Substance Use in African American Parents and Their Children: A Panel Study.
Gibbons, F. X., Gerrard, M., Cleveland, M. J., Wills, T. A., & Brody, G. H. (2004) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.86.4.517 · Cited by 601
Authenticity in branding – exploring antecedents and consequences of brand authenticity
Fritz, K., Schoenmueller, V., & Bruhn, M. (2017) · European Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1108/ejm-10-2014-0633 · Cited by 592
Gender-nonconforming lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth: School victimization and young adult psychosocial adjustment.
Toomey, R. B., Ryan, C., Díaz, R. M., Card, N. A., & Russell, S. T. (2010) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0020705 · Cited by 589
The Hierarchical Structure of Well‐Being
Gallagher, M. W., Lopez, S. J., & Preacher, K. J. (2009) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00573.x · Cited by 588
A Non-arbitrary Method of Identifying and Scaling Latent Variables in SEM and MACS Models
Little, T. D., Slegers, D. W., & Card, N. A. (2006) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1207/s15328007sem1301_3 · Cited by 587
Self-citation
A random walk down university avenue: Life paths, life events, and personality trait change at the transition to university life.
Lüdtke, O., Roberts, B. W., Trautwein, U., & Nagy, G. (2011) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0023743 · Cited by 574
Modeling General and Specific Variance in Multifaceted Constructs: A Comparison of the Bifactor Model to Other Approaches
Chen, F. F., Hayes, A. M., Carver, C. S., Laurenceau, J., & Zhang, Z. (2011) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2011.00739.x · Cited by 573
Effects of networking on career success: A longitudinal study.
Wolff, H., & Moser, K. (2009) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0013350 · Cited by 572
Examining workplace mindfulness and its relations to job performance and turnover intention
Dane, E., & Brummel, B. J. (2014) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/0018726713487753 · Cited by 568
Assessing the impact of common method variance on higher order multidimensional constructs.
Johnson, R. E., Rosen, C. C., & Djurdjevic, E. (2010) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0021504 · Cited by 568
Work engagement, performance, and active learning: The role of conscientiousness
Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & ten Brummelhuis, L. L. (2011) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2011.08.008 · Cited by 561
Social Dominance Orientation
Ho, A. K., Sidanius, J., Pratto, F., Levin, S., Thomsen, L., Kteily, N., & Sheehy-Skeffington, J. A. (2012) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167211432765 · Cited by 543
Pedagogical content knowledge and content knowledge of secondary mathematics teachers.
Krauß, S., Brunner, M., Kunter, M., Baumert, J., Blum, W. F., Neubrand, M., & Jordan, A. (2008) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.100.3.716 · Cited by 539
Adolescents’ identity experiments on the internet
Valkenburg, P. M., Schouten, A. P., & Peter, J. (2005) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/1461444805052282 · Cited by 532
Wellbeing costs of technology use during Covid-19 Remote working: an investigation using the Italian translation of the technostress creators scale
Molino, M., Ingusci, E., Signore, F., Manuti, A., Giancaspro, M. L., Russo, V., Zito, M., & Cortese, C. G. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12155911 · Cited by 532
Self-Regulation of Creativity at Work: The Role of Feedback-Seeking Behavior in Creative Performance
Stobbeleir, K. E. M. D., Ashford, S. J., & Buyens, D. (2011) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2011.64870144 · Cited by 530
Delineating components of emotion and its dysregulation in anxiety and mood psychopathology
Mennin, D. S., Holaway, R. M., Fresco, D. M., Moore, M. T., & Heimberg, R. G. (2007) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2006.09.001 · Cited by 527
Same difference? Exploring the differential mechanisms linking servant leadership and transformational leadership to follower outcomes
van Dierendonck, D., Stam, D., Boersma, P., de Windt, N., & Alkema, J. (2014) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2013.11.014 · Cited by 525
Authentic Leadership and Behavioral Integrity as Drivers of Follower Commitment and Performance
Leroy, H., Palanski, M. E., & Simons, T. (2012) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-011-1036-1 · Cited by 525
Economic Stress, Parenting, and Child Adjustment in Mexican American and European American Families
Parke, R. D., Coltrane, S., Duffy, S., Buriel, R., Dennis, J. M., Powers, J. C., French, S. E., & Widaman, K. F. (2004) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00807.x · Cited by 525
Self-citation
Manifest variable path analysis: Potentially serious and misleading consequences due to uncorrected measurement error.
Cole, D. A., & Preacher, K. J. (2013) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/a0033805 · Cited by 518
Psychological inflexibility in childhood and adolescence: development and evaluation of the Avoidance and Fusion Questionnaire for Youth
Greco, L. A., Lambert, W., & Baer, R. A. (2008) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.20.2.93 · Cited by 514
Structural Equation Modeling
Ullman, J. B., & Bentler, P. M. (2012) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118133880.hop202023 · Cited by 511
Moving Forward from Project Failure: Negative Emotions, Affective Commitment, and Learning from the Experience
Shepherd, D. A., Patzelt, H., & Wolfe, M. T. (2011) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2010.0102 · Cited by 509
Assessing Common Method Bias: Problems with the ULMC Technique1
Chin, W. W., Thatcher, J. B., & Wright, R. T. (2012) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.2307/41703491 · Cited by 505
Resource orchestration in practice: CEO emphasis on SHRM , commitment‐based HR systems, and firm performance
Chadwick, C., Super, J. F., & Kwon, K. (2013) · Strategic Management Journal · doi:10.1002/smj.2217 · Cited by 503
Does Social Connectedness Promote a Greater Sense of Well‐Being in Adolescence Over Time?
Jose, P. E., Ryan, N., & Pryor, J. (2012) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2012.00783.x · Cited by 488
Job crafting and job performance: A longitudinal study
Tims, M., Bakker, A. B., & Derks, D. (2014) · European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1080/1359432x.2014.969245 · Cited by 488
Relationships between Authentic Leadership, Moral Courage, and Ethical and Pro-Social Behaviors
Hannah, S. T., Avolio, B. J., & Walumbwa, F. O. (2011) · Business Ethics Quarterly · doi:10.5840/beq201121436 · Cited by 479
Relationships between self-determination and postschool outcomes for youth with disabilities
Shogren, K. A., Wehmeyer, M. L., Palmer, S. B., Rifenbark, G. G., & Little, T. D. (2015) · The Journal of Special Education · doi:10.1177/0022466913489733 · Cited by 468
Self-citation
Bridging the gap between green behavioral intentions and employee green behavior: The role of green psychological climate
Norton, T. A., Zacher, H., Parker, S. L., & Ashkanasy, N. M. (2017) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.2178 · Cited by 468
Construction and initial validation of the Gendered Racial Microaggressions Scale for Black women.
Lewis, J. A., & Neville, H. A. (2015) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/cou0000062 · Cited by 468
Psychologically controlling teaching: Examining outcomes, antecedents, and mediators.
Soenens, B., Sierens, E., Vansteenkiste, M., Dochy, F. J. R. C., & Goossens, L. (2011) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0025742 · Cited by 466
A Critical Examination of Common Beliefs About Partial Least Squares Path Modeling
Rönkkö, M., & Evermann, J. (2013) · Organizational Research Methods · doi:10.1177/1094428112474693 · Cited by 465
Assessing teacher candidates' general pedagogical/psychological knowledge: Test construction and validation.
Voss, T., Kunter, M., & Baumert, J. (2011) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0025125 · Cited by 464
A Tutorial on Hierarchically Structured Constructs
Brunner, M., Nagy, G., & Wilhelm, O. (2012) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2011.00749.x · Cited by 459
When employees strike back: Investigating mediating mechanisms between psychological contract breach and workplace deviance.
Bordia, P., Restubog, S. L. D., & Tang, R. L. (2008) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.93.5.1104 · Cited by 458
Employee psychological well-being and job performance: exploring mediating and moderating mechanisms
Kundi, Y. M., Aboramadan, M., Elhamalawi, E. M. I., & Shahid, S. (2020) · International journal of organizational analysis · doi:10.1108/ijoa-05-2020-2204 · Cited by 449
Authentic Leadership, Authentic Followership, Basic Need Satisfaction, and Work Role Performance: A Cross-Level Study
Leroy, H., Anseel, F., Gardner, W. L., & Sels, L. (2015) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206312457822 · Cited by 447
A test of the extended intergroup contact hypothesis: The mediating role of intergroup anxiety, perceived ingroup and outgroup norms, and inclusion of the outgroup in the self.
Turner, R. N., Hewstone, M., Voci, A., & Vonofakou, C. (2008) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0011434 · Cited by 445
Perceived partner support in pregnancy predicts lower maternal and infant distress.
Stapleton, L. R. T., Schetter, C. D., Westling, E. H., Rini, C. K., Glynn, L. M., Hobel, C. J., & Sandman, C. A. (2012) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0028332 · Cited by 436
Screening for Dark Personalities
Paulhus, D. L., Buckels, E. E., Trapnell, P. D., & Jones, D. N. (2020) · European Journal of Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1027/1015-5759/a000602 · Cited by 436
Linking Empowering Leadership to Job Satisfaction, Work Effort, and Creativity
Amundsen, S., & Martinsen, Ø. L. (2015) · Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies · doi:10.1177/1548051814565819 · Cited by 435
Examining the factor structure of the 39-item and 15-item versions of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire before and after mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for people with recurrent depression.
Gu, J., Strauss, C., Crane, C., Barnhofer, T., Karl, A., Cavanagh, K., & Kuyken, W. (2016) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000263 · Cited by 431
Mindfulness at Work: Positive Affect, Hope, and Optimism Mediate the Relationship Between Dispositional Mindfulness, Work Engagement, and Well-Being
Malinowski, P., & Lim, H. J. (2015) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-015-0388-5 · Cited by 428
Linking proactive personality and the Big Five to motivation to learn and development activity.
Major, D. A., Turner, J. E., & Fletcher, T. D. (2006) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.91.4.927 · Cited by 424
Positive expectancies and mental health: Identifying the unique contributions of hope and optimism
Gallagher, M. W., & Lopez, S. J. (2009) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760903157166 · Cited by 424
Mediating role of resilience in the impact of mindfulness on life satisfaction and affect as indices of subjective well-being
Bajaj, B., & Pande, N. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.09.005 · Cited by 422
Gameful Experience in Gamification: Construction and Validation of a Gameful Experience Scale [GAMEX]
Eppmann, R., Bekk, M., & Klein, K. (2018) · Journal of Interactive Marketing · doi:10.1016/j.intmar.2018.03.002 · Cited by 420
An Extended Privacy Calculus Model for SNSs: Analyzing Self-Disclosure and Self-Withdrawal in a Representative U.S. Sample
Dienlin, T., & Metzger, M. J. (2016) · Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication · doi:10.1111/jcc4.12163 · Cited by 417

Authors: Little, T. D., Cunningham, W. A., Shahar, G., & Widaman, K. F.
Affiliations: Yale University (US)
University of California, Davis (US)
ORCID: Little, Todd D.
Cunningham, William A.
Shahar, Golan
Widaman, Keith F.
Venue: Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2002-04
Volume: 9
Issue: 2
Pages: 151-173
ISSN: 1070-5511 (ISSN-L)
1532-8007
DOI: 10.1207/s15328007sem0902_1
OpenAlex: W2006763260
Cited by: 6,552
References: 33
Citations by year: 2026: 467 · 2025: 345 · 2024: 328 · 2023: 358 · 2022: 431 · 2021: 423 · 2020: 426 · 2019: 432 · 2018: 372 · 2017: 367 · 2016: 380 · 2015: 343 · 2014: 345 · 2013: 303 · 2012: 304
FWCI: 51.33
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal (publishedVersion)
Funders: Yale University
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
Keywords: parceling, manifest variables, measurement structure, construct measurement, dimensionality, measurement invariance

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

To Parcel or Not to Parcel: Exploring the Question, Weighing the Merits

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks