Pattern of Oxytocin Concentrations in the Plasma and Cerebrospinal Fluid of Lactating Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca mulatto,): Evidence for Functionally Independent Oxytocinergic Pathways in Primates*
Abstract
Two populations of oxytocin-staining neurons have been identified in the paraventricular nucleus: magnocellular neurons that terminate in the posterior pituitary and parvocellular neurons that terminate elsewhere in the central nervous system. Whether these oxytocin neurons are functionally separate was tested by measuring oxytocin concentrations in samples of peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) obtained simultaneously from lactating rhesus monkeys during suckling. Lactating animals bearing temporary subarachnoid and venous catheters were maintained in a constant photoperiod (0600-1800 h). Samples of CSF were continuously withdrawn by peristaltic pump (0.1 mL/15 min) for 2-4 consecutive days from subarachnoid catheters with the tips placed at the T12-L1 level of the spinal column in four lactating monkeys 4 months postpartum and again after weaning. On 2 of these days, we observed and recorded periods of infant suckling and collected peripheral blood samples (1.2 mL) from the mother at 5-min intervals for 60 min. Oxytocin was measured in blood and CSF by RIA. Oxytocin concentrations increased in the plasma of the lactating monkeys during periods of nursing, with peak concentrations ranging from 4-16.7 microU/mL. No increase in plasma oxytocin was found on the day after the infant was weaned. Variations in the concentrations of oxytocin in CSF were independent of the suckling stimulus and plasma oxytocin concentrations and occurred during observed periods of no nipple contact by the infant and at the time of weaning after the infant had been removed from the mother. Each lactating animal also displayed a normal circadian variation in CSF oxytocin concentrations, with peak and nadir levels during light and dark hours, respectively. We conclude that release of oxytocin into the CSF of lactating monkeys is disassociated from release into the peripheral circulation. The data further support the conclusion that neuronal pathways giving rise to oxytocin in the CSF and the periphery are anatomically and functionally separate in primates.
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In lactating rhesus monkeys, Amico et al. found that CSF oxytocin variations were independent of the suckling stimulus and plasma oxytocin concentrations, and noted that CSF but not plasma levels show a circadian variation; they concluded that oxytocin release into CSF is disassociated from release into the peripheral circulation.
“In lactating rhesus monkeys, Amico et al. (86) found that”
From Intranasal Oxytocin: Myths and Delusions (2016) · cites this paper as [86]
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Bastos, R., da Costa, M. J. R. P., & Antunes-Rodrigues, J. (2013) · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.3348399
Oxytocin, Vasopressin, and Development of Social Behavior in Primates
Bales, K. L. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-804042-3.00094-4
Sassano, M. F. (2019) · Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) · doi:10.17615/wwr3-7m34
Bales, K. L. (2017) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119179313.wbprim0107
Coppeto, D. J., Ringen, E. J., Palmieri, V., Young, L. J., & Jaeggi, A. V. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4453009
Volume Transmission of Neurotransmitters and Neuropeptides in the Brain
Rodríguez-Cortés, B., Chachlaki, K., & Prévot, V. (2025) · Masterclass in neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-80209-6_3
Manca, C., Paulus, J. P., Almeida, A. J. D., Caceres, A., Sosnowski, M. J., Hobson, B. A., Ferrer, E. E., Chaudhari, A. J., & Bales, K. L. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.02.17.706461
Circuits neuronaux sous-tendant la régulation émotionnelle par le système ocytocinergique
Goyon, S. (2018) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/c8c9bec0z7b79z4826z862az93b128e1ada6
- Authors
- AMICO, J. A., CHALLINOR, S. M., & CAMERON, J. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- ORCID
- CAMERON, JUDY L.
- Venue
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
- Publisher
- The Endocrine Society
- Published
- 1990-12
- Volume
- 71
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1531-1535
- ISSN
- 0021-972X (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7197
- OpenAlex
- W2014326010
- Cited by
- 87
- References
- 16
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 0.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01hd019787-03, 5r01hd020789-03)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD 08610, HD-19787, HD20789)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
- Keywords
- oxytocin, cerebrospinal fluid, plasma oxytocin, lactation, rhesus monkeys, suckling, weaning, paraventricular nucleus, magnocellular neurons, parvocellular neurons, circadian rhythm, postpartum period
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Circadian Rhythm, Female, Lactation, Macaca mulatta, Oxytocin
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