The DOI matches its Crossref record; 52 of the 52 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 3 of the 17 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index: A Simple, Accurate Method for Assessing Insulin Sensitivity In Humans
Abstract
Insulin resistance plays an important role in the pathophysiology of diabetes and is associated with obesity and other cardiovascular risk factors. The "gold standard" glucose clamp and minimal model analysis are two established methods for determining insulin sensitivity in vivo, but neither is easily implemented in large studies. Thus, it is of interest to develop a simple, accurate method for assessing insulin sensitivity that is useful for clinical investigations. We performed both hyperinsulinemic isoglycemic glucose clamp and insulin-modified frequently sampled iv glucose tolerance tests on 28 nonobese, 13 obese, and 15 type 2 diabetic subjects. We obtained correlations between indexes of insulin sensitivity from glucose clamp studies (SI(Clamp)) and minimal model analysis (SI(MM)) that were comparable to previous reports (r = 0.57). We performed a sensitivity analysis on our data and discovered that physiological steady state values [i.e. fasting insulin (I(0)) and glucose (G(0))] contain critical information about insulin sensitivity. We defined a quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI = 1/[log(I(0)) + log(G(0))]) that has substantially better correlation with SI(Clamp) (r = 0.78) than the correlation we observed between SI(MM) and SI(Clamp). Moreover, we observed a comparable overall correlation between QUICKI and SI(Clamp) in a totally independent group of 21 obese and 14 nonobese subjects from another institution. We conclude that QUICKI is an index of insulin sensitivity obtained from a fasting blood sample that may be useful for clinical research.
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Claims the paper makes
45 Own result · 21 Own interpretation · 8 No basis given · 3 Sources not found · 3 No full text of the sources · 2 Supported so far · 2 Not checked yet · 2 Own method · 1 Partly supported · accuracy not yet measured
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“A well accepted alternative for estimating insulin sensitivity involves minimal model analysis of a frequently sampled iv glucose tolerance test (FSIVGTT) (9 -11).”
§ Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index: A Simple, Accurate Method for Assessing Insulin Sensitivity In Humans > I NSULIN IS
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [9] Bergman, 1987, Equivalence of the insulin sensitivity index in man derived by the minimal model method and the euglycemic glucose clamp., J Clin Invest source
The Introduction describes minimal-model analysis of a frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test as an alternative to the glucose clamp. The Discussion reports that it yielded an equivalent measure of insulin sensitivity in the study, while noting that wider validation would be needed before recommending general use. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [10] 1989, Lilly lecture 1989. Toward physiological understanding of glucose tolerance. Minimal-model approach., Diabetes source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [11] Saad, 1997, Differences between the tolbutamide-boosted and the insulin-modified minimal model protocols., Diabetes source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, we observed a comparable overall correlation between QUICKI and SI Clamp in a totally independent group of 21 obese and 14 nonobese subjects from another institution.”
§ Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index: A Simple, Accurate Method for Assessing Insulin Sensitivity In Humans > Abstract
plaincorrelationaln = 14- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, as expected, the obese and diabetic subjects were significantly more insulin resistant than the nonobese subjects (P Ͻ 2 ϫ 10 Ϫ5 ).”
- Also stated in: § Glucose clamp and minimal model estimates of insulin sensitivity · plain
“As expected, when subjects were evaluated with the gold standard glucose clamp method, obese subjects were more insulin resistant, on the average, than nonobese subjects, and diabetics were the most insulin-resistant group.”
§ Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index: A Simple, Accurate Method for Assessing Insulin Sensitivity In Humans > Glucose clamp studies
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Glucose clamp and minimal model estimates of insulin sensitivity · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We performed a sensitivity analysis on our data and discovered that physiological steady state values [i.e.fasting insulin (I 0 ) and glucose (G 0 )] contain critical information about insulin sensitivity.”
§ Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index: A Simple, Accurate Method for Assessing Insulin Sensitivity In Humans > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, the linear regression analysis of the subgroups corresponded more closely to the overall regression line when comparing QUICKI and SI Clamp .”
§ Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index: A Simple, Accurate Method for Assessing Insulin Sensitivity In Humans > QUICKI
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, QUICKI derived from the average results of two fasting blood samples (over 10 min) was similar to QUICKI calculated from a single sample.”
§ Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index: A Simple, Accurate Method for Assessing Insulin Sensitivity In Humans > QUICKI
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Interestingly, we found that the product of fasting insulin and glucose yielded an index of insulin sensitivity that was applicable to both dia-betic and nondiabetic subjects.”
§ Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index: A Simple, Accurate Method for Assessing Insulin Sensitivity In Humans > QUICKI
plaincorrelationaln = 3- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The basal glucose levels in the diabetic group were significantly elevated compared with those in the other groups (166 Ϯ 15 mg/dL; P Ͻ 4 ϫ 10 Ϫ5 ).”
§ Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index: A Simple, Accurate Method for Assessing Insulin Sensitivity In Humans > Insulin-modified FSIVGTT studies
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Note that in contrast to the minimal model-derived SI MM , we were able to calculate meaningful values of QUICKI for all diabetic subjects studied.”
§ Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index: A Simple, Accurate Method for Assessing Insulin Sensitivity In Humans > Correlations between indexes of insulin sensitivity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“QUICKI was calculated for all study subjects (mean, 0.382 Ϯ 0.007, 0.331 Ϯ 0.010, and 0.304 Ϯ 0.007 for nonobese, obese, and diabetic subjects, respectively).”
§ Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index: A Simple, Accurate Method for Assessing Insulin Sensitivity In Humans > QUICKI
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 6
- It may state two separate claims as one. 15
- The quote only partly states this claim. 2
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Alternatively, periodic oscillations in insulin secretion (both ultradian and 10-to 15-min periods) have been reported in healthy subjects and may also contribute to the weaker correlation in this subgroup (21,22).”
§ Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index: A Simple, Accurate Method for Assessing Insulin Sensitivity In Humans > QUICKI
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [21] Polonsky, 1998, Temporal profiles and clinical significance of pulsatile insulin secretion., Horm Res source
- Supportedcites [22] Polonsky, 1988, Twenty-four-hour profiles and pulsatile patterns of insulin secretion in normal and obese subjects., J Clin Invest source
The Discussion ('O Normal') describes rapid insulin pulsations in the 10–14-minute range and slower ultradian oscillations of 1–3 hours. It presents the slower oscillations in normal subjects as a finding of this study and reports the rapid pulsations from earlier studies, supporting the claim that both have been reported in healthy subjects. (LLM, conf=0.93)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Alternatively, periodic oscillations in insulin secretion (both ultradian and 10-to 15-min periods) have been reported in healthy subjects and may also contribute to the weaker correlation in this subgroup (21,22).”
§ Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index: A Simple, Accurate Method for Assessing Insulin Sensitivity In Humans > QUICKI
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [21] Polonsky, 1998, Temporal profiles and clinical significance of pulsatile insulin secretion., Horm Res source
- Partly supportedcites [22] Polonsky, 1988, Twenty-four-hour profiles and pulsatile patterns of insulin secretion in normal and obese subjects., J Clin Invest sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The discussion (section “O Normal”; page not provided) reports ultradian insulin-secretion oscillations in normal subjects and describes rapid 10–14-minute pulsations. It does not examine QUICKI, clamp-derived insulin sensitivity, or whether oscillations weaken the correlation between them in a nonobese subgroup. (LLM, conf=0.86)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We obtained correlations between indexes of insulin sensitivity from glucose clamp studies (SI Clamp ) and minimal model analysis (SI MM ) that were com-parable to previous reports (r ϭ 0.57).”
- Also stated in: § Correlations between indexes of insulin sensitivity · plain
“The overall correlation coefficient (r) calculated from a linear least squares regression was 0.57 (P Ͻ 2 ϫ 10 Ϫ5 ).”
§ Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index: A Simple, Accurate Method for Assessing Insulin Sensitivity In Humans > Abstract
plaincorrelationaln = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Correlations between indexes of insulin sensitivity · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, linear regression analysis for the subgroups revealed that the regression line for the diabetic and obese subgroups had a very different slope than that for the nonobese group.”
§ Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index: A Simple, Accurate Method for Assessing Insulin Sensitivity In Humans > Correlations between indexes of insulin sensitivity
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When correlations between QUICKI and SI Clamp were calculated for each group separately, we found that r ϭ 0.49 for nonobese subjects (P Ͻ 0.01), r ϭ 0.89 for obese subjects (P Ͻ 2 ϫ 10 Ϫ5 ), and r ϭ 0.7 for diabetic subjects (P Ͻ 4 ϫ 10 Ϫ3 ).”
§ Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index: A Simple, Accurate Method for Assessing Insulin Sensitivity In Humans > Correlations between indexes of insulin sensitivity
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reassuringly, in these independent studies, we found that the overall correlation between QUICKI and SI Clamp was similar to that in our original analysis (r ϭ 0.77; P Ͻ 2 ϫ 10 Ϫ11 ).”
§ Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index: A Simple, Accurate Method for Assessing Insulin Sensitivity In Humans > Correlations between indexes of insulin sensitivity
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both obese and diabetic subjects had significantly greater BMIs and fasting insulin levels than the nonobese subjects (P Ͻ 6 ϫ 10 Ϫ6 ), consistent with the presence of obesity and insulin resistance.”
§ Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index: A Simple, Accurate Method for Assessing Insulin Sensitivity In Humans > Study subjects
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This analysis yielded r ϭ 0.74 for obese subjects (n ϭ 21) and r ϭ 0.91 for nonobese subjects (n ϭ 14), with an overall correlation coefficient of r ϭ 0.90 (n ϭ 35).”
§ Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index: A Simple, Accurate Method for Assessing Insulin Sensitivity In Humans > Correlations between indexes of insulin sensitivity
plaincorrelationaln = 35- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the correlation coefficient for the nonobese subgroup was 0.49, and the greatest variability in the correlation between QUICKI and SI Clamp was observed among the most insulin-sensitive subjects.”
§ Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index: A Simple, Accurate Method for Assessing Insulin Sensitivity In Humans > QUICKI
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As expected, the fasting glucose levels for both nonobese and obese groups were normal, whereas the diabetic group had elevated levels.”
§ Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index: A Simple, Accurate Method for Assessing Insulin Sensitivity In Humans > Study subjects
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similar to our results from glucose clamp studies (and in contrast to minimal model results), insulin sensitivity as assessed by QUICKI was highest in the nonobese group, intermediate in the obese group, and lowest in the diabetic group.”
§ Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index: A Simple, Accurate Method for Assessing Insulin Sensitivity In Humans > QUICKI
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Insulin resistance plays an important role in the pathophysiology of diabetes and is associated with obesity and other cardiovascular risk factors.”
- Also stated in: § I NSULIN IS · plain
“plays an important pathophysiological role in diabetes (1,2).”
§ Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index: A Simple, Accurate Method for Assessing Insulin Sensitivity In Humans > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [1] 1988, Lilly lecture 1987. The triumvirate: β-cell, muscle, liver. A collusion responsible for NIDDM., Diabetes
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [2] DeFronzo, 1992, Pathogenesis of NIDDM. A balanced overview., Diabetes Care source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Also stated in: § I NSULIN IS · plain
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Steady state conditions were generally achieved about 2 h after the initiation of each study and were maintained for at least 60 min.”
§ Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index: A Simple, Accurate Method for Assessing Insulin Sensitivity In Humans > Glucose clamp studies
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The overall correlation we obtained between SI Clamp and SI MM was comparable to previous reports whose study subjects included diabetics, suggesting that our studies were technically adequate.”
§ Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index: A Simple, Accurate Method for Assessing Insulin Sensitivity In Humans > Glucose clamp and minimal model estimates of insulin sensitivity
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, QUICKI provides a reproducible and robust estimate of insulin sensitivity, because equally strong correlations with SI Clamp were obtained when fasting data from either the glucose clamp or FSIVGTT studies were used to calculate QUICKI.”
§ Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index: A Simple, Accurate Method for Assessing Insulin Sensitivity In Humans > QUICKI
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, this effect is unlikely to be occurring in our studies, because fasting samples were obtained at the same time in the morning for each subject, and calculating QUICKI from the average of several blood samples (instead of a single sample) did not significantly affect our correlations.”
§ Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index: A Simple, Accurate Method for Assessing Insulin Sensitivity In Humans > QUICKI
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, in analyzing an independent dataset, we observed very similar correlations between QUICKI and SI Clamp , strongly suggesting that QUICKI is a robust index of insulin sensitivity.”
§ Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index: A Simple, Accurate Method for Assessing Insulin Sensitivity In Humans > Relative merits of QUICKI
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The inability of the minimal model to identify meaningful values for SI MM in a large fraction of our diabetic subjects is consistent with the experience of others and is most likely related to well described difficulties in estimating SI MM under conditions of inadequate insulin secretion (12).”
§ Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index: A Simple, Accurate Method for Assessing Insulin Sensitivity In Humans > Glucose clamp and minimal model estimates of insulin sensitivity
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [12] Saad, 1994, A comparison between the minimal model and the glucose clamp in the assessment of insulin sensitivity across the spectrum of glucose tolerance. Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study., Diabetes source
hedgedconditionaln = 7- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Studies in the same subject were performed at least 1 week apart, and the order of the studies was randomized.”
§ Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index: A Simple, Accurate Method for Assessing Insulin Sensitivity In Humans > Subjects and Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We conclude that QUICKI is an index of insulin sensitivity obtained from a fasting blood sample that may be useful for clinical research.”
§ Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index: A Simple, Accurate Method for Assessing Insulin Sensitivity In Humans > Abstract
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“QUICKI is a novel, simple, accurate, and reproducible method for determining insulin sensitivity in humans that may be a useful tool in large epidemiological investigations that study the role of insulin resistance in the pathophysiology of important public health problems such as obesity, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes.”
§ Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index: A Simple, Accurate Method for Assessing Insulin Sensitivity In Humans > Relative merits of QUICKI
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Potential limitations to QUICKI include difficulty in applying it to subjects with type 1 diabetes who lack endogenous insulin secretion.”
§ Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index: A Simple, Accurate Method for Assessing Insulin Sensitivity In Humans > Relative merits of QUICKI
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
The glucose clamp is the gold standard method for directly measuring insulin sensitivity in vivo.
“Although the glucose clamp is considered to be the gold standard method for directly measuring insulin sensitivity in vivo, it can be implemented in a number of different ways.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The distribution of fasting insulin values is skewed.
“One rational for these transformations is the fact that the distribution of fasting insulin values is skewed.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“A recent placebo-controlled trial of ursodiol in NASH found that a proportion of patients receiving placebo had decreases in steatosis, but that improvements in inflammation and cell injury were uncommon.30”
From A pilot study of pioglitazone treatment for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (2004) · cites this paper as [30]
In the citing paper
“ndirect estimates of insulin resistance, such as HOMA-IR 63 and QUICKI, 64 are derived from fasting S-insulin and glucose concentrations and have been widely used in both nondiabetic and type 2 diabetic subjects as surrogates of insulin sensitivity.65,66”
From Increased liver fat, impaired insulin clearance, and hepatic and adipose tissue insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes. (2008) · cites this paper as [64]
Citations
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Report of the Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus
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Glucose clamp technique: a method for quantifying insulin secretion and resistance.
DeFronzo, R. A., Tobin, J. D., & Andres, R. (1979) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1979.237.3.e214 · Cited by 7,425
Report of the Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus
The Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus (1997) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.20.7.1183 · Cited by 6,220
The Triumvirate: β-Cell, Muscle, Liver: A Collusion Responsible for NIDDM
DeFronzo, R. A. (1988) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.37.6.667 · Cited by 2,456
Pathogenesis of NIDDM. A balanced overview.
DeFronzo, R. A., Bonadonna, R. C., & Ferrannini, E. (1992) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.15.3.318 · Cited by 2,085
Reaven, G. M., Lithell, H., & Landsberg, L. (1996) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199602083340607 · Cited by 1,435
Toward Physiological Understanding of Glucose Tolerance: Minimal-Model Approach
Bergman, R. N. (1989) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.38.12.1512 · Cited by 1,001
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Use and Abuse of HOMA Modeling
Wallace, T. M., Levy, J. C., & Matthews, D. R. (2004) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.27.6.1487 · Cited by 5,114
“The Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index (QUICKI) (29) is identical to the simple equation form of the HOMA model in all comparative respects, except that QUICKI uses a log transform of the insulin glucose product.”
MethodInfluentialTaheri, S., Lin, L., Austin, D., Young, T., & Mignot, E. (2004) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0010062 · Cited by 2,477
“The quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) was 1/(log (I)þ log (G)), where I is fasting insulin and G is fasting glucose [15,16].”
Skeletal Muscle Insulin Resistance Is the Primary Defect in Type 2 Diabetes
DeFronzo, R. A., & Tripathy, D. (2009) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc09-s302 · Cited by 2,102
A Randomized Trial of a Low-Carbohydrate Diet for Obesity
Foster, G. D., Wyatt, H. R., Hill, J. O., McGuckin, B. G., Brill, C., Mohammed, B. S., Szapary, P. O., Rader, D. J., Edman, J. S., & Klein, S. (2003) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa022207 · Cited by 1,794
Muniyappa, R., Lee, S., Chen, H., & Quon, M. J. (2008) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00645.2007 · Cited by 1,643
“Over a wide range of insulin sensitivity/resistance, QUICKI has a substantially better linear correlation with SIclamp (r 0.8–0.9) than SI derived from the minimal model or HOMA-IR (22, 56, 65).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationCost of Lost Productive Work Time Among US Workers With Depression
Stewart, W. F. (2003) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.289.23.3135 · Cited by 1,421
Bugianesi, E., Leone, N., Vanni, E., Marchesini, G., Brunello, F., CARUCCI, P., Musso, A., Paolis, P. D., Capussotti, L., Salizzoni, M., et al. (2002) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/gast.2002.34168 · Cited by 1,436
A Low-Carbohydrate as Compared with a Low-Fat Diet in Severe Obesity
Samaha, F. F., Iqbal, N., Seshadri, P., Chicano, K. L., Daily, D. A., McGrory, J., Williams, T., Williams, M., Gracely, E. J., & Stern, L. (2003) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa022637 · Cited by 1,267
Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine
(2017) · Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.5604/12321966 · Cited by 1,187
A position statement on NAFLD/NASH based on the EASL 2009 special conference
Ratziu, V., Bellentani, S., Cortez‐Pinto, H., Day, C., & Marchesini, G. (2010) · Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2010.04.008 · Cited by 1,083
“The product of glucose and insulin, calculated through the Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA) [128] or the Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index (QUICKI) [129] is a simple method, although assay variability for insulin requires ‘‘normal” values to be defined for each laboratory.”
MethodIncreased visceral fat and decreased energy expenditure during the menopausal transition
Lovejoy, J. C., Champagne, C. M., de Jonge, L., Xie, H., & Smith, S. R. (2008) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2008.25 · Cited by 1,020
Trends in insulin resistance: insights into mechanisms and therapeutic strategy
Li, M., Chi, X., Wang, Y., Setrerrahmane, S., Xie, W., & Xu, H. (2022) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-022-01073-0 · Cited by 939
Laaksonen, D. E. (2002) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwf145 · Cited by 916
“Insulin resistance was also estimated as the bottom 25 percent of insulin sensitivity as measured by a recently validated index (quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI)) based on fasting insulin and glucose concentrations ([log (insulin) + log (glucose)]–1) (18).”
MethodAdams, L. A., Sanderson, S. O., Lindor, K. D., & Angulo, P. (2004) · Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2004.09.012 · Cited by 912
Insulin resistance: a metabolic pathway to chronic liver disease
Bugianesi, E., McCullough, A. J., & Marchesini, G. (2005) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.20920 · Cited by 900
Aschner, P. J., Kipnes, M. S., Lunceford, J. K., Sanchez, M., Mickel, C., Williams‐Herman, D., & for the Sitagliptin Study 021 Group (2006) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc06-0703 · Cited by 876
A single-cell atlas of human and mouse white adipose tissue
Emont, M. P., Jacobs, C., Essene, A. L., Pant, D., Tenen, D., Colleluori, G., Di Vincenzo, A., Jørgensen, A. M., Dashti, H., Stefek, A., et al. (2022) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-022-04518-2 · Cited by 840
Brown Adipose Tissue Improves Whole-Body Glucose Homeostasis and Insulin Sensitivity in Humans
Chondronikola, M., Volpi, E., Børsheim, E., Porter, C. C., Annamalai, P., Enerbäck, S., Lidell, M. E., Saraf, M. K., Labbé, S. M., Hurren, N. M., et al. (2014) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db14-0746 · Cited by 803
“Whole-body insulin-stimulated glucose disposal was evaluated using the insulin sensitivity index (23) and the following formula: glucose disposal (in micromoles per kilogram per minutes)/ steady-state plasma glucose (in milligrams per deciliter) (24).”
MethodBariatric Surgery Reduces Features of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis in Morbidly Obese Patients
Lassailly, G., Caiazzo, R., Buob, D., Pigeyre, M., Verkindt, H., Labreuche, J., Raverdy, V., Leteurtre, E., Dharancy, S., Louvet, A., et al. (2015) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2015.04.014 · Cited by 762
Histopathology of Pediatric Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease * #
Schwimmer, J. B., Behling, C. A., Newbury, R., Deutsch, R., Nievergelt, C. M., Schork, N. J., & Lavine, J. E. (2005) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.20842 · Cited by 752
“5) 0 (0) 0 (0) 1 (2) Hispanic 67 (67) 9 (56) 14 (88) 7 (41) 37 (73) Native American 5 (5) 0 (0) 0 (0) 1 (6) 4 (8) White, non-Hispanic 14 (14) 2 (12.”
Abdul-Ghani, M. A., Tripathy, D., & DeFronzo, R. A. (2006) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc05-2179 · Cited by 744
A pilot study of pioglitazone treatment for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
Promrat, K., Lutchman, G., Uwaifo, G. I., Freedman, R. J., Soza, A., Heller, T., Doo, E., Ghany, M., Premkumar, A., Park, Y., et al. (2004) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.20012 · Cited by 726
“Presence of NASH (%) 17 (94) 6 (33) <0.”
Neuschwander‐Tetri, B. A., Brunt, E. M., Wehmeier, K. R., Oliver, D., & Bacon, B. R. (2003) · Hepatology · doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50420 · Cited by 744
Nauck, M. A., Meininger, G. E., Sheng, D., Terranella, L., Stein, P. P., & Sitagliptin Study 024 Group (2007) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/j.1463-1326.2006.00704.x · Cited by 657
Bello‐Chavolla, O. Y., Almeda‐Valdés, P., Gómez‐Velasco, D., Viveros-Ruiz, T. L., Cruz‐Bautista, I., Romo-Romo, A., Sánchez-Lázaro, D., Meza-Oviedo, D., Vargas‐Vázquez, A., Arellano‐Campos, O., et al. (2018) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-17-0883 · Cited by 707
Surrogate markers of insulin resistance: A review
Singh, B. (2010) · World Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.4239/wjd.v1.i2.36 · Cited by 622
Update on the effects of physical activity on insulin sensitivity in humans
Bird, S. R., & Hawley, J. A. (2017) · BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine · doi:10.1136/bmjsem-2016-000143 · Cited by 646
Curcumin Extract for Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes
Chuengsamarn, S., Rattanamongkolgul, S., Luechapudiporn, R., Phisalaphong, C., & Jirawatnotai, S. (2012) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc12-0116 · Cited by 667
“HOMA-IR was calculated to assess change of IR (22,24).”
MethodDeUgarte, C. M., Bartolucci, A. A., & Azziz, R. (2005) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2004.11.070 · Cited by 589
The metabolically healthy but obese individual presents a favorable inflammation profile
Karelis, A. D., Faraj, M., Bastard, J.-P., St-Pierre, D. H., Brochu, M., Prud’homme, D., & Rabasa-Lhoret, R. (2005) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2005-0482 · Cited by 579
“(18) and quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) was calculated as described previously (19) using the mean of three basal values of plasma glucose and insulin.”
MethodMahfoud, F., Schlaich, M. P., Kindermann, I., Ukena, C., Cremers, B., Brandt, M. C., Hoppe, U. C., Vonend, O., Rump, L. C., Sobotka, P. A., et al. (2011) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.110.991869 · Cited by 577
Muscle and Liver Insulin Resistance Indexes Derived From the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test
Abdul-Ghani, M. A., Matsuda, M., Balas, B., & DeFronzo, R. A. (2006) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc06-1519 · Cited by 555
Grassi, D., Necozione, S., Lippi, C., Croce, G., Valeri, L., Pasqualetti, P., Desideri, G., Blumberg, J. B., & Ferri, C. (2005) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.0000174990.46027.70 · Cited by 546
Moucari, R., Asselah, T., Cazals-Hatem, D. L., Voitot, H., Boyer, N., Ripault, M., Sobesky, R., Martinot-Peignoux, M., Maylin, S., Nicolas-Chanoine, M.-H., et al. (2007) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2007.11.010 · Cited by 541
Kim, S. R., Lee, S.-G., Kim, S. H., Kim, J. H., Choi, E., Cho, W., Rim, J. H., Hwang, I., Lee, C. J., Lee, M., et al. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-15983-6 · Cited by 564
The Gut Microbiota in Prediabetes and Diabetes: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study
Wu, H., Tremaroli, V., Schmidt, C., Lundqvist, A., Olsson, L. M., Kramer, M. M., Gummesson, A., Perkins, R., Bergström, G. M. L., & Bäckhed, F. (2020) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2020.06.011 · Cited by 545
Hermansen, K., Kipnes, M. S., Luo, E., Fanurik, D., Khatami, H., Stein, P., & Sitagliptin Study 035 Group (2007) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/j.1463-1326.2007.00744.x · Cited by 524
Pöykkö, S. M., Kellokoski, E., Hörkkö, S., Kauma, H., Kesäniemi, Y. A., & Ukkola, O. H. (2003) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.52.10.2546 · Cited by 529
“Insulin sensitivity was assessed using fasting plasma insulin concentrations and a quantitative insulin sensitivity check index {QUICKI 1/[log (fasting insulin) log (fasting glucose)]} (27).”
MethodEmmelot-Vonk, M. H., Verhaar, H. J. J., Nakhai Pour, H. R., Aleman, A., Lock, T. M. T. W., Bosch, J. L. H. R., Grobbee, D. E., & van der Schouw, Y. T. (2008) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2007.51 · Cited by 518
Rosenstock, J., Brazg, R., Andryuk, P. J., Lu, K., & Stein, P. (2006) · Clinical Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2006.10.007 · Cited by 514
Improved Endothelial Function With Metformin in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Mather, K. J., Verma, S., & Anderson, T. J. (2001) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(01)01129-9 · Cited by 513
Self-citationGrassi, D., Lippi, C., Necozione, S., Desideri, G., & Ferri, C. (2005) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/81.3.611 · Cited by 510
“Similarly, mean basal values of HOMA-IR, QUICKI, and ISI were also within the range of normality; HOMA-IR was 2.77, QUICKI was 0.331, and ISI was 3.11 (9-12).”
MethodInfluentialGoldstein, B. J., Feinglos, M. N., Lunceford, J. K., Johnson, J., Williams-Herman, D. E., & for the Sitagliptin 036 Study Group (2007) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc07-0627 · Cited by 509
Schwimmer, J. B., Deutsch, R., Rauch, J. B., Behling, C. A., Newbury, R., & Lavine, J. E. (2003) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1067/s0022-3476(03)00325-1 · Cited by 495
Ascaso, J. F., Pardo, S., Real, J. T., Lorente, R. I., Priego, A., & Carmena, R. (2003) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.26.12.3320 · Cited by 490
“Such methods include measurement of fasting plasma insulin levels and 2-h post–75-g oral glucose load, the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) (11), and the mathematical calculations known as the QUICKI (quantitative insulin sensitivity check index) (12) and McAuley (13) indexes.”
MethodGrassi, D., Desideri, G., Necozione, S., Lippi, C., Casale, R., Properzi, G., Blumberg, J. B., & Ferri, C. (2008) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/138.9.1671 · Cited by 481
“In a clinical trial of postmenopausal women, the isoflavone genistein was found to decrease fasting glucose and insulin and HOMA-IR (34).”
MethodInfluentialMathurin, P., Hollebecque, A., Arnalsteen, L., Buob, D., Leteurtre, E., Caiazzo, R. J., Pigeyre, M., Verkindt, H., Dharancy, S., Louvet, A., et al. (2009) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2009.04.052 · Cited by 490
Henegar, C., Tordjman, J., Achard, V., Lacasa, D., Cremer, I., Guerre-Millo, M., Poitou, C., Basdevant, A., Stich, V., Viguerie, N., et al. (2008) · Genome Biology · doi:10.1186/gb-2008-9-1-r14 · Cited by 471
“The calculation was performed for fasting glucose and insulin as described previously [62].”
MethodHarrison, S. A., Fecht, W., Brunt, E. M., & Neuschwander‐Tetri, B. A. (2009) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.22575 · Cited by 470
Rinella, M. E., & Green, R. M. (2003) · Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2003.09.020 · Cited by 462
Gungor, N., Saad, R., Janosky, J., & Arslanian, S. (2004) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2003.09.045 · Cited by 457
Tetri, L. H., Basaranoglu, M., Brunt, E. M., Yerian, L. M., & Neuschwander-Tetri, B. A. (2008) · American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpgi.90272.2008 · Cited by 378
“As an additional estimate of insulin resistance, the quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) of ALIOS and control mice was calculated [1/log(glucose insulin)] with the fasting values (21).”
MethodInsulin resistance in chronic kidney disease: a systematic review
Spoto, B., Pisano, A., & Zoccali, C. (2016) · American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00340.2016 · Cited by 463
“Exclusion criteria: DM, nephrotic syndrome — — QUICKI 39 Sit et al. (187) 2005 N 57; Turkish; HD patients; men, 50.9%; age, 45.9 13.6 yr.”
BackgroundInfluentialDetecting Insulin Resistance in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Purposes and Pitfalls
Legro, R. S., Castracane, V. D., & Kauffman, R. P. (2004) · Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey · doi:10.1097/01.ogx.0000109523.25076.e2 · Cited by 453
“Like HOMA, the quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) can be applied to normoglycemic and hyperglycemic patients (51).”
MethodObesity, insulin resistance, and pregnancy outcome
Catalano, P. M. (2010) · Reproduction · doi:10.1530/rep-10-0088 · Cited by 462
“…methods include measures of fasting glucose and insulin (HOMA (homeostasis model assessment) and QUICKI (quantitative insulin sensitivity check index); Matthews et al. 1985, Katz et al. 2000) as well as models using the oral glucose tolerance test, e.g. as described by Matsuda & DeFronzo (1999).”
MethodFreemark, M., & Bursey, D. (2001) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.107.4.e55 · Cited by 436
Bugianesi, E., Manzini, P. M., D’Antico, S., Vanni, E., Longo, F., Leone, N., Massarenti, P., Piga, A. G., Marchesini, G., & Rizzetto, M. (2004) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.20023 · Cited by 434
Kennedy, L. (2008) · Yearbook of Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0084-3741(08)79145-5 · Cited by 425
Alemzadeh, R., Kichler, J., Babar, G., & Calhoun, M. (2008) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2007.08.023 · Cited by 428
Cacho, J., Sevillano, J., de Castro, J., Herrera, E., & Ramos, P. (2008) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.90207.2008 · Cited by 418
“In the present study, insulin sensitivity assessed with the QUICKI index showed the strongest correlation with direct measurements of insulin sensitivity using the glucose clamp, being as significant as those reported previously in human studies (3, 15).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialBugianesi, E., Pagotto, U., Manini, R., Vanni, E., Gastaldelli, A., IASIO, R. D., Gentilcore, E., Natale, S., Cassader, M., Rizzetto, M., et al. (2005) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2004-2240 · Cited by 410
“Insulin sensitivity was assessed by the quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) (27) and by the oral glucose insulin sensitivity (OGIS) (28), a well-established glucose-insulin model derived from OGTT.”
MethodInfluentialEffects of exercise on mitochondrial content and function in aging human skeletal muscle
Menshikova, E. V., Ritov, V. B., Fairfull, L., Ferrell, R. E., Kelley, D. E., & Goodpaster, B. H. (2006) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences · doi:10.1093/gerona/61.6.534 · Cited by 398
“HOMAIR as a marker of insulin sensitivity (39) improved in Figure 4.”
BackgroundInsulin Resistance Syndrome in Children
Ten, S., & Maclaren, N. K. (2004) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2004-0276 · Cited by 404
Insulin Resistance in Dairy Cows
Koster, J. D., & OPSOMER, G. (2013) · Veterinary Clinics of North America Food Animal Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cvfa.2013.04.002 · Cited by 422
Potenza, M. A., Marasciulo, F. L., Tarquinio, M., Tiravanti, E., Colantuono, G., Federici, A., Kim, J., Quon, M. J., & Montagnani, M. (2007) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00698.2006 · Cited by 379
“Insulin sensitivity was assessed using the quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI 1/[log(insulin) log(glucose)]) (25).”
MethodSelf-citationMetformin in the treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: a pilot open label trial
Nair, S., Diehl, A. M., Wiseman, M., Farr, G. H., & Perrillo, R. P. (2004) · Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2004.02025.x · Cited by 369
Mather, K. J., Hunt, A. E., Steinberg, H. O., Paradisi, G., Hook, G., Katz, A., Quon, M. J., & Baron, A. D. (2001) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.86.11.7880 · Cited by 363
“The most recently proposed derivation using simple fasting measures is the QUICKI ( 15 ), which incorporates both inversion and logarithmic transformations.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationEffects of probiotics on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A meta-analysis
Ma, Y.-Y. (2013) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.v19.i40.6911 · Cited by 352
Prevalence of the insulin resistance syndrome in obesity
Viner, R. (2004) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/adc.2003.036467 · Cited by 339
Indexes of Insulin Resistance and Secretion in Obese Children and Adolescents
Conwell, L. S., Trost, S. G., Brown, W. J., & Batch, J. (2004) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.27.2.314 · Cited by 346
“QUICKI was calculated as 1/(log fasting insulin [ U/ml] log glucose [mg/dl]) (21).”
BackgroundMethodKotronen, A., Juurinen, L., Tiikkainen, M., Vehkavaara, S., & Yki–Järvinen, H. (2008) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2008.03.021 · Cited by 339
Tang, T., Glanville, J., Hayden, C. J., White, D., Barth, J. H., & Balen, A. H. (2006) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/dei311 · Cited by 335
Kurtoğlu, S., Hatipoğlu, N., Mazıcıoğlu, M. M., Kendırcı, M., Keskın, M., & Kondolot, M. (2010) · Journal of Clinical Research in Pediatric Endocrinology · doi:10.4274/jcrpe.v2i3.100 · Cited by 320
“Therefore, methods such as fasting insulin level, fasting glucose/insulin ratio (FGIR), homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and quantitative insulin-sensitivity check index (QUICKI) are frequently used in population screening (7,10,11,12).”
MethodCarmina, E., Bucchieri, S., Esposito, A., Del Puente, A., Mansueto, P., Orio, F., Di Fede, G., & Rini, G. (2007) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2006-2725 · Cited by 317
“In PCOS patients, the stronger correlations were between serum insulin and R1 fat (r 0.65, P 0.01) and between R1 fat and QUICKI (r 0.73, P 0.001).”
MethodInfluentialSalgado, A. L. F. D. A., Carvalho, L. D., Oliveira, A. C., Santos, V. N. D., Vieira, J. G., & Parise, E. R. (2010) · Arquivos de Gastroenterologia · doi:10.1590/s0004-28032010000200009 · Cited by 315
“(19), shows significant correlation to glycemic clamp in non-diabetic patients and has been widely utilized in NAFLD clinical studies(2, 13, 14).”
Chuengsamarn, S., Rattanamongkolgul, S., Phonrat, B., Tungtrongchitr, R., & Jirawatnotai, S. (2013) · The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2013.09.013 · Cited by 321
“HOMA-IR clinically represents IR [33,34].”
MethodWijeyaratne, C. N., Balen, A. H., Barth, J. H., & Belchetz, P. E. (2002) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2265.2002.01603.x · Cited by 315
Potenza, M. A., Marasciulo, F. L., Chieppa, D. M., Brigiani, G. S., Formoso, G., Quon, M. J., & Montagnani, M. (2005) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00092.2005 · Cited by 314
“Indeed, QUICKI [a surrogate index of insulin sensitivity (27)] was significantly lower in SHR compared with WKY rats (Table 1).”
MethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationGonzález-Gay, M. Á., Matias, J. M. D., González‐Juanatey, C., Garcı́a-Porrúa, C., Sanchez-Andrade, A., Martin, J. J., & Llorca, J. (2006) · PubMed · Cited by 313
Cobelli, C., Toffolo, G., Man, C. D., Campioni, M., Denti, P., Caumo, A., Butler, P., & Rizza, R. (2007) · American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00421.2006 · Cited by 320
“Recently, another basal insulin sensitivity index, QUICKI, has been derived (34).”
BackgroundMethods for clinical assessment of insulin sensitivity and β-cell function
Pacini, G., & Mari, A. (2003) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/s1521-690x(03)00042-3 · Cited by 310
Laitinen, K., Poussa, T. A., Isolauri, E., & the Nutrition, A. (2008) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114508111461 · Cited by 315
Limitations in the Use of Indices Using Glucose and Insulin Levels to Predict Insulin Sensitivity
Pisprasert, V., Ingram, K. H., Lopez-Davila, M. F., Munoz, A. J., & Garvey, W. T. (2013) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc12-0840 · Cited by 302
“HOMA-IR and QUICKI are derived from fasting glucose and insulin levels (4,5) and are believed to primarily reflect hepatic insulin sensitivity (40).”
BackgroundMolecular mechanisms of insulin resistance and associated diseases
Mlinar, B., Marc, J., Janež, A., & Pfeifer, M. (2006) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.cca.2006.07.005 · Cited by 302
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Severely Obese Subjects
Gholam, P. M., Flancbaum, L., Machan, J. T., Charney, D. A., & Kotler, D. P. (2007) · The American Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2006.01041.x · Cited by 296
“QUICKI, which is another simple formula using paired fasting insulin and glucose samples that correlates well with the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp (21), was calculated as follows: QUICKI = 1/ [log (insulin) + log (glucose)]”
MethodPrevalence and associations of hypertension and its control in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Panoulas, V. F., Douglas, K., Milionis, H. J., Stavropoulos‐Kalinoglou, A., Nightingale, P., Kita, M. D., Tselios, A. L., Metsios, G. S., Elisaf, M., & Kitas, G. D. (2007) · Lara D. Veeken · doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kem169 · Cited by 298
“Insulin Resistance (IR) was evaluated from fasting glucose and insulin using the Homeostasis Model Assessment of IR (HOMA IR) [26] and the Quantitative Insulin sensitivity Check Index (QUICKI)[27], and was defined as the presence of DM or HOMA IR ≥ 2.5 or QUICKI ≤ 0.333.”
InfluentialTarkun, İ., ARSLAN, B., Cantürk, Z., Türemen, E., Şahı̇n, T., & Duman, C. (2004) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2004-0751 · Cited by 298
Thyroid Function in Humans with Morbid Obesity
Michalaki, M. A., Vagenakis, A. G., Leonardou, A., Argentou, M. N., Habeos, I. G., Makri, M. G., Psyrogiannis, A. I., Kalfarentzos, F. E., & Kyriazopoulou, V. E. (2006) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2006.16.73 · Cited by 295
Carmina, E., & Løbo, R. A. (2004) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2004.01.041 · Cited by 293
Ultrasonographic Quantitative Estimation of Hepatic Steatosis in Children With NAFLD
Shannon, A., Alkhouri, N., Carter-Kent, C. A., Monti, L., Vito, R. D., López, R., Feldstein, A. E., & Nobili, V. (2011) · Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition · doi:10.1097/mpg.0b013e31821b4b61 · Cited by 291
Insulin-Lowering Agents in the Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Leo, V. D., Marca, A. L., & Petraglia, F. (2003) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2002-0015 · Cited by 291
Insulin Sensitivity and Its Measurement: Structural Commonalities among the Methods
Radziuk, J. (2000) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.85.12.7025 · Cited by 308
Metabolically Healthy Obesity and Development of Chronic Kidney Disease
Chang, Y., Ryu, S., Choi, Y., Zhang, Y., Cho, J., Kwon, M., Hyun, Y. Y., Lee, K., Kim, H. Y., Jung, H. S., et al. (2016) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m15-1323 · Cited by 283
Assessment of Insulin Secretion and Insulin Resistance in Human
Park, S. Y., Gautier, J., & Chon, S. (2021) · Diabetes & Metabolism Journal · doi:10.4093/dmj.2021.0220 · Cited by 324
Skulas-Ray, A. C., Kris-Etherton, P. M., Harris, W. S., Vanden Heuvel, J. P., Wagner, P. R., & West, S. G. (2011) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.110.003871 · Cited by 280
“The quantitative insulin-sensitivity check index (QUICKI) was calculated as 1/(log [fasting glucose] + log[fasting insulin]) (35).”
MethodKoh, K. K., Quon, M. J., Han, S. H., Chung, W., Ahn, J. Y., Seo, Y., Kang, M. H., Ahn, T. H., Choi, I. S., & Shin, E. K. (2004) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000143085.86697.13 · Cited by 279
Self-citationNiskanen, L., Laaksonen, D. E., Punnonen, K., Mustajoki, P., Kaukua, J., & Rissanen, A. (2004) · Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/j.1462-8902.2004.00335.x · Cited by 275
Carmina, E., Chu, M. C., Longo, R. A., Rini, G. B., & Lobo, R. A. (2005) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2004-2279 · Cited by 274
“The following criteria were considered as being abnormal: obesity, BMI 30 or more; insulin resistance, QUICKI 0.330 or less (16); dyslipidemia, total cholesterol, 200 mg/dl or more and/or HDL-cholesterol, 40 mg/dl or less, and/or LDL-cholesterol, 130 mg/dl or more, and/or triglycerides, 150 mg/dl or more.”
MethodInfluentialFernández‐Real, J. M., Izquierdo, M., Ortega, F. J., Gorostiaga, E. M., Gómez‐Ambrosi, J., Moreno‐Navarrete, J. M., Frühbeck, G., Martínez, C., Idoate, F., Salvador, J., et al. (2008) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2008-0270 · Cited by 271
“An indirect measure of insulin sensitivity was calculated from the fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations by using the quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (14, 15).”
MethodPurnell, J. Q., Weigle, D. S., Breen, P. A., & Cummings, D. E. (2003) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2003-030513 · Cited by 275
“Insulin sensitivity was estimated by the quantitative insulin sensitivity check index [QUICKI 1/{log(fasting insulin) log(fasting glucose)}] (21).”
Method
Metadata
- Authors
- Katz, A., Nambi, S. S., Mather, K., Baron, A. D., Follmann, D. A., Sullivan, G., & Quon, M. J.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Indiana University Indianapolis (US)
- Venue
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
- Publisher
- The Endocrine Society
- Published
- 2000-07-01
- Volume
- 85
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 2402-2410
- ISSN
- 0021-972X (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7197
- OpenAlex
- W2126327417
- Cited by
- 3,931
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 97 · 2025: 129 · 2024: 142 · 2023: 174 · 2022: 188 · 2021: 173 · 2020: 184 · 2019: 145 · 2018: 153 · 2017: 174 · 2016: 170 · 2015: 164 · 2014: 184 · 2013: 219 · 2012: 169
- FWCI
- 33.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Pancreatic function and diabetes
- Keywords
- QUICKI, insulin sensitivity, insulin resistance, fasting insulin, fasting blood glucose, glucose clamp, minimal model analysis, type 2 diabetes, obesity, insulin resistance index
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Blood Glucose, Diabetes Mellitus, Female, Glucose Tolerance Test, Humans, Insulin, Insulin Resistance, Male, Middle Aged, Models, Biological, Obesity, Glucose Clamp Technique
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-11, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-11 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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