Quercetin Reduces Illness but Not Immune Perturbations after Intensive Exercise
Abstract
PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of quercetin supplementation on incidence of upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) and exercise-induced changes in immune function. METHODS: Trained male cyclists (N=40) were randomized to quercetin (N=20) or placebo (N=20) groups and, under double-blind procedures, received 3 wk quercetin (1000 mg.d(-1)) or placebo before, during, and for 2 wk after a 3-d period in which subjects cycled for 3 h.d(-1) at approximately 57% Wmax. Blood and saliva samples were collected before and after each of the three exercise sessions and assayed for natural killer cell activity (NKCA), PHA-stimulated lymphocyte proliferation (PHA-LP), polymorphonuclear oxidative-burst activity (POBA), and salivary IgA output (sIgA). RESULTS: Pre- to postexercise changes in NKCA, PHA-LP, POBA, and sIgA did not differ significantly between quercetin and placebo groups. URTI incidence during the 2-wk postexercise period differed significantly between groups (quercetin=1/20 vs placebo=9/20, Kaplan-Meier analysis statistic=8.31, P=0.004). CONCLUSION: Quercetin versus placebo ingestion did not alter exercise-induced changes in several measures of immune function, but it significantly reduced URTI incidence in cyclists during the 2-wk period after intensified exercise.
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Self-reported illness symptoms following a period of demanding exercise training are lower in athletes supplementing their diet with Quercetin, but this antioxidant had no effect on assessments of immune function before and after acute exercise.
“For example, although self-reported illness symptoms following a period of demanding exercise training have been shown to be lower in athletes supplementing their diet with Quercetin, this antioxidant had no effect on assessments immune function before and after acute exercise (Nieman et al. 2007).”
From Is immunosenescence influenced by our lifetime “dose” of exercise? (2016) · cites this paper as Nieman et al. 2007
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BackgroundMethodResultSelf-citationNo effect of nutritional adenosine receptor antagonists on exercise performance in the heat
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“Unlike caffeine, quercetin also has numerous potential health benefits which include the possibility of reducing viral illness, antioxidant and antiinflammatory properties (11, 15, 31, 37).”
BackgroundManjunath, S. H., & Thimmulappa, R. K. (2021) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.jpha.2021.09.009 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“Although there was no correlation between plasma quercetin levels and viral load, the viral load was decreased in at least a few patients [67].”
The variable plasma quercetin response to 12-week quercetin supplementation in humans
Jin, F., Nieman, D. C., Shanely, R. A., Knab, A. M., Austin, M. D., & Sha, W. (2010) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/ejcn.2010.91 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“These doses were based on earlier animal studies (Davis et al., 2009) and human studies conducted by our research team (Nieman et al., 2007a, b, c, 2009).”
MethodSelf-citationβ-Glucan, Immune Function, and Upper Respiratory Tract Infections in Athletes
Nieman, D. C., Henson, D. A., McMahon, M. E., Wrieden, J., Davis, J. M., Murphy, E. A., Gross, S. J., McAnulty, L. S., & Dumke, C. L. (2008) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31817057c2 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Self-citationKonrad, M., Nieman, D. C., Henson, D. A., Kennerly, K., Jin, F., & Wallner-Liebmann, S. J. (2011) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.21.4.338 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Self-citationO'Fallon, K. S., Kaushik, D., Michniak-Kohn, B., Dunne, C., Zambraski, E., & Clarkson, P. (2012) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition & Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.22.6.430 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Oral Quercetin Supplementation and Blood Oxidative Capacity in Response to Ultramarathon Competition
Quindry, J. C., McAnulty, S. R., Hudson, M. B., Hosick, P. A., Dumke, C., McAnulty, L. S., Henson, D. A., Morrow, J. D., & Nieman, D. C. (2008) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.18.6.601 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“We have previously shown that quercetin supplementation reduced the incidence of upper respiratory tract infection in the weeks after 3 days of intensive cardiovascular exercise (Nieman et al., 2007).”
BackgroundSelf-citationDoes physical exercise modify antioxidant requirements?
Margaritis, I., & Rousseau, A. (2008) · Nutrition Research Reviews · doi:10.1017/s0954422408018076 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“45%, respectively, in the supplemented and placebo group) during the 2-week period after intensified exercise without concomitant changes in several measures of immune function((57)).”
Backgroundn-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Do Not Alter Immune and Inflammation Measures in Endurance Athletes
Nieman, D. C., Henson, D. A., McAnulty, S. R., Jin, F., & Maxwell, K. R. (2009) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.19.5.536 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“We have shown in previous studies that participants average 55–60% of energy from carbohydrates using this food list and that randomized groups do not differ in total energy intake (Nieman et al., 2007).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationBobovčák, M., Kuniaková, R., Gabriž, J., & Majtán, J. (2010) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/h10-070 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Influence of Phenol-Enriched Olive Oils on Human Intestinal Immune Function
Martín‐Peláez, S., Castañer, O., Solà, R., Motilva, M., Castell, M., Pérez-Cano, F. J., & Fitó, M. (2016) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu8040213 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“In this regard, most of the few studies in humans reporting modulatory effects of PC on the immune response have focused on flavonoids [11–17].”
BackgroundEffect of quercetin supplementation on maximal oxygen uptake in men and women
Ganio, M. S., Armstrong, L. E., Johnson, E. C., Klau, J. F., Ballard, K. D., Michniak-Kohn, B., Kaushik, D., & Maresh, C. M. (2010) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640410903428558 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“These high values during _V O2max testing would likely optimize any possible acute, positive effects of quercetin (Nieman et al., 2007c).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialIntestinal inflammatory cytokine response in relation to tumorigenesis in the ApcMin/+ mouse
McClellan, J. L., Davis, J. M., Steiner, J. L., Day, S. D., Steck, S. E., Carmichael, M. D., & Murphy, E. A. (2011) · Cytokine · doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2011.09.027 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“And we have shown that the antiinflammatory dietary component curcumin can offset intestinal inflammatory cytokines and tumorigenesis in this mouse model [23]; a decrease in mRNA expression of IL-1b, IL-6, TNF-a and MCP-1 as well as protein concentration of IL-1b and MCP-1 was observed in the intestines following 14 w…”
Self-citationNonalcoholic Beer Reduces Inflammation and Incidence of Respiratory Tract Illness
Scherr, J., Nieman, D. C., Schuster, T., HABERMANN, J., Rank, M., Braun, S., Preßler, A., Wolfarth, B., & Halle, M. (2011) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3182250dda · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationQuiles, J. L., Rivas‐García, L., Varela‐López, A., Llopis, J., Battino, M. A., & Sánchez‐González, C. (2020) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2020.110053 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Muscle damage and inflammation after eccentric exercise: can the repeated bout effect be removed?
Margaritelis, N. V., Theodorou, A. A., Baltzopoulos, V., Maganaris, C. N., Paschalis, V., Kyparos, A., & Nikolaidis, M. G. (2015) · Physiological Reports · doi:10.14814/phy2.12648 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Review of the health effects of berries and their phytochemicals on the digestive and immune systems
Govers, C., Kaşıkçı, M. B., van der Sluis, A. A., & Mes, J. J. (2017) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nux039 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Nutritional and Physical Activity Interventions to Improve Immunity
Davison, G., Kehaya, C., & Jones, A. W. (2016) · American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1177/1559827614557773 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Cialdella-Kam, L. A., Ghosh, S., Meaney, M., Knab, A. M., Shanely, R. A., & Nieman, D. C. (2017) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu9070773 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citationDiniz, L. R. L., Souza, M. T. D. S., Duarte, A. B. S., & de Sousa, D. P. (2020) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules25235772 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“For example, it was observed that there was no significant anti-inflammatory effect promoted by quercetin in cyclists after intense exercise [105], whereas quercetin treatment promoted anti-inflammatory effects, evidenced by a decrease in nitric oxide, C-reactive protein, and γ-glutamyl transferase activity in elderly…”
BackgroundMitani, A., Azam, A., Vuppusetty, C., Ito, K., Mercado, N., & Barnes, P. J. (2017) · Experimental Lung Research · doi:10.1080/01902148.2017.1393707 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“[22] In humans, supplementation with 1000 mg/day quercetin for three weeks significantly increased plasma quercetin levels.[35] Safety and tolerability of quercetin make itself a preferred alternative.”
BackgroundMorris, J. B. (2008) · Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution · doi:10.1007/s10722-008-9376-0 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“concluded that quercetin significantly reduced upper respiratory tract infection incidence among cyclists during a 2 week period of intensified exercise (Nieman et al. 2007).”
BackgroundInfluence of Quercetin Supplementation on Disease Risk Factors in Community-Dwelling Adults
Knab, A. M., Shanely, R. A., Henson, D. A., Jin, F., Heinz, S. A., Austin, M. D., & Nieman, D. C. (2011) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/j.jada.2011.01.013 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“Doses were based on prior studies of human beings conducted in our lab (22).”
Self-citationEffects of Six Weeks of Quercetin Supplementation on Physical Performance in ROTC Cadets
Bigelman, K. A., Fan, E. H., Chapman, D. P., Freese, E. C., Trilk, J. L., & Cureton, K. J. (2010) · Military Medicine · doi:10.7205/milmed-d-09-00088 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Sureda, A., Tejada, S., Bibiloni, M. D. M., Tur, J. A., & Pons, A. (2014) · Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology · doi:10.2174/1389201015666140813123843 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Amini, A. M., Muzs, K., Spencer, J. P. E., & Yaqoob, P. (2017) · Nutrition Research · doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2017.09.006 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“In agreement with this data, some human intervention studies report no significant effects of anthocyanin-rich red wine, red grape juice [8, 9] or quercetin [37-40] on phagocytic ability of monocytes and neutrophils.”
Dimitriou, L., Hill, J., Jehnali, A., Dunbar, J., Brouner, J., McHugh, M. P., & Howatson, G. (2015) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-015-0085-8 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“Participants with two or more of the above symptoms present for a minimum of two consecutive days in the study period were identified as symptomatic [36].”
BackgroundQuercetin’s effect on cycling efficiency and substrate utilization
Dumke, C. L., Nieman, D. C., Utter, A. C., Rigby, M. D., Quindry, J. C., Triplett, N. T., McAnulty, S. R., & McAnulty, L. S. (2009) · Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/h09-099 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationCialdella-Kam, L. A., Nieman, D. C., Knab, A. M., Shanely, R. A., Meaney, M., Jin, F., Sha, W., & Ghosh, S. (2016) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu8050277 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“Quercetin supplementation was, however, associated with a reduction in the severity and number of sick days associated with upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) in older, physically active adults [8].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationGriffiths, A., Matu, J., Whyte, E., Akin-Nibosun, P., Clifford, T., Stevenson, E., & Shannon, O. M. (2021) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114521003202 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“For example, achieving the 1 g/d quercetin intake shown to benefit immune function in the study by Neiman et al. , (115) is implausible via a typical healthy diet, even one containing an abundance of quercetin-rich foods such as onions (about 45 mg quercetin/100 g), spinach (about 27 mg quercetin/100 g), lettuce (abou…”
InfluentialPutative mechanisms of kiwifruit on maintenance of normal gastrointestinal function
Bayer, S. B., Gearry, R. B., & Drummond, L. (2017) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2017.1327841 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Morris, J. B. (2009) · Journal of Dietary Supplements · doi:10.1080/19390210903070830 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“Both quercetin and kaempferol have been clinically proven to have a preventive effect on pancreatic cancer especially for current smokers (Nothlings et al., 2007).”
Background(Poly)phenols and the regulation of NADPH oxidases
Fraga, C. G., Oteiza, P. I., Hid, E. J., & Galleano, M. (2023) · Redox Biology · doi:10.1016/j.redox.2023.102927 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“By contrast, studies reported that quercetin [69 – 71] or red wine consumption [72,73] do not modify the respiratory burst in phagocytes from healthy volunteers.”
ResultMurphy, E. A., Davis, J. M., Carmichael, M. D., Mayer, E. P., & Ghaffar, A. (2009) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00396.2009 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Various nutritional strategies, including carbohydrate-containing sports drinks, -glucan, and quercetin have been examined for their ability to offset the immune suppression and increased susceptibility to infection that has been associated with stressful exercise (10, 11, 24, 31, 32, 34).”
BackgroundSelf-citationEffects of 2 Adenosine Antagonists, Quercetin and Caffeine, on Vigilance and Mood
Olson, C. A., Thornton, J. A., Adam, G. E., & Lieberman, H. R. (2010) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/jcp.0b013e3181ee0f79 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Nieman, D. C., Stear, S. J., Castell, L. M., & Burke, L. M. (2010) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsm.2010.078618 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationIntense Exercise Training and Immune Function
Gleeson, M., & Williams, C. (2013) · Nestlé Nutrition Institute Workshop series · doi:10.1159/000350254 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Gold kiwifruit ( Actinidia chinensis ‘Hort16A’) for immune support
Skinner, M. A., Loh, J. M. S., Hunter, D. C., & Zhang, J. (2011) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1017/s0029665111000048 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
McAnulty, S. R., Nieman, D. C., McAnulty, L. S., Lynch, W. S., Jin, F., & Henson, D. A. (2011) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.21.4.328 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationBernini, R., & Velotti, F. (2021) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules26195803 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Grape Consumption’s Effects on Fitness, Muscle Injury, Mood, and Perceived Health
O’Connor, P. J., Caravalho, A. L., Freese, E. C., & Cureton, K. J. (2013) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.23.1.57 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Polyphenols as Possible Agents for Pancreatic Diseases
Gašić, U. M., Ćirić, I. Ž., Pejcic, T. P., Radenkovic, D. V., Djordjevic, V. R., Radulovic, S. S., & Tešić, Ž. (2020) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox9060547 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“For quercetin and its metabolites, reported half-life values were between 11 and 28 h [126].”
BackgroundGonçalves, A. C., Gaspar, D., Flores‐Félix, J. D., Falcão, A. C., Alves, G., & Silva, L. R. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23094652 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“In addition, 1000 mg/day of its supplementation for 3 weeks before, during, and 2 weeks after an intense 3-days of exercise may reduce the risk of upper respiratory tract infection in trained male cyclists [133].”
BackgroundInfluentialScholten, S., & Sergeev (2013) · Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.2147/oajsm.s39632 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Khazdair, M. R., Saadat, S., Aslani, M. R., Shakeri, F., & Boskabady, M. H. (2021) · Phytotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/ptr.7268 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Bhattacharya, K., Bordoloi, R., Chanu, N. R., Kalita, R., Sahariah, B. J., & Bhattacharjee, A. (2022) · Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology · doi:10.1186/s43141-022-00314-7 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Evaluation of Quercetin as a Countermeasure to Exercise-Induced Physiological Stress
Konrad, M., & Nieman, D. C. (2014) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b17442-10 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationThe effect of gravity on the amplitude of accommodation.
Schachar, R. A., & Cudmore, D. P. (1994) · PubMed · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Ruíz-Iglesias, P., Gorgori-González, A., Massot‐Cladera, M., Castell, M., & Pérez-Cano, F. J. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13041132 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“In fact, a recent review [142] demonstrated that flavonoid consumption decreases the URTI incidence by 33% compared to the control, and two studies [143,144] found significant reductions in URTI symptoms with cranberry beverages or garlic extract.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialEffects of 6 Weeks of Quercetin Supplementation on Energy, Fatigue, and Sleep in ROTC Cadets
Bigelman, K. A., Chapman, D. P., Freese, E. C., Trilk, J. L., & Cureton, K. J. (2011) · Military Medicine · doi:10.7205/milmed-d-09-00230 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Quercetin with vitamin C and niacin does not affect body mass or composition
Knab, A. M., Shanely, R. A., Jin, F., Austin, M. D., Sha, W., & Nieman, D. C. (2011) · Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/h11-015 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationNutrient Timing: The Means to Improved Exercise Performance, Recovery, and Training Adaptation
Ivy, J. L., & Ferguson-Stegall, L. M. (2014) · American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1177/1559827613502444 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Nutrition for Older Athletes: Focus on Sex-Differences
Strasser, B., Pesta, D. H., Rittweger, J., Burtscher, J., & Burtscher, M. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13051409 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“A metabolomics approach offered by Nieman and Mitmesser [191] highlights the potential impact of high carbohydratepolyphenol food sources to counter post-exercise inflammation and to enhance oxidative and anti-viral capacity, with reduced upper respiratory illness (URI) rates [256].”
BackgroundSkinner, M. A., Bentley‐Hewitt, K. L., Rosendale, D., Naoko, S., & Pernthaner, A. (2013) · Advances in food and nutrition research · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-394294-4.00017-1 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Yamamoto, Y., Fujino, K., Saruta, J., Takahashi, T., To, M., Fuchida, S., Shimizu, T., Kamata, Y., Misawa, K., & Tsukinoki, K. (2017) · Gerodontology · doi:10.1111/ger.12296 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Competition Intensity and Fatigue in Elite Fencing
Turner, A. N., Kilduff, L. P., Marshall, G. J. G., Phillips, J. G., Noto, A., Buttigieg, C., Gondek, M. B., Hills, F. A., & Dimitriou, L. (2017) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000001758 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“If fencers had cold or flu symptoms for a minimum of 2 consecutive days, they were identified as symptomatic (52).”
BackgroundGrabs, V., Nieman, D. C., Haller, B., Halle, M., & Scherr, J. (2014) · BMC Sports Science Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/2052-1847-6-8 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Polyphenol-rich supplements under certain exercise conditions have been shown to exert anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects [6,27,28].”
BackgroundSelf-citationBobe, G., Murphy, G. A., Albert, P. S., Sansbury, L. B., Lanza, E., Schatzkin, A. G., Colburn, N. H., & Cross, A. J. (2010) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6605915 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“…high flavonol consumption (421 mg per day) may also decrease serum IFN g. Flavonol supplementation studies do not usually observe changes in blood cytokines except in individuals with elevated baseline values combined with an inflammatory challenge (Nieman et al, 2007; Boots et al, 2008, 2009).”
BackgroundChlorella intake attenuates reduced salivary SIgA secretion in kendotraining camp participants
Otsuki, T., Shimizu, K., Iemitsu, M., & Kono, I. (2012) · Nutrition Journal · doi:10.1186/1475-2891-11-103 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“The effect of quercetin on SIgA secretion remains unclear [29,30].”
Background
- Authors
- NIEMAN, D. C., HENSON, D. A., GROSS, S. J., JENKINS, D. P., DAVIS, J. M., MURPHY, E. A., CARMICHAEL, M. D., DUMKE, C. L., UTTER, A. C., MCANULTY, S. R., MCANULTY, L. S., & MAYER, E. P.
- Affiliations
- Appalachian State University (US)
- Venue
- Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
- Published
- 2007-09
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1561-1569
- ISSN
- 0195-9131 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2100065198
- Cited by
- 193
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 13.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Herbal Medicine Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Keywords
- quercetin, upper respiratory tract infection, exercise immunology, NK cell cytotoxicity, lymphocyte proliferation, neutrophil respiratory burst, salivary IgA, antioxidant supplementation, cyclists, disease incidence
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Antioxidants, Physical Exertion, Humans, Immune System, Killer Cells, Natural, Male, Peroxidase, Neutrophils, Quercetin, Respiratory Tract Infections, T-Lymphocytes, Exercise
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