Declining Participation in Fraternity and Sorority Life: a Comparison of Perceptions of Greek-lettered Organizations Between Affiliated and Non-affiliated Students

The quote only partly states this claim.

Membership in a Greek-lettered organization was a significant predictor of higher involvement in organizational activities (Beta=.296, p<.001).

“Being Caucasian compared to Hispanic/Latino, was a predictor of higher involvement in student organizations, while being a member of a Greek-lettered organization was also predictive of higher involvement in organizational activities.”

The quote only partly states this claim.

Ethnicity-Caucasian (compared to Hispanic/Latino) was a significant predictor of higher involvement in student organizations (Beta=.227, p=.024).

“Being Caucasian compared to Hispanic/Latino, was a predictor of higher involvement in student organizations, while being a member of a Greek-lettered organization was also predictive of higher involvement in organizational activities.”

May combine two claims.

Responses pointed to fraternities and sororities as actively involved in community service and philanthropy, extracurricular involvement, and leadership development.

“This ideology was supported through responses that pointed to fraternities and sororities as actively involved in community service and philanthropy, extracurricular involvement, and leadership development.”

May combine two claims.

The perceptions cited as the primary reasons non-affiliated students chose not to join a fraternity or sorority were lack of values, lack of diversity, poor academic attitudes, and a requirement of too much time.

“The perceptions cited as the primary reasons they chose not to join a fraternity or sorority were lack of values, lack of diversity, poor academic attitudes, and a requirement of too much time.”

May combine two claims.

Of the 206 participants in this study, 49.5% were involved with Greek-lettered organizations, and 50.5% were not involved with Greek-lettered organizations.

“Of the 206 participants in this study, 49.5% were involved with Greek-lettered organizations, and 50.5 % were not involved with Greek-lettered organizations.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The more students are involved in and engaged with their educational environments, the more students learn and develop personally during their educational experiences.

“The more students are involved in and engaged with their educational environments, the more students learn and develop personally during their educational experiences (Astin, 1984(Astin, /1999;;Pascarella & Terenzini, 2005).”

• cites Astin, 1984/1999Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Pascarella & Terenzini, 2005Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

On college campuses across the country, membership in Greek-lettered organizations is declining because many students find fewer reasons to affiliate with fraternities or sororities.

“On college campuses across the country, membership in Greek-lettered organizations is declining because many students find fewer reasons to affiliate with fraternities or sororities (Fouts, 2010;Reisberg, 2000).”

• cites Fouts, 2010Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Reisberg, 2000Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Students learn by becoming involved with and engaged in their educational environments.

“Astin (1984Astin ( /1999) ) argued that students learn by becoming involved with and engaged in their educational environments.”

• cites Astin, 1984/1999Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Involvement in educational organizations is associated with positive changes for students in self-esteem, communication, and autonomy.

“Involvement in educational organizations has been associated with positive changes for students in self-esteem, communication, and autonomy (Astin, 1993).”

• cites Astin, 1993Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Student involvement is the amount of both physical and psychological energy that students devote to experiences and has been found to affect students and their growth.

“Student involvement is the amount of both physical and psychological energy that students devote to experiences and has been found to affect students and their growth (Milem & Berger, 1997;Wolf-Wendel, Ward, & Kinzie, 2009).”

• cites Milem & Berger, 1997Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Wolf-Wendel, Ward, & Kinzie, 2009 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The study's results may not be generalizable to other institutions that have fraternities and sororities because it was based on a single institution.

“This study was based on a single institution, so results may not be generalizable to other institutions that have fraternities and sororities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Students can only develop and change if they allow themselves to become fully immersed in the offerings presented to them.

“However, students must take advantage of these opportunities because students can only develop and change if they allow themselves to become fully immersed in the offerings presented to them (Astin, 1984(Astin, /1999;;Newsome, 2009;Pascarella & Terenzini, 2005;Winston & Massaro, 1987).”

• cites Astin, 1984/1999Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Newsome, 2009Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Pascarella & Terenzini, 2005Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Greek-affiliated students constitute 8.5% of American college students.

“Greek-affiliated students only constitute 8.5% of American college students, but these students often become American leaders in politics, law, and business (DeSantis, 2007).”

• cites DeSantis, 2007Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Greek-lettered groups are powerful socializing agents.

“Students affiliate with Greek-lettered groups for different reasons, so Greek-lettered groups are powerful socializing agents (Strange, 1986).”

• cites Strange, 1986Not checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Fraternal organizations contribute to students' psychological sense of community, especially on large campuses.

“Additionally, some students may become affiliated because they are seeking a familial resource to which they can turn at various times in their collegiate careers, and fraternal organizations contribute to students' psychological sense of community, especially on large campuses (Lounsbury & DeNeui, 1995).”

• cites Lounsbury & DeNeui, 1995Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Students who participate in one or more student organizations demonstrate greater interdependence and more mature lifestyle plans than students who do not participate in student organizations.

“For example, Astin (1984Astin ( /1999) ) found that students who participate in one or more student organizations demonstrate greater interdependence and more mature lifestyle plans than do students who do not participate in student organizations.”

• cites Astin, 1984/1999Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Affiliation in Greek-lettered organizations provides an ideal framework for positive ethical development.

“Affiliation in Greek-lettered organizations is one of the most prestigious attachments that students can have while in college, providing an ideal framework for positive ethical development (Earley, 1998).”

• cites Earley, 1998 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Members of Greek-lettered organizations have demonstrated positive aspects, including stronger affiliation to their host institutions, additional commitment to campus life and activities, and active contributions to community service and leadership activities.

“On the other side of the debate, members have demonstrated a number of positive aspects, including stronger affiliation to their host institutions, additional commitment to campus life and activities, and active contributions to community service and leadership activities (Asel et al., 2009).”

• cites Asel et al., 2009Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Members of fraternities and sororities often hold notable positions at their institutions, including student government president, homecoming king and queen, and student activity chairs.

“In fact, it is not uncommon to find members of fraternities and sororities holding notable positions at their institutions, including student government president, homecoming king and queen, and student activity chairs on various campuses across America (DeSantis, 2007).”

• cites DeSantis, 2007Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Gains in self-esteem and self-confidence have been reported for members of fraternities and sororities.

“Gains in self-esteem and self-confidence have also been reported for members of fraternities and sororities (Winston & Saunders, 1987).”

• cites Winston & Saunders, 1987 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

These connections allow students to build leadership skills and develop philanthropic spirits.

“These connections allow for students to build upon their leadership skills and to develop philanthropic spirits (Martin et al., 2012).”

• cites Martin et al., 2012 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Members of Greek-lettered organizations are described negatively due to reported alcohol abuse, hazing, and lack of consideration for diversity.

“One side of the debate, members are described negatively due to reported alcohol abuse, hazing, and lack of consideration for diversity (Asel, Seifert, & Pascarella, 2009).”

• cites Asel, Seifert, & Pascarella, 2009Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Affiliated students are less likely to withdraw from their institutions because membership positively impacts their sense of belonging to their campuses.

“Students who are affiliated with fraternities and sororities are also less likely to withdraw from their institutions because membership positively impacts their sense of belonging to their campuses (Winston & Saunders, 1987).”

• cites Winston & Saunders, 1987 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Greek-lettered organizations create unique student cultures with powerful implications for their members' learning.

“Greek-lettered organizations create unique student cultures with powerful implications for their members' learning (Whipple & Sullivan, 1998a, 1998b).”

• cites Whipple & Sullivan, 1998a, 1998bNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Fraternal organizations have among their membership 76.0% of U.S. senators, 85.0% of Fortune 500 executives, 85.0% of U.S. Supreme Court Justices since 1900, and 18 U.S. presidents since 1877.

“The ranks of fraternal organizations have among their membership 76.0% of U.S. senators, 85.0% of Fortune 500 executives, 85.0% of U.S. Supreme Court Justices since 1900, and 18 U.S. presidents since 1877 (DeSantis, 2007).”

• cites DeSantis, 2007Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The fraternal experience helps students become good citizens and servant leaders and exposes them to networking and service opportunities.

“The fraternal experience helps students become good citizens and servant leaders and exposes students to numerous networking and service opportunities because community outreach and service is pinnacle to the fraternal experience.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Affiliation allows students to establish relationships and connections inside and outside the campus community.

“This association allows students to establish various relationships and connections inside and outside of the campus community.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The positive, holistic development of their members has always been an instrumental part of the mission of fraternities and sororities.

“The positive, holistic development of their members has always been an instrumental part of the mission of fraternities and sororities (Earley, 1998).”

• cites Earley, 1998 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Fraternal organizations allow members to practice teamwork and values congruence and to develop autonomy and personal identity.

“Fraternal organizations also allow members to practice teamwork and values congruence and to develop autonomy and personal identity (Hunt & Rentz, 1994).”

• cites Hunt & Rentz, 1994Not checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Membership in fraternal organizations substantially and positively affects students' overall satisfaction with college, indicating gains in persistence, satisfaction with instruction, and social life.

“Astin (1977) indicated that membership in fraternal organizations substantially and positively affects students' overall satisfaction with college, indicating gains in persistence, satisfaction with instruction, and social life.”

• cites Astin, 1977Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Affiliation with fraternal organizations provides an all-inclusive, cocurricular experience.

“In short, affiliation with fraternal organization provides an all-inclusive, cocurricular experience (Pike, 2000).”

• cites Pike, 2000 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A student's peer group is the single most potent source of influence on growth and development in their undergraduate years.

“Astin (1993) stated that “a student's peer group is the single most potent source of influence on growth and development in their undergraduate years” (p.398).”

• cites Astin, 1993Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Fraternities and sororities are important environments for growth and development because they provide opportunities for students to develop mature interpersonal relationships and participate in leadership opportunities.

“Fraternities and sororities are important environments in which that growth and development transpire because they provide a number of opportunities for students to develop mature interpersonal relationships and to participate in leadership opportunities.”

May combine two claims.

Affiliated students tend to have a greater sense of connection to their campuses and exhibit greater leadership skills.

“Affiliated students tend to have a greater sense of connection to their campuses and exhibit greater leadership skills.(Asel et al., 2009;Green & Brock, 2005;Gregory, 2003;Kelley, 2008;Long & Snowden, 2011;Martin et al., 2012).”

• cites Asel et al., 2009Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Green & Brock, 2005 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Gregory, 2003Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Researcher bias may exist because the author was employed as the advisor for fraternity and sorority life at the institution where the study was conducted.

“I am employed as the advisor for fraternity and sorority life at the institution where the study was conducted.Therefore, researcher bias may exist.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Student involvement occurs along a continuum and is both qualitative and quantitative in nature.

“In his research, Astin (1984Astin ( /1999) ) also concluded that student involvement occurs along a continuum and is both qualitative and quantitative in nature.”

• cites Astin, 1984/1999Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Students who are involved in fraternities, sororities, or other extracurricular activities are less likely to drop out of college.

“Results from longitudinal studies have revealed that students who are involved in fraternities, sororities, or other extracurricular activities are less likely to drop out of college (Milem & Berger, 1997).”

• cites Milem & Berger, 1997Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Greek-affiliated students often become American leaders in politics, law, and business.

“Greek-affiliated students only constitute 8.5% of American college students, but these students often become American leaders in politics, law, and business (DeSantis, 2007).”

• cites DeSantis, 2007Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Senior members of fraternities and sororities reported significantly greater gains in their educational experience, interpersonal skill development, and intellectual development compared to unaffiliated counterparts.

“Senior members of fraternities and sororities reported significantly greater gains in their educational experience, interpersonal skill development, and intellectual development (Pike, 2003).”

• cites Pike, 2003 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

BGLOs are often the major social programming bodies on campuses for African American students.

“BGLOs are often the major social programming bodies on campuses for African American students (McKee, 1987).”

• cites McKee, 1987 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Members of fraternal organizations have more positive classroom relationships, better overall academic involvement, more practical competence, and increased overall engagement in their collegiate environments.

“Members of fraternal organizations have especially been noted as having more positive classroom relationships, better overall academic involvement, more practical competence, and increased overall engagement in their collegiate environments.”

May combine two claims.

African American students who are affiliated are more likely to experience greater degrees of leadership development and to perceive the value of that development at greater levels than unaffiliated African American students.

“African American students who are affiliated are more likely to experience greater degrees of leadership development and to perceive the value of that development at greater levels than are African American students who are unaffiliated (Harper, 2007;Perkins et al., 2011).”

• cites Harper, 2007Not checked — no full text of the source
• cites Perkins et al., 2011Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Greek alumni are the most generous givers to their alma maters.

“Also, Greek alumni are the most generous givers to their alma maters (DeSantis, 2007;Green & Brock, 2005).”

• cites DeSantis, 2007Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Green & Brock, 2005 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Social capital is one of the most important positive effects of fraternity and sorority membership.

“Whipple and Sullivan (1998a) described social capital as one of the most important positive effects of fraternity and sorority membership.”

• cites Whipple & Sullivan, 1998aNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Alumni members are more prone to contribute financially to charitable and nonprofit organizations and do so in larger amounts than alumni nonmembers.

“Alumni members are more prone to contribute financially to charitable and nonprofit organizations and do so in larger amounts than do alumni nonmembers (Nelson, 1984).”

• cites Nelson, 1984Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

At the University of Missouri at Columbia, a cross-sectional study of approximately 600 freshmen and 1,000 seniors revealed that members of Greek-lettered groups reported substantially higher levels of both academic and social involvement.

“At that same institution, a cross-sectional study of approximately 600 freshmen and 1,000 seniors revealed that members of Greek-lettered groups reported substantially higher levels of both academic and social involvement (Pike, 2003).”

• cites Pike, 2003 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

BGLOs connect their members to their campuses and to African American history and create social networks for African American students.

“McClure (2006) found that BGLOs not only connect their members to their campuses and to African American history but also create social networks for this population of students.”

• cites McClure, 2006 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Evidence exists about the negative relationship between affiliation with fraternal organizations and moral or ethical development.

“Evidence also exists about the negative relationship between affiliation with fraternal organizations and moral or ethical development (Pascarella & Terenzini, 2005).”

• cites Pascarella & Terenzini, 2005Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

BGLOs have improved the experiences of African American students, especially at predominantly Caucasian institutions.

“Researchers have concluded that BGLOs have improved the experiences of African American students, especially at predominantly Caucasian institutions (Harper, 2007;McClure, 2006).”

• cites Harper, 2007Not checked — no full text of the source
• cites McClure, 2006 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

African American students in BGLOs have increased sense of morale, self-esteem, political efficacy, and community orientation.

“For this sector of individuals, research has revealed an increased sense of morale, self-esteem, political efficacy, and community orientation (McClure, 2006).”

• cites McClure, 2006 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Some researchers suggested that members of fraternal organizations may engage in higher levels of unethical behaviors (e.g., academic dishonesty) than nonmembers.

“Furthermore, some researchers have suggested that members of fraternal organizations may engage in higher levels of unethical behaviors (e.g., academic dishonesty) than do nonmembers (Martin et al., 2011;McCabe & Bowers, 1996).”

• cites Martin et al., 2011 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites McCabe & Bowers, 1996 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Affiliation with Greek-lettered organizations leads to advanced levels of social participation, which in turn leads to advanced levels of cognitive ability.

“Affiliation with Greek-lettered organizations leads to advanced levels of social participation, which in turn leads to advanced levels of cognitive ability (Astin, 1985;Gregory, 2003;Thorson, 1997;Zacker, 2001).”

• cites Astin, 1985Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Gregory, 2003Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Thorson, 1997Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Engagement in civic activity positively correlates to students' educational persistence.

“This engagement has been shown to positively correlate to students' educational persistence (Green & Brock, 2005).”

• cites Green & Brock, 2005 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Fraternal membership increases exposure to diverse perspectives, which in turn leads to increased tolerance of individual differences.

“Researchers have indicated that fraternal membership increases exposure to diverse perspectives, which in turn leads to increased tolerance of individual differences (Green & Brock, 2005).”

• cites Green & Brock, 2005 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Students who decide to affiliate have a greater propensity for engagement in civic activity.

“Students who decide to affiliate reportedly have a greater propensity for engagement in civic activity.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Affiliation explains why on-campus participation is high.

“Membership across all fraternal organizations has resulted in greater levels of social involvement for students: Research has revealed that affiliation explains why on-campus participation is high (Pike, 2003).”

• cites Pike, 2003 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Fraternal organizations for other student ethnicities and orientations provide another reason for students to become affiliated because they offer another avenue for a greater population of the student body to become involved in Greek life.

“These specific organizations provide another reason for students to become affiliated because these organizations offer another avenue for a greater population of the student body to become involved in Greek life (Zacker, 2001).”

• cites Zacker, 2001Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Many researchers agree that involvement in Greek-lettered organizations creates positive outcomes for students.

“Despite arguments to the contrary, many researchers agree that involvement in Greeklettered organizations creates positive outcomes for students (Hunt & Rentz, 1994).”

• cites Hunt & Rentz, 1994Not checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Members report higher levels of morale, self-esteem, and political efficacy and lower levels of alienation, apathy, and social withdrawal.

“Members report higher levels of morale, self-esteem, and political efficacy and lower levels of alienation, apathy, and social withdrawal (Astin, 1993;Bureau et al., 2011;McClure, 2006;Newsome, 2009;Perkins et al., 2011;Pike, 2000;Thorson, 1997).”

• cites Astin, 1993Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Bureau et al., 2011Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites McClure, 2006 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Members of the anti-fraternal movement mention self-segregation as another reason why students choose not to join.

“Members of the anti-fraternal movement also mention self-segregation as another reason why students choose not to join (Martin et al., 2011).”

• cites Martin et al., 2011 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Pike (2003) found that affiliated students had higher levels of academic and cocurricular involvement and of interaction with other students.

“Additionally, Pike (2003) found that affiliated students had higher levels of academic and cocurricular involvement and of interaction with other students.”

• cites Pike, 2003 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Affiliation with fraternal organizations positively affects retention rates: members are much more likely to remain in college and receive degrees than nonmembers.

“Affiliation with fraternal organizations has been shown to positively affect retention rates: Members of fraternities and sororities are much more likely to remain in college and receive degrees than are nonmembers (Winston & Saunders, 1987).”

• cites Winston & Saunders, 1987 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Students' job responsibilities, lack of awareness, incongruence with values and interests, and type of campus culture might contribute to their lack of interest in affiliation.

“Fouts (2010) also added that students' job responsibilities, lack of awareness, incongruence with values and interests, and type of campus culture might also contribute to their lack of interest in affiliation.”

• cites Fouts (2010)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Fraternal organizations contribute strongly to the social capital of institutions and allow affiliated students to easily transition to other aspects of campus life.

“Fraternal organizations contribute strongly to the social capital of institutions and allow affiliated students to easily transition to other aspects of campus life.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The top three reasons students choose not to join fraternal organizations are alcohol, hazing, and sexual assault.

“Among the many reasons why students choose not to join fraternal organizations, the top three that are considered the most problematic are alcohol, hazing, and sexual assault (Molasso, 2005).”

• cites Molasso, 2005Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The social Greek system has generally remained as segregated today as it was in 1776.

“DeSantis (2007) asserted that the social Greek system has generally remained as segregated today as it was in 1776.”

• cites DeSantis (2007)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Hazing can occur on any campus but also occurs in other aspects of society, including most branches of the military, civic organizations, professional schools, and fraternities and sororities.

“Hazing can occur on any campus but also occurs in other aspects of society, including most branches of the military, civic organizations, professional schools, and fraternities and sororities (Bryan, 1987).”

• cites Bryan, 1987 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Hazing on educational campuses occurred before it became mainstream in fraternal organizations, with the first death from class hazing in 1838.

“Hazing on educational campuses occurred before it became mainstream in fraternal organizations, with the first death from class hazing in 1838 (Nuwer, 1990).”

• cites Nuwer, 1990Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Fraternity members had the highest rate of alcohol consumption, followed by sorority members, unaffiliated males, and unaffiliated females.

“Other researchers have found that fraternity members had the highest rate of alcohol consumption, followed by sorority members, unaffiliated males, and unaffiliated females (Barry, 2007).”

• cites Barry, 2007 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Hazing is a self-perpetuating process.

“For this reason, hazing is a self-perpetuating process: Many incoming members vow that they will end the brutality once they become initiated, but they actually continue the process into their membership.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Hazing is deeply embedded in the cultural system of fraternal organizations, sometimes with and sometimes without the incorporation of alcohol.

“Hazing is deeply embedded in the cultural system of fraternal organizations, sometimes with and sometimes without the incorporation of alcohol (Whipple & Sullivan, 1998a, 1998b).”

• cites Whipple & Sullivan, 1998a, 1998bNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

There is a strong correlation between binge drinking and fraternity/sorority affiliation, and membership affects the intensity and frequency of alcohol consumption.

“DeSimone (2009) found a strong correlation between binge drinking and fraternity/sorority affiliation and determined that membership affected the intensity and frequency of alcohol consumption.”

• cites DeSimone (2009) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Hazing is a powerful form of groupthink, or Greekthink.

“Hazing is a powerful form of groupthink, or Greekthink as Nuwer (1990) coined it.”

• cites Nuwer (1990)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Hazing has been difficult to prevent, so university administrators can only seem to implement policies that merely deter the practice, as opposed to eradicating it altogether.

“Hazing has been difficult to prevent, so university administrators can only seem to implement policies that merely deter the practice, as opposed to eradicating it altogether (Hoover, 2012;Perkins et al., 2011).”

• cites Hoover, 2012Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Perkins et al., 2011Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Hazing is intended to create a sense of dependency on a particular group, and that dependency is intended to evolve into a relationship that encourages and celebrates the continuation of the act as a rite of passage for new potential members.

“Hazing is intended to create a sense of dependency on a particular group, and that dependency is intended to evolve into a relationship that encourages and celebrates the continuation of the act as a rite of passage for new potential members (Keating et al., 2005).”

• cites Keating et al., 2005 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

When alcohol and drugs are used in conjunction with one another, this conduct increases throughout the Greek community and will continue if members do not stop it themselves.

“When alcohol and drugs are used in conjunction with one another, this conduct increases throughout the Greek community and will continue if members do not stop it themselves (Warshaw, 1988;Zacker, 2001).”

• cites Warshaw, 1988Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Zacker, 2001Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Hazing has garnered more attention than has any other aspect of these organizations and continues to cause problems (i.e., death, legal cases, and institutional conflicts).

“Hazing has garnered more attention than has any other aspect of these organizations and continues to cause problems (i.e., death, legal cases, and institutional conflicts; Hennessy & Huson, 1998).”

• cites Hennessy & Huson, 1998 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Lack of respect for diversity, religious choice, and sexual orientation are issues that plague fraternities and sororities across the country.

“The lack of respect for diversity, religious choice, and sexual orientation are issues that plague fraternities and sororities across the country (Bryan, 1987).”

• cites Bryan, 1987 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Hopeful initiates may be subjected to forced food consumption, exposure to the elements, verbal abuse, and sleep deprivation.

“Hopeful initiates may be subjected to forced food consumption, exposure to the elements, verbal abuse, and sleep deprivation (Hennessy & Huson, 1998).”

• cites Hennessy & Huson, 1998 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Hazing persists in Greek-lettered organizations despite laws enacted by states and safeguards created by institutions and organizational headquarters to prevent hazing.

“As previously stated, hazing persists in Greek-lettered organizations despite laws enacted by states and safeguards created by institutions and organizational headquarters to prevent hazing (Hennessy & Huson, 1998).”

• cites Hennessy & Huson, 1998 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Unaffiliated students may avoid membership because of hazing.

“Hazing has become such a popular subject on college campuses and in the media that students who are unaffiliated may avoid membership because of this practice.”

May combine two claims.

As a result of increased alcohol consumption, affiliated members reported higher levels of unsafe behaviors, such as unprotected sexual encounters, physical altercations, driving while under the influence of alcohol, and vandalism of property.

“As a result of their increased alcohol consumption, affiliated members also reported higher levels of unsafe behaviors, such as unprotected sexual encounters, physical altercations, driving while under the influence of alcohol, and vandalism of property (Barry, 2007;Caudill et al., 2006;Danielson, Taylor, & Hartford, 2001;DeSimone, 2009;Perkins et al., 2011).”

• cites Barry, 2007 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Caudill et al., 2006 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Danielson, Taylor, & Hartford, 2001 sourceNot checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Hazing is not an illogical practice because it joins students who yearn for a sense of belonging.

“Sweet (2004) stated that hazing is not an illogical practice because it joins students who yearn for a sense of belonging.”

• cites Sweet (2004)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

College students consume alcohol early in their college careers, sometimes as a part of fraternity/sorority membership.

“College is a time of discovery, and college students consume alcohol early in their college careers, sometimes as a part of fraternity/sorority membership (Ayers, 2007).”

• cites Ayers, 2007Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Despite laws, hazing continues with understandable frustration from institutions and administrators.

“Despite these laws, hazing continues with understandable frustration from institutions and administrators (Whipple & Sullivan, 1998a).”

• cites Whipple & Sullivan, 1998aNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Hazing has seemingly always been connected with the secretive practices of fraternities and sororities.

“Hazing has seemingly always been connected with the secretive practices of fraternities and sororities (Zacker, 2001).”

• cites Zacker, 2001Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The first fraternity hazing death occurred in 1873 at Cornell University in Ithica, New York.

“The first fraternity hazing death occurred in 1873 at Cornell University in Ithica, New York (Bubrig, 2008;Hoover, 2012;Nuwer, 1990).”

• cites Bubrig, 2008Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Hoover, 2012Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Nuwer, 1990Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Fraternity and sorority membership has recently been linked to cases of sexual abuse and assault, which is also tied to alcohol usage by members.

“Fraternity and sorority membership has recently been linked to cases of sexual abuse and assault, which is also tied to alcohol usage by members (Arnold & Kuh, 1992;Perkins et al., 2011).”

• cites Arnold & Kuh, 1992Not checked — no full text of the source
• cites Perkins et al., 2011Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Experimentation with alcohol and other substances has become typical of the college experience, with alcohol being cited as the most widely used drug among college students.

“Like hazing, experimentation with alcohol and other substances has become typical of the college experience, with alcohol being cited as the most widely used drug among college students (Riordan & Dana, 1998;Whipple & Sullivan, 1998a).”

• cites Riordan & Dana, 1998 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Whipple & Sullivan, 1998aNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Involvement in Greek-lettered organizations can force students to divert attention from their studies and to affiliation with the groups.

“Therefore, involvement in Greek-lettered organizations can force students to divert attention from their studies and to affiliation with the groups.”

May combine two claims.

Students who join for alcohol exposure perpetuate heavy alcohol consumption in fraternities and sororities and the stereotype of fraternity and sorority members as binge drinkers.

“Students who join for this reason perpetuate the heavy alcohol consumption in fraternities and sororities and the stereotype of fraternity and sorority members as binge drinkers (i.e., people who consume five or more alcoholic beverages in a single sitting; Juth, Smyth, Thompson, & Nodes, 2010;Larimer, Turner, Mallett, & Geisner, 2004;Riordan & Dana, 1998).”

• cites Juth, Smyth, Thompson, & Nodes, 2010 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Larimer, Turner, Mallett, & Geisner, 2004 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Riordan & Dana, 1998 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing).

Social Greek-lettered organizations remain the most segregated institutions in America.

“However, some researchers argue that social Greek-lettered organizations remain the most segregated institutions in America (DeSantis, 2007).”

• cites DeSantis, 2007Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Participating in fraternal organizations may positively aid some students in social integration and influence persistence, but the time commitment necessary for this affiliation, particularly for first-year students, tends to create a difficult balancing act between academics and organizational responsibilities.

“Participating in fraternal organizations may positively aid some students in social integration and influence persistence, but the time commitment necessary for this affiliation, particularly for first-year students, tends to create a difficult balancing act between academics and organizational responsibilities (Hayek et al., 2002).”

• cites Hayek et al., 2002Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Fraternity and sorority affiliation increases the likelihood of students' alcohol abuse.

“Riordan and Dana (1998) supported DeSimone's conclusion, indicating in their research that fraternity and sorority affiliation increases the likelihood of students' alcohol abuse.”

• cites Riordan and Dana (1998) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Hazing tactics are often implemented as a means of indirect revenge by initiated members on a cohort of potential new members.

“Hazing tactics are often implemented as a means of indirect revenge by initiated members on a cohort of potential new members (Bryan, 1987).”

• cites Bryan, 1987 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Both historically Caucasian and historically African American fraternities and sororities are often criticized for their unwillingness to diversify their memberships.

“Both historically Caucasian and historically African American fraternities and sororities are often criticized for their unwillingness to diversify their memberships (Whipple & Sullivan, 1998a, 1998b).”

• cites Whipple & Sullivan, 1998a, 1998bNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Fraternity and sorority members tend to host the majority of social gatherings at which alcohol is readily available for consumption by students who may be under the legal age.

“DeSimone (2009) found that fraternity and sorority members tend to host the majority of social gatherings at which alcohol is readily available for consumption by students who may be under the legal age for alcohol intake.”

• cites DeSimone (2009) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

For males, membership was associated with significantly lower levels of mathematics performance, reading comprehension, and critical thinking.

“For example, Pike (2003) found that, for males, membership was associated with significantly lower levels of mathematics performance, reading comprehension, and critical thinking.”

• cites Pike (2003) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Some researchers found that affiliated students perform better academically than do non-affiliated students.

“Some fraternal organizations state that their mission includes helping their members achieve high academic marks, and some researchers have found that affiliated students perform better academically than do non-affiliated students (Thompson et al., 2011).”

• cites Thompson et al., 2011 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Other researchers found that affiliated students perform either at the same level or below the level of non-affiliated students.

“However, other researchers have found that affiliated students perform either at the same level or below the level of non-affiliated students (Thompson et al., 2011).”

• cites Thompson et al., 2011 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Astin's theory of involvement includes persistence in college and is among the most widely cited theories in higher education literature.

“Astin's (1984Astin's ( /1999) ) theory includes persistence in college and is among one of the most widely cited theories in literature about higher education (Milem & Berger, 1997).”

• cites Milem & Berger, 1997Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The term diversity means different things to different groups, apart from how the general population would define it; fraternity members described diversity as varying degrees of tolerance related to individual preferences for recreation, sports, academic major, and tastes.

“For example, Arnold and Kuh (1992) found that the term diversity means different things to different groups, apart from how the general population would define it.Instead of understanding diversity as an idea of embracing individuals from groups that are historically underrepresented, fraternity members described diversity as varying degrees of tolerance related to individual preferences for recre”

• cites Arnold and Kuh (1992)Not checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

If fraternal organizations refuse to implement diversification strategies, they may not be able to attract new members from the increasingly diverse populations on college campuses.

“If fraternal organizations refuse to implement diversification strategies, they may not be able to attract new members from the increasingly diverse populations on college campuses (Boschini & Thompson, 1998).”

• cites Boschini & Thompson, 1998Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Members of fraternities and sororities must conform to group standards and spend more time attending social events, which can isolate them from their non-affiliated peers and from the intellectual and social challenges that are needed for cognitive development.

“In addition, members of fraternities and sororities must conform to group standards and spend more time attending social events, which can isolate them from their non-affiliated peers and from the intellectual and social challenges that are needed for cognitive development (Whipple & Sullivan, 1998a, 1998b).”

• cites Whipple & Sullivan, 1998a, 1998bNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Astin's theory of involvement holds that the more students are involved in the collegiate experience, the more successful they will be while in college.

“In his theory, Astin (1984Astin ( /1999) ) determined that the more that students were involved in the collegiate experience, the more successful those students will be while in college.”

• cites Astin, 1984/1999Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Exposing members to others from diverse backgrounds will help members transition into a highly diverse society.

“Exposing members to others from diverse backgrounds will help members transition into a highly diverse society (Boschini & Thompson, 1998).”

• cites Boschini & Thompson, 1998Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Astin's theory of involvement contains both quantitative and qualitative components, and students' learning and development from involvement is directly proportional to both the quantity and quality of their involvement.

“Astin (1984Astin ( /1999) ) also found that involvement contains both quantitative and qualitative components and that students' learning and development from involvement is directly proportional to both the quantity and quality of their involvement.”

• cites Astin, 1984/1999Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Only 31.4% of private institutions and 18.8% of public institutions had fraternity chapters with grade point averages that were higher than were the grade point averages of the overall male population.

“The Center for the Study of the College Fraternity ( 2009) also reported that only 31.4% of private institutions and 18.8% of public institutions had fraternity chapters with grade point averages that were higher than were the grade point averages of the overall male population.”

• cites Center for the Study of the College Fraternity, 2009Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

The current exclusivity that Greek organizations practice contradicts the missions of diversity that American universities espouse.

“The current exclusivity that Greek organizations practice contradicts the missions of diversity that American universities espouse (Boschini & Thompson, 1998;Zacker, 2001).”

• cites Boschini & Thompson, 1998Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Zacker, 2001Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Fraternity or sorority membership inhibits students' growth in principled moral reasoning.

“Some researchers have also found that fraternity or sorority membership inhibits students' growth in principled moral reasoning (Pascarella & Terenzini, 2005).”

• cites Pascarella & Terenzini, 2005Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Members of fraternal organizations demonstrated lower levels of critical thinking or persistence in literacy when compared to nonmembers.

“In a study conducted by Martin et al. (2011), members of fraternal organizations demonstrated lower levels of critical thinking or persistence in literacy when compared to nonmembers.”

• cites Martin et al. (2011) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

These stereotypical opinions that affiliated and non-affiliated students hold about one another generally hinder relationships being established between the groups, and non-affiliated students use these and other reasons to refrain from joining fraternities or sororities.

“These stereotypical opinions that affiliated and non-affiliated students hold about one another generally hinder relationships being established between the groups, and non-affiliated students use these and other reasons to refrain from joining fraternities or sororities.”

May combine two claims.

Non-affiliated students tend to believe that members of Greek-lettered organizations are cheaters, snobs, womanizers, promiscuous, and/or alcoholics, and affiliated students tend to believe that nonmembers are socially inept or of a lower class than themselves.

“Non-affiliated students tend to believe that members of Greek-lettered organizations are cheaters, snobs, womanizers, promiscuous, and/or alcoholics, and affiliated students tend to believe that nonmembers are socially inept or of a lower class than themselves (Tollini & Wilson, 2010).”

• cites Tollini & Wilson, 2010Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Many modern fraternal groups still lack diversity within the ranks of their membership, which can negatively affect recruitment of unaffiliated individuals.

“Many modern fraternal groups still lack diversity within the ranks of their membership, which can negatively affect recruitment of unaffiliated individuals.”

May combine two claims.

Non-affiliated students have negative opinions about affiliated students, most notably because non-affiliated students believe that fraternal organizations and their members do not meet their own standards and expectations.

“Researchers have found that non-affiliated students have negative opinions about affiliated students, most notably because non-affiliated students believe that fraternal organizations and their members do not meet their own standards and expectations (Arnold & Kuh, 1992;Whipple & Sullivan, 1998b).”

• cites Arnold & Kuh, 1992Not checked — no full text of the source
• cites Whipple & Sullivan, 1998bNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Membership in Greek-lettered organizations during the first year of college can negatively affect students' cognitive development, including reading comprehension, mathematics, and critical thinking.

“Zacker (2001) found that membership in Greek-lettered organizations during the first year of college can negatively affect students' cognitive development, including reading comprehension, mathematics, and critical thinking.”

• cites Zacker (2001)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Students affiliated with Greek-lettered organizations scored lower on assessments to measure openness to diversity than did students who were not affiliated, and Greek members' openness to diversity declined after the first year of college.

“Other researchers have indicated that students affiliated with Greek-lettered organizations scored lower on assessments to measure openness to diversity than did students who were not affiliated and that Greek members' openness to diversity declined after the first year of college (Pascarella, Edison, Nora, Hagedorn, & Terenzini, 1996;Whipple & Sullivan, 1998a).”

• cites Pascarella, Edison, Nora, Hagedorn, & Terenzini, 1996 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Whipple & Sullivan, 1998aNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Membership in some fraternal organizations encourages affiliated students in attitudes against diversity, though most Greek organizations have constitutions based on nondiscriminatory language.

“Some researchers have found that membership in some fraternal organizations encourages affiliated students in attitudes against diversity, though most Greek organizations have constitutions based on nondiscriminatory language (Boschini & Thompson, 1998).”

• cites Boschini & Thompson, 1998Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Fraternities and sororities can negatively influence members' attitudes toward racial and ethnic differences and openness to diverse ideas and people.

“Pascarella and Terenzini (2005) found that fraternities and sororities can negatively influence members' attitudes toward racial and ethnic differences and openness to diverse ideas and people.”

• cites Pascarella and Terenzini (2005)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Research about diversity issues in Greek-lettered organizations is still emerging and is mostly based on Caucasian fraternities and sororities; literature about diversity in fraternities and sororities is increasing.

“Research about diversity issues in Greek-lettered organizations is still emerging and is mostly based on Caucasian fraternities and sororities.BGLOs have been attracting attention within the last 10 years, and fraternal organizations for other cultures (e.g., Latino and Asian fraternities and sororities) have been attracting attention in the last 7 years, so literature about diversity in fraternit”

• cites Park, 2008Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Perkins et al., 2011Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Women in sororities were reported to suffer from low reading comprehension.

“Pike (2003) also found that women in sororities were reported to suffer from low reading comprehension.”

• cites Pike (2003) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Affiliation during the first year of college could distract students' focus on academics by reducing the available time necessary to create a solid academic foundation.

“Affiliation during the first year of college could distract students' focus on academics by reducing the available time necessary to create a solid academic foundation (Whipple & Sullivan, 1998a, 1998b;Zacker, 2001).”

• cites Whipple & Sullivan, 1998a, 1998bNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Zacker, 2001Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Although this study was a single-institution study, the findings have implications for consideration at other college campuses with fraternity and sorority communities.

“Although this study was a single-institution study, the findings have implications for consideration at other college campuses with fraternity and sorority communities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Data from this study can be taken into consideration at other campuses in America.

“This study was centered on the fraternity and sorority community of one institution; however, data from this study can be taken into consideration at other campuses in America.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A priori power analysis determined that a minimum sample size of 153 participants was required to measure significance for the first research question.

“Utilizing a priori power analysis (i.e., an analysis that is conducted prior to conducting a study), a minimum sample size of 153 participants was required to measure significance for the first research question.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Time commitment and involvement can be positive for overall student development.

“Therefore, while this study found that the commitment of too much time was a negative perception of Greek-lettered organizations, previous research done on Greek-lettered and student organizations as a whole indicate that this type of time commitment and involvement can be a positive for overall student development, as students who participate in extracurricular activities of any kind are less Lik”

• cites Astin, 1984/1999Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Affiliating with fraternal organizations can assist students in social integration.

“Affiliating with fraternal organizations can assist students in social integration, but time commitments in these organizations are necessary; these affiliations tend to make it challenging to balance academic and organizational responsibilities (Hayek et al., 2002).”

• cites Hayek et al., 2002Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

These perceptions may negatively impact recruitment numbers.

“These perceptions may negatively impact the recruitment numbers.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Astin's theory of involvement states that engagement and involvement are positive correlations to student satisfaction with their educational experiences.

“In his theory of involvement, Astin (1984Astin ( /1999) ) speaks to engagement and involvement as positive correlations to student satisfaction with their educational experiences.”

• cites Astin, 1984/1999Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The finding that affiliated participants were less concerned about lack of values also supports research by Pascarella and Terenzini (2005) that affiliation with a fraternal organization was often linked to a lack of moral or ethical development in members.

“This finding also supports research by Pascarella and Terenzini (2005), which indicated that affiliation with a fraternal organization was often linked to a lack of moral or ethical development in members.”