Metabolic Signatures of Youth Exposure to Mixtures of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances: A Multi-Cohort Study
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) is ubiquitous and has been associated with an increased risk of several cardiometabolic diseases. However, the metabolic pathways linking PFAS exposure and human disease are unclear. OBJECTIVE: We examined associations of PFAS mixtures with alterations in metabolic pathways in independent cohorts of adolescents and young adults. METHODS: -tests. RESULTS: th percentile), thyroxine (T4), a thyroid hormone related to tyrosine metabolism, increased by 0.72 standard deviations (SDs; equivalent to a standardized mean difference) in the SOLAR cohort (95% Bayesian credible interval (BCI): 0.00, 1.20) and 1.60 SD in the CHS cohort (95% BCI: 0.39, 2.80). Similarly, when going from low to high PFAS exposure, arachidonic acid increased by 0.81 SD in the SOLAR cohort (95% BCI: 0.37, 1.30) and 0.67 SD in the CHS cohort (95% BCI: 0.00, 1.50). In general, no individual PFAS appeared to drive the observed associations. DISCUSSION: Exposure to PFAS is associated with alterations in amino acid metabolism and lipid metabolism in adolescents and young adults. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP11372.
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Associations have been reported with ADHD, lower cognitive scores, and increased risk of depression, possibly mediated through oxidative stress and neurotransmitter pathway disruption.
“Associations have been reported with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), lower cognitive scores, and increased risk of depression, possibly mediated through oxidative stress and neurotransmitter pathway disruption [78,91].”
From Exposure to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in Healthcare: Environmental and Clinical Insights (2025) · cites this paper as [78]
The Discussion (page not available in our copy) links PFAS exposure to oxidative-stress markers and reports alterations in metabolites associated with catecholamine biosynthesis. It does not report associations with ADHD, lower cognitive scores, or depression, or establish that these pathways mediate those outcomes. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredEvidence is accumulating that PFAS exposure may impact neurodevelopmental trajectories and mental health.
“Evidence is accumulating that PFAS exposure may impact neurodevelopmental trajectories and mental health.”
From Exposure to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in Healthcare: Environmental and Clinical Insights (2025) · cites this paper as [78]
The Discussion (page not provided) reports animal evidence of PFAS-related changes in brain dopamine and says altered central catecholamine biosynthesis could contribute to potential neurotoxic effects. It does not address neurodevelopmental trajectories or mental health outcomes, so those parts of the claim are not supported by this paper. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMetabolomics analyses reveal PFAS-induced perturbations in glucose and lipid metabolic pathways.
“Metabolomics analyses further reveal PFAS-induced perturbations in glucose and lipid metabolic pathways [78].”
From Exposure to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in Healthcare: Environmental and Clinical Insights (2025) · cites this paper as [78]
The Results section (“PFAS Exposure Was Associated with Metabolic Pathways”; page not provided) reports associations with a lipid pathway, de novo fatty acid biosynthesis. It does not identify a glucose metabolic pathway among the pathways found. The paper reports associations rather than establishing that PFAS caused the perturbations. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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- Authors
- Goodrich, J. A., Walker, D. I., He, J., Lin, X., Baumert, B. O., Hu, X., Alderete, T. L., Chen, Z., Valvi, D., Fuentes, Z. C., Rock, S., Wang, H., Berhane, K., Gilliland, F. D., Goran, M. I., Jones, D. P., Conti, D. V., & Chatzi, L.
- Affiliations
- University of Southern California (US)
- Emory University (US)
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (US)
- University of Colorado Boulder (US)
- Columbia University (US)
- Children's Hospital Los Angeles (US)
- Corresponding author
- Goodrich, Jesse A.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Environmental Health Perspectives
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2023-02
- Volume
- 131
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 27005-27005
- ISSN
- 0091-6765 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-9924
- PMC
- PMC9945578
- OpenAlex
- W4321503823
- Cited by
- 96
- References
- 139
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 10
- FWCI
- 2.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Environmental Health Perspectives (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (RD-83544101, 5P30ES007048, P30ES007048, P30ES019776, R24ES029490)
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR004419)
- National Cancer Institute (P01CA196569)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R25GM143298)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK059211)
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (U2CES030163, R21ES031824, T32ES013678, P01ES011627, R21ES029328, R24ES029490, R01ES029944, P01ES022845, R00ES027853, R01ES032189, R21ES029681, R01ES030691, R01ES030364, R00ES027870, R21ES035148, R21ES028903, P30ES007048, R01ES033688, P30ES019776, P30ES023515, U2CES030859, K12ES033594, R01ES032831)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (P50MD017344)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Health, Environment, Cognitive Aging
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
- Keywords
- per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, PFAS mixtures, adolescent exposure, young adults, metabolic signatures, amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism, thyroid hormones, thyroxine, arachidonic acid, tyrosine metabolism, cardiometabolic disease, multi-cohort study
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Bayes Theorem, Environmental Pollutants, Fluorocarbons, Humans, Tyrosine, Cohort Studies, Alkanesulfonic Acids, Young Adult
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