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Cited by 228Retinal Diseases and TreatmentsComplement system in diseasesRetinal Imaging and Analysis

CFH Y402H confers similar risk of soft drusen and both forms of advanced AMD

Open access
Magnusson, Kristinn P, Duan, Shan, Sigurdsson, Haraldur, Petursson, Hjorvar, Yang, Zhenglin, Zhao, Yu, Bernstein, Paul S, Ge, Jian +14 more·2005·PLoS Medicine
DOI 10.1371/journal.pmed.0030005PMC PMC1288033
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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most common cause of irreversible visual impairment in the developed world. The two forms of advanced AMD, geographic atrophy and neovascular AMD, represent different pathological processes in the macula that lead to loss of central vision. Soft drusen, characterized by deposits in the macula without visual loss, are considered to be a precursor of advanced AMD. Recently, it has been proposed that a common missense variant, Y402H, in the Complement Factor H (CFH) gene increases the risk for advanced AMD. However, its impact on soft drusen, GA, or neovascular AMD--or the relationship between them--is unclear. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We genotyped 581 Icelandic patients with advanced AMD (278 neovascular AMD, 203 GA, and 100 with mixed neovascular AMD/GA), and 435 with early AMD (of whom 220 had soft drusen). A second cohort of 431 US patients from Utah, 322 with advanced AMD (244 neovascular AMD and 78 GA) and 109 early-AMD cases with soft drusen, were analyzed. We confirmed that the CFH Y402H variant shows significant association to advanced AMD, with odds ratio of 2.39 in Icelandic patients (p = 5.9 x 10(-12)) and odds ratio of 2.14 in US patients from Utah (p = 2.0 x 10(-9)) with advanced AMD. Furthermore, we show that the Y402H variant confers similar risk of soft drusen and both forms of advanced AMD (GA or neovascular AMD). CONCLUSION: Soft drusen occur prior to progression to advanced AMD and represent a histological feature shared by neovascular AMD and GA. Our results suggest that CFH is a major risk factor of soft drusen, and additional genetic factors and/or environmental factors may be required for progression to advanced AMD.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

The CFH Y402H variant is associated with advanced AMD in Icelandic and Utah cohorts, and it confers similar risk for soft drusen and both advanced subtypes (geographic atrophy and neovascular AMD). The authors conclude CFH mainly increases risk of soft drusen, with additional genetic and/or environmental factors needed for progression to advanced AMD.

Key findings

  • Advanced AMD association was confirmed: Icelandic OR 2.39 (p = 5.9 × 10−12) and Utah OR 2.14 (p = 2.0 × 10−9) in the abstract; subtype ORs were neovascular 2.32, GA 2.27, and mixed GA/neovascular 2.92 in Iceland, and neovascular 2.17 and GA 2.05 in Utah.
  • Y402H conferred similar risk of soft drusen and advanced AMD: soft drusen OR 2.52 in Iceland and 2.10 in Utah; no significant association with pigmentary changes; hard drusen showed significant association in Iceland (p = 0.01, OR 1.57) but not Utah, and soft versus hard drusen differed in Iceland (p = 0.011).
  • HapMap allele frequencies for CFH Y402H were 39% in Caucasians, 30.7% in Africans, 8.1% in Japanese, and 6.8% in Chinese.

Methods

  • Genotyped Icelandic cohort: 581 advanced AMD patients (278 neovascular, 203 GA, 100 mixed) and 435 early AMD patients (220 with soft drusen), compared with 891 population controls or 171 longevous controls; Utah cohort: 322 advanced AMD patients (244 neovascular, 78 GA) and 109 early AMD patients with soft drusen, compared with 203 age-matched controls.
  • TaqMan assay for the Icelandic cohort and direct DNA sequencing for the Utah cohort; single-marker association for rs1061170 used Fisher’s exact test (one-sided p for the at-risk allele), with variance adjustment for familial relatedness; ORs and population-attributable risk were calculated under a multiplicative model.

Limitations

  • The paper does not present a formal limitations section; it notes that additional genetic and/or environmental factors may be required for progression from soft drusen to advanced AMD, and that other genes remain to be found.
  • The discussion states that genotype–phenotype correlation studies are needed in non-Caucasian populations, and the analyzed cohorts were Icelandic and Utah Caucasian populations, limiting generalization.
  • Evident from the text: the design is cross-sectional genotype–phenotype association, so it cannot directly establish progression or causality from soft drusen to advanced AMD; the paper also notes the Icelandic GA/neovascular ratio is an open question possibly due to genetic or environmental factors.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1371/journal.pmed.0030005

Cites

40 of 40 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 49 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    The CFH Y402H variant shows a significant association with advanced AMD in Icelandic patients, with an odds ratio of 2.39 (p = 5.9 × 10−12).

    “We confirmed that the CFH Y402H variant shows significant association to advanced AMD, with odds ratio of 2.39 in Icelandic patients (p = 5.9 × 10−12)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The Y402H variant confers similar risk of soft drusen and both forms of advanced AMD (GA or neovascular AMD).

    “Furthermore, we show that the Y402H variant confers similar risk of soft drusen and both forms of advanced AMD (GA or neovascular AMD).”
    • Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
      “The effect of the CFH Y402H allele on soft drusen in early AMD is similar to its effect on the advanced forms of AMD, neovascular AMD, and GA.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    There is a significant difference in CFH Y402H allele frequencies when patients with soft drusen are compared with an unrelated set of patients with hard drusen (p = 0.011).

    “A significant difference in CFH Y402H allele frequencies was observed when patients with soft drusen were compared with an unrelated set of patients with hard drusen (p = 0.011).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    In Icelandic patients with neovascular AMD, the Y402H allele confers an odds ratio of 2.32 compared to healthy controls.

    “In agreement with previous reports [3–19], the Y402H allele confers an OR of 2.32 when comparing Icelandic patients with neovascular AMD to healthy controls.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The CFH Y402H variant shows a significant association with advanced AMD in US patients from Utah, with an odds ratio of 2.14 (p = 2.0 × 10−9).

    “and odds ratio of 2.14 in US patients from Utah (p = 2.0 × 10−9) with advanced AMD”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 13
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 14

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The Y402H variant contributes to soft drusen in early AMD, with similar odds ratios in the Icelandic and Utah study groups of 2.52 and 2.10, respectively.

    “Furthermore, the Y402H variant contributes to soft drusen in early AMD, with similar ORs in the Icelandic and Utah study groups of 2.52 and 2.10, respectively (see Tables 1 and 2).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In Icelandic patients, the relative risk of the Y402H mutation is estimated to be 1.99, with a population-attributable risk of 0.48, based on comparison with population controls.

    “Based on the comparison with population controls, the relative risk of the mutation is estimated to be 1.99 with a corresponding estimated population-attributable risk of 0.48.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • The authors state this as an assumption: The multiplicative model holds for interpreting the odds ratio as relative risk and for calculating population-attributable risk.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    CFH Y402H allele frequencies in HapMap populations are 39% in Caucasians, 30.7% in Africans, 8.1% in Japanese, and 6.8% in Chinese.

    “The allele frequencies for CFH Y402H in Caucasians and Africans were similar, 39% versus 30.7%, while they were much lower in Asians—8.1% in the Japanese and 6.8% in the Chinese.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In the Utah cohort, the CFH variant confers increased risk when comparing hard drusen to controls, but this is not significant.

    “This CFH variant also confers increased risk although this is not significant when comparing hard drusen to controls in the Utah cohort (see Table 2).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In Iceland, the Y402H variant shows significant association (p = 0.01) to hard drusen but with a lower odds ratio (1.57).

    “In Iceland we observed significant association (p = 0.01) to hard drusen but with a lower OR (1.57) (Table 1).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The comparable association to neovascular AMD and GA was replicated in the Utah cohort, giving odds ratios of 2.17 and 2.05, respectively.

    “The comparable association to neovascular AMD and GA was replicated in the Utah cohort, giving ORs of 2.17 and 2.05, respectively (Table 2).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    In the Beaver Dam eye study, only 14% of patients with soft drusen developed AMD over a 10-year period.

    “For example in the Beaver Dam eye study, only 14% of the patients with soft drusen developed AMD over a 10-y period [30].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [30] Klein, 2002, Ophthalmology source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The prevalence discrepancy between early and advanced AMD in African Americans is consistent with the hypothesis that CFH Y402H causes soft-drusen formation, but it is not sufficient for progression to advanced AMD.

    “Therefore, the prevalence discrepancy between the early and advanced AMD in African Americans is consistent with our hypothesis that CFH Y402H causes soft-drusen formation, but it is not sufficient for progression to advanced AMD.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The allele frequency of Y402H is less (0.31 versus 0.39) in African Americans than in Caucasians.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The CFH Y402H allele confers significant risk to neovascular AMD, GA, and soft drusen in early AMD in US and European Caucasian populations.

    “We have shown that the CFH Y402H allele confers significant risk to neovascular AMD, GA, and soft drusen in early AMD in US and European Caucasian populations.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In persons of African origin living in the United States and Barbados, the prevalence of early AMD and soft drusen is slightly lower than in whites, but advanced AMD is rare.

    “Interestingly, in persons of African origin living in United States and Barbados, prevalence of early AMD and soft drusen is slightly lower than in whites, but advanced AMD is rare [34,35].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [34] Friedman, 1999, Ophthalmology source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [35] Leske, 2004, Ophthalmology source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The CFH variant is a risk factor for soft drusen, but not for hard drusen or pigmentary changes, per se.

    “However, we show that the CFH variant is a risk factor for soft drusen, but not for hard drusen or pigmentary changes, per se.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    CFH protein has been detected in choriocapillaris and within soft drusen.

    “CFH protein has been detected in choriocapillaris and within soft drusen [3].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [3] Hageman, 2005, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Soft drusen are comprised, in part, of complement proteins including CFH and its binding partner, complement 3b.

    “This observation may not be surprising given that soft drusen is comprised, in part, of complement proteins including CFH and its binding partner, complement 3b [20].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [20] Giannakis, 2003, Eur J Immunol source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Biochemical analysis of drusen has identified complement components and inflammatory modulators.

    “Biochemical analysis of drusen have indeed resulted in identification of complement components and inflammatory modulators [2–8].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 7 sources checked
    • cites [2] Hageman, 2001, Prog Retin Eye Res source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [3] Hageman, 2005, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [4] Mullins, 2000, Faseb J source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [5] Mullins, 2001, Eye source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [6] Anderson, 2002, Am J Ophthalmol source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [7] Johnson, 2001, Exp Eye Res source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [8] Crabb, 2002, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Several genome-wide linkage scans for AMD have found suggestive linkage on chromosome 1q.

    “Several genome-wide linkage scans for AMD including ours (unpublished data) have found suggestive linkage on chromosome 1q [9–15].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 7 sources checked
    • cites [9] Klein, 1998, Arch Ophthalmol source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [10] Weeks, 2001, Am J Ophthalmol source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [11] Majewski, 2003, Am J Hum Genet source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [12] Seddon, 2003, Am J Hum Genet source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [13] Schmidt, 2004, BMC Genet source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [14] Abecasis, 2004, Am J Hum Genet source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [15] Iyengar, 2004, Am J Hum Genet source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The Y402H allele was present in at least 60% of AMD patients, with risk ratios of between 2.0 and 3.5 for one risk allele and between 3.3 and 7.4 for carriers of two risk alleles.

    “The Y402H allele was present in at least 60% of AMD patients with risk ratios of between 2.0 and 3.5 for one risk allele, and with risk ratios of between 3.3 and 7.4 for carriers of two risk alleles.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 5 sources checked
    • cites [3] Hageman, 2005, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [16] Edwards, 2005, Science source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [17] Haines, 2005, Science source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [18] Klein, 2005, Science source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [19] Zareparsi, 2005, Am J Hum Genet source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The prevalence of soft drusen is two to three times greater than that of advanced AMD.

    “Numerous epidemiological studies have shown that the prevalence of soft drusen is two to three times greater than that of advanced AMD [33].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [33] Klein, 2004, Am J Ophthalmol source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    The association test was repeated correcting for the relatedness of the patients by extending a variance-adjustment procedure to apply to general familial relationships.

    “As the patient cohort was recruited as families for a linkage analysis, we also repeated the test for association, correcting for the relatedness of the patients by extending a variance-adjustment procedure described previously [24] for sib-ships to apply to general familial relationships.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [24] Risch, 1998, Genome Res source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The 5-year incidence of soft drusen in the Reykjavik Eye Study was similar to that of the Beaver Dam Eye Study and the Blue Mountains Eye Study.

    “The 5-y incidence of soft drusen in the Reykjavik Eye Study, a population-based epidemiological study of individuals aged 50 y and older [28,29], was found to be similar to that of the Beaver Dam Eye Study in the US [30], and the Blue Mountains Eye Study in Australia [31].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [28] Jonasson, 2003, Arch Ophthalmol source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [29] Jonasson, 2005, Ophthalmology source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [30] Klein, 2002, Ophthalmology source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [31] Mitchell, 1995, Ophthalmology source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Consumption of fresh fish and fishliver oil with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids among Icelanders is among the highest in the world.

    “Consumption of fresh fish and fishliver oil with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids among Icelanders is among the highest in the world [28].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [28] Jonasson, 2003, Arch Ophthalmol source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    In the Icelandic population, GA outnumbers neovascular AMD by three to one.

    “In the Icelandic population under consideration here, however, GA was found to outnumber neovascular AMD by three to one, as reported in the Reykjavik Eye Study [28,29].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [28] Jonasson, 2003, Arch Ophthalmol source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [29] Jonasson, 2005, Ophthalmology source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Neovascular AMD outnumbers GA by approximately three to one in the Beaver Dam Eye Study and the Blue Mountains Eye Study.

    “Neovascular AMD outnumbers GA by approximately three to one in both the Beaver Dam Eye Study and the Blue Mountains Eye Study.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [30] Klein, 2002, Ophthalmology source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [31] Mitchell, 1995, Ophthalmology source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductcitation

    Grading was carried out using a standard grid classification suggested by the International Age-Related Maculopathy Epidemiological Study Group for age-related maculopathy and AMD.

    “Grading was carried out using a standard grid classification suggested by the International Age-Related Maculopathy Epidemiological Study Group for age-related maculopathy and AMD [23].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [23] Bird, 1995, Surv Ophthalmol source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Seddon et al. reported a trend for decreasing odds of neovascular AMD with increasing amounts of omega-3 and fresh-fish intake.

    “Interestingly, Seddon et al. [32] reported a trend for decreasing odds of neovascular AMD with increasing amounts of omega-3 and fresh-fish intake.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [32] Seddon, 2001, Arch Ophthalmol source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Significant genetic influence in early AMD has been demonstrated in a classical twin study, with soft drusen and multiple hard drusen showing heritability of 57% and 81%, respectively.

    “Significant genetic influence in early AMD has been demonstrated in a classical twin study comparing concordance of 226 monozygotic and 280 dizygotic twin pairs, with soft drusen and multiple hard drusen showing strong genetic influences with heritability of 57% and 81%, respectively [36].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [36] Hammond, 2002, Ophthalmology source

      Not checked in the free run.

25 of 25

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Soft drusen are usually precursors of both forms of advanced AMD.

    “Soft drusen located between the RPE and Bruch's membrane are usually precursors of both forms of advanced AMD.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    The multiplicative model holds for interpreting the odds ratio as relative risk and for calculating population-attributable risk.

    “In the case of population controls and assuming the multiplicative model, in which the risks of the two alleles of the single-nucleotide polymorphism a person carries multiply [25,26], this corresponds to an estimate of the relative risk of the mutation compared to the wild-type.”
    “On the basis of the frequency of the at-risk allele and the relative risk, we calculate the population-attributable risk or the reduction in the number of disease cases if the at-risk allele was removed from the population, again assuming the multiplicative model.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    Confidence intervals of relative risks and odds ratios are log-normally distributed.

    “Confidence intervals of relative risks and ORs were based on the variance-adjusted tests for association, assuming a log-normal distribution.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The allele frequency of Y402H is less (0.31 versus 0.39) in African Americans than in Caucasians.

    “The allele frequency of the Y402H is less (0.31 versus 0.39) in African Americans than in Caucasians.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Soft drusen and pigmentary abnormalities of the RPE are considered to be an early indication of risk of developing advanced AMD.

    “Soft drusen and pigmentary abnormalities of the RPE are considered to be an early indication of risk of developing advanced AMD.”
5 of 5

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Several studies have found an association between advanced age-related macular degeneration and complement factor H.

    “More recently, several studies have found an association between advanced age-related macular degeneration and complement factor H, an integral component of the alternative pathway of complement activation.54–65”

    From Age-related macular degeneration (2008) · cites this paper as [63]

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Authors
Magnusson, K. P., Duan, S., Sigurdsson, H., Petursson, H., Yang, Z., Zhao, Y., Bernstein, P. S., Ge, J., Jonasson, F., Stefansson, E., Helgadottir, G., Zabriskie, N. A., Jonsson, T., Björnsson, A., Thorlacius, T., Jonsson, P. V., Thorleifsson, G., Kong, A., Stefansson, H., Zhang, K., Stefansson, K., & Gulcher, J. R.
Affiliations
  • University of Utah (US)
  • Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University (CN)
  • deCODE Genetics (Iceland) (IS)
Corresponding author
  • Zhang, Kang
  • Gulcher, Jeffrey R
ORCID
Venue
PLoS Medicine
Publisher
Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Published
2005-11-29
Volume
3
Issue
1
Pages
e5
ISSN
  • 1549-1277 (ISSN-L)
  • 1549-1676
DOI
10.1371/journal.pmed.0030005
PMC
PMC1288033
OpenAlex
W2091742941
Semantic Scholar
0e0225f27a97fcd2fe1c5661164e1192004ff2df
Cited by
226
References
40
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 18
FWCI
25.98
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • PLoS Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • Hirsla (Landspítali University Hospital) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • American Health Assistance Foundation
  • Ronald McDonald House Charities
  • Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum
  • National Institutes of Health (R01EY14428, M01-RR00064)
  • National Eye Institute (R01EY014448, R01EY014428, R01EY14428, R01EY14448, P30EY014800)
  • National Center for Research Resources (M01-RR 00064, M01RR000064)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Retinal Diseases and Treatments
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Complement system in diseases
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Retinal Imaging and Analysis
Keywords
age-related macular degeneration, complement factor H, soft drusen, geographic atrophy, neovascular AMD, genetic risk factors, disease progression, early AMD
MeSH terms
Humans, Iceland, Macular Degeneration, Mutation, Risk Factors, Utah, Retinal Drusen, Odds Ratio, Complement Factor H, Genetic Predisposition to Disease

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