CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 695Virtual Reality Applications and ImpactsMultisensory perception and integrationSocial Robot Interaction and HRI

Illusory ownership of a virtual child body causes overestimation of object sizes and implicit attitude changes

Open access
Banakou, Domna, Groten, Raphaela, Slater, Mel·2013·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
DOI 10.1073/pnas.1306779110PMC PMC3732927
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

An illusory sensation of ownership over a surrogate limb or whole body can be induced through specific forms of multisensory stimulation, such as synchronous visuotactile tapping on the hidden real and visible rubber hand in the rubber hand illusion. Such methods have been used to induce ownership over a manikin and a virtual body that substitute the real body, as seen from first-person perspective, through a head-mounted display. However, the perceptual and behavioral consequences of such transformed body ownership have hardly been explored. In Exp. 1, immersive virtual reality was used to embody 30 adults as a 4-y-old child (condition C), and as an adult body scaled to the same height as the child (condition A), experienced from the first-person perspective, and with virtual and real body movements synchronized. The result was a strong body-ownership illusion equally for C and A. Moreover there was an overestimation of the sizes of objects compared with a nonembodied baseline, which was significantly greater for C compared with A. An implicit association test showed that C resulted in significantly faster reaction times for the classification of self with child-like compared with adult-like attributes. Exp. 2 with an additional 16 participants extinguished the ownership illusion by using visuomotor asynchrony, with all else equal. The size-estimation and implicit association test differences between C and A were also extinguished. We conclude that there are perceptual and probably behavioral correlates of body-ownership illusions that occur as a function of the type of body in which embodiment occurs.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

Adults embodied in a virtual 4-year-old child body in immersive virtual reality showed stronger overestimation of object sizes and faster implicit self–child associations than when embodied in a same-height scaled-down adult body. These effects depended on the body-ownership illusion, as asynchronous visuomotor feedback extinguished both the illusion and the differences between child and adult bodies.

Key findings

  • Synchronous visuomotor feedback produced a strong body-ownership illusion for both the child and scaled-down adult virtual bodies, with no significant difference between conditions: Q1 VRBody χ²₁ = 0.05, P = 0.82; Q2 Mirror χ²₁ = 0.16, P = 0.69.
  • Object-size overestimation was significantly greater in the child condition than in the adult condition: dmean15 F(1,28) = 11.37, P = 0.002; dmean30 F(1,28) = 16.43, P = 0.0004; dmean45 F(1,28) = 8.92, P = 0.006. Adult-condition overestimation was also significantly greater than zero (t tests all P < 0.00005).
  • On the Implicit Association Test, child-condition participants responded faster for self paired with child images than adult images, while adult-condition participants showed the reverse; the between-condition difference was significant, F(1,29) = 22.12, P = 0.0001.
  • In Exp. 2, asynchronous visuomotor feedback reduced ownership (medians −2 in asynchronous conditions vs. 1 in synchronous conditions) and extinguished the child–adult differences in size estimation (all within-group ANOVAs P > 0.80) and IAT scores (P = 0.65).

Methods

  • Exp. 1 used a within-group counterbalanced design originally with 32 participants; 2 were excluded for missing data, leaving n = 15 per condition. Participants were embodied via head-mounted display as either a 4-year-old child body (91.5 cm tall) or a scaled-down adult body of the same height, seen from first-person perspective with synchronous real-time visuomotor feedback.
  • Participants estimated the sizes of 15-, 30-, and 45-cm cubes by holding their hands apart, with hand distance tracked; they completed baseline estimates before embodiment and post-embodiment estimates after virtual body exposure. They also completed a body-representation questionnaire and an IAT pairing self/other with child/adult categories.
  • Exp. 2 added 16 participants using the same setup but with asynchronous visuomotor feedback. Analyses used Friedman and Wilcoxon nonparametric tests for questionnaire data and within-group ANOVAs for size-estimation and IAT results, with combined Exp. 1/Exp. 2 analyses treating synchronous feedback as a between-group factor and body condition as a within-group factor.

Limitations

  • The paper states that more work is required, including brain-imaging studies, to understand the extent of cortical reorganization under body illusions that produce such changes.
  • Evident from the text: the samples were small (Exp. 1 final n = 30; Exp. 2 n = 16) and drawn from the same population, limiting generalizability.
  • Evident from the text: participants were alone and no social interaction was present, so the findings may not extend to social settings; Exp. 2 also ran the second trial in the same session, unlike Exp. 1’s 1-week separation.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1073/pnas.1306779110

Cites

48 of 48 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

0 of 25 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    In Exp. 1, participants in the child condition responded faster when the self was paired with child images than when the self was paired with adult images.

    “participants in the child condition C responded faster when the self was paired with child images (Me-C) than when the self was paired with adult images (Me-A).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data
    § Illusory ownership of a virtual child body causes overestimation of object sizes and implicit attitude changes

    In Exp. 1, the overestimation of object sizes was significantly greater in the child condition than in the scaled-down adult condition.

    “which was significantly greater for C compared with A.”
    • Also stated in: § Effect of Body Form on Size Estimation. · plain
      “The results (Fig. 2C) show that there is a significantly greater overestimation of size in condition C compared with condition A.”
    • Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
      “there was an even greater overestimation by the C group compared with the A group”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The size estimation and IAT results were influenced by the extent of the illusion of body ownership.

    “Our fourth finding is that the size estimation and IAT results were influenced by the extent of the illusion of body ownership.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    In the size estimation and IAT responses, the difference between the child (C) and adult (A) conditions occurred only for the group with the higher level of body-ownership illusion (synchronous condition), not the low-ownership (asynchronous) group.

    “Importantly, the size estimation and IAT responses compared between high (synchronous) and low (asynchronous) ownershipillusion conditions show that the difference in responses between the C and A conditions only occur for the group with the higher level of body-ownership illusion.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data
    § Illusory ownership of a virtual child body causes overestimation of object sizes and implicit attitude changes

    In Exp. 2, asynchronous visuomotor feedback extinguished the body-ownership illusion.

    “Exp. 2 with an additional 16 participants extinguished the ownership illusion by using visuomotor asynchrony, with all else equal.”
    • Also stated in: § Implicit Association Test Scores. · plain
      “for Q1 (VRBody) and Q2 (Mirror), the medians are both -2 in all asynchronous conditions, compared with 1 in all synchronous conditions.”
    • Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
      “The illusion is extinguished when the virtual body moves asynchronously compared with the real body.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 2
  • May combine two claims. 13
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 19

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data
    § Illusory ownership of a virtual child body causes overestimation of object sizes and implicit attitude changes

    In Exp. 1, IAT scores indicating stronger self-child association were significantly greater in the child condition than in the adult condition.

    “An implicit association test showed that C resulted in significantly faster reaction times for the classification of self with child-like compared with adult-like attributes.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § Illusory ownership of a virtual child body causes overestimation of object sizes and implicit attitude changes

    In Exp. 1, participants experienced a strong body-ownership illusion with respect to both the child and scaled-down adult virtual bodies, with no significant difference between the two conditions.

    “The result was a strong body-ownership illusion equally for C and A.”
    • Also stated in: § Results · hedged
      “participants tended to affirm the illusion of ownership with respect to the child and the adult body, and that there was no significant difference between the two conditions.”
    • Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
      “It was found that there were no significant differences with respect to body ownership between the child and adult condition.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    In Exp. 1, after embodiment, participants overestimated object sizes compared with a pre-embodiment baseline in both child and adult virtual body conditions.

    “It should be noted that in the adult condition the differences are significantly greater than 0, consistent with earlier results (22) that the scaleddown body does result in object size overestimation (t tests all P < 0.00005).”
    • Also stated in: § Implicit Association Test Scores. · boosted
      “As before, each of dmean15, dmean30, and dmean45 are significantly greater than 0 (t tests, all P < 0.0001), showing that there was an overestimation of size.”
    • Also stated in: § Discussion · boosted
      “We have shown that although there was an overestimation by the A group, as would be expected, there was an even greater overestimation by the C group compared with the A group”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In Exp. 1, the median score for Q3 (Features) was significantly lower in the Child condition than in the Adult condition, consistent with participants recognizing the difference between the two bodies.

    “The median score for Q3 (Features) is significantly lower in the Child condition (median = -2) than the Adult condition (median = -1) (χ 2 1 = 5:32, P = 0.02), which is consistent with participants recognizing the difference between the two bodies, although it should be noted that both scores are very low.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    One extreme outlier was detected and removed from all analyses involving the size-estimation means.

    “One extreme outlier was detected, which was removed from all analyses involving these means (Fig. S2 and Dataset S1).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Emotional traces of past experiences trigger actual decisions based upon experiences similar to the actual experience.

    “As noted by Vogeley and Fink (37) in their review of the neural correlates of first-person perspective: “'emotional traces' of past experiences trigger our actual decisions based upon experiences similar to the actual experience.””
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Vogeley and Fink (37)

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Participants were randomly allocated to one of the two groups regarding whether they first experienced a child virtual body and then an adult body or an adult body first and then a child body.

    “Participants were randomly allocated to one of the two groups, regarding whether they first experienced a child virtual body and then an adult body or an adult body first and then a child body.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § Illusory ownership of a virtual child body causes overestimation of object sizes and implicit attitude changes

    Hand size affects the perceived sizes of external objects.

    “Previous studies have shown, for example, that hand size affects the perceived sizes of external objects (30,31).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [30]

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [31]

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation
    § Illusory ownership of a virtual child body causes overestimation of object sizes and implicit attitude changes

    Body size serves as a fundamental reference in visual perception of object size.

    “It has been suggested that body size serves as a fundamental reference in visual perception of object size (28), but also that the combination of information from different visual and oculomotor cues also affects this perception (29).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [28]

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Our core self is reconstituted on a moment-to-moment basis in the relationship between ourselves and the external world, and this is a necessary component for the autobiographical self that integrates particular states of the core self over one's personal life history.

    “The authors also argue that our core self is reconstituted on a momentto-moment basis in the relationship between ourselves and the external world, and that this is a “necessary component for the so-called autobiographical self, that integrates particular states of the core self over one's personal life history” (37).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [37] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data
    § Illusory ownership of a virtual child body causes overestimation of object sizes and implicit attitude changes

    The form of the body, in terms of the relative proportions of head size, trunk, and limbs, can impact size-perceptions of the external world and reaction-time behaviors in the selection of categories that compare the self with others.

    “here we show that the form of the body, in terms of the relative proportions of head size, trunk, and limbs, can impact size-perceptions of the external world and reaction-time behaviors in the selection of categories that compare the self with others.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    Two participants were excluded from the analysis because of the lack of data during the second condition of the experiment.

    “Two participants were excluded from the analysis because of the lack of data during the second condition of the experiment (final, n = 15 in each condition).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The results of the present study support the hypothesis that not only did participants feel ownership of the child body, but that this body transformation also affected their identification by modifying their IAT responses.

    “The results of the present study support the hypothesis that not only did participants feel ownership of the child body, but that this body transformation also affected their identification by modifying their IAT responses.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    The experiment was conducted as a within-group counterbalanced design.

    “The experiment was conducted as a within-group counterbalanced design originally with 32 participants (n = 16 in each condition).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    The residual errors of the ANOVA for dmean15 and dmean30 were compatible with normality, but not for dmean45.

    “The Shapiro-Wilk test shows compatibility of the residual errors of the fit with normality for dmean15 and dmean30 (both P > 0.89) but not so for dmean45 (P = 0.03, although the distribution of residual errors is clearly symmetric about 0 and bell-shaped).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    When multisensory data generates an illusion of change in the body structure, the body matrix maintains the homeostatic and psychological integrity of the body to conform with the changed body.

    “According to this, and a further interpretation in ref. 39, when multisensory data generates an illusion of change in the body structure, then the body matrix maintains the homeostatic and psychological integrity of the body to conform with the changed body.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [38]

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [39]

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    As we choose our self-representations in virtual reality settings, our behaviors may be shaped accordingly, and avatars can shape their users' attitudes.

    “Finally, and importantly, it is worth pointing out that as we choose our self-representations in virtual reality settings, our behaviors may be shaped accordingly (26); it is therefore not only the influence that users exert on avatars, but essentially the impact of avatars on their users and how they can shape their attitudes.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [26]

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductreasoning

    The order of combined IAT blocks was counterbalanced between participants as proposed by Nosek, Greenwald, and Banaji.

    “To control for this effect, the order of combined blocks was counterbalanced between participants as proposed by Nosek,Greenwald,and Banaji (44).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Nosek,Greenwald,and Banaji (44)

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Recent experiments induced light-skinned people to experience the illusion of ownership over a black rubber arm and over a dark-skinned virtual body.

    “There is further evidence for this in recent experiments where light-skinned people were induced to experience the illusion of ownership over a black rubber arm (41) and over a dark-skinned virtual body (42).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [41] source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [42] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Participants were randomly allocated to one of the two groups: child body first then adult body (C), or adult body first then child body (A).

    “Participants were randomly allocated to one of the two designed groups, regarding whether they first experienced a child virtual body and then an adult body (C) or an adult body first and then a child body (A).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    The body matrix is a multisensory representation of peripersonal space and the space immediately around the body, in a body-centered reference frame.

    “The body matrix is a multisensory representation of peripersonal space and the space immediately around the body, in a body-centered reference frame (38).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [38]

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Experiment 1 was conducted as a within-groups counterbalanced design with a single binary factor, Body Form.

    “Exp. 1 was conducted as a within-groups counterbalanced design with a single binary factor, referred to as “Body Form.””
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The IAT measures are designed to assess automatic associations between a contrasted pair of target and attribute concepts through a series of discrimination tasks that require fast responding.

    “As described by Schnabel, Asendorpf, and Greenwald (32), the “IAT measures are designed to assess automatic associations between a contrasted pair of target. . .and attribute. . .concepts through a series of discrimination tasks that require fast responding.””
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Schnabel, Asendorpf, and Greenwald (32)

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Our system can reproduce the experience of the world 'as a child experiences it,' and not only as a simple linear transformation of size.

    “Most importantly, our system can reproduce the experience of the world “as a child experiences it,” and not only as a simple linear transformation of size.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Mean IAT scores tend to show slightly stronger associations corresponding to the pairings of the combined block that is completed first.

    “As has been shown, mean IAT scores tend to show slightly stronger associations corresponding to the pairings of the combined block that is completed first (43).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [43]

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Both virtual bodies were dressed in a similar way, and the size of the virtual environment and proportions of the content were equivalent to reality and identical in both conditions.

    “Both virtual bodies were dressed in a similar way.The size of the virtual environment and proportions of the content were equivalent to reality and identical in both conditions.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductreasoning

    The location of the two virtual rooms was randomized across participants to avoid choice based on adaptation.

    “The location of the rooms in the environment was randomized across participants to avoid choice based on adaptation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    All ANOVAs allowed for sphericity by computing both Greenhouse-Geisser and Huynh-Feldt epsilon, which were equal to 1 in every case.

    “All ANOVAs were within-group (or within-group for condition and between-group when comparing results of Exps. 1 and 2), and all allowed for sphericity computing both Greenhouse-Geisser and Huynh-Feld e, which were equal to 1 in every case.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
28 of 28

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    No previous studies have examined the effect of owning a body of a child in an experimental setup.

    “To our knowledge, no previous studies have examined the effect of owning a body of a child in an experimental setup.”
1 of 1

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Ownership of an outgroup body is associated with a significant reduction in implicit biases against that outgroup.

    “Ownership of an outgroup body has been found to be associated with a significant reduction in implicit biases against that outgroup.”

    From Changing bodies changes minds: Owning another body affects social cognition (2015) · cites this paper as [11]

  • Changes in the mental representation of one's own body affect the perceived similarity between one's own body and that of an outgroup, resulting in significant changes in implicit biases.

    “Taken together, the findings show that changes in the mental representation of one's own body affect the perceived similarity between one's own body and that of an outgroup, resulting in significant changes in implicit biases.”

    From Changing bodies changes minds: Owning another body affects social cognition (2015) · cites this paper as [11]

  • Bodily illusions can induce ownership over a body different from one's own with respect to gender, age, or race.

    “In a number of experimental studies, participants have been exposed to bodily illusions that induced ownership over a body different to their own with respect to gender, age or race.”

    From Changing bodies changes minds: Owning another body affects social cognition (2015) · cites this paper as [11]

  • The manipulations used to induce bodily illusions involve highly salient multisensory cues that are strongly predictive of body ownership, and thus may override top-down modulations by social attitudes.

    “However, the manipulations used to induce bodily illusions involve highly salient multisensory cues which are strongly predictive of body ownership, and thus may override top-down modulations by social attitudes [9][10][11][12][13].”

    From Changing bodies changes minds: Owning another body affects social cognition (2015) · cites this paper as [11]

  • Illusions of body ownership are surprisingly impervious to social and perceptual distinctions.

    “Importantly, illusions of body ownership were revealed to be surprisingly impervious to social and perceptual distinctions.”

    From Changing bodies changes minds: Owning another body affects social cognition (2015) · cites this paper as [11]

Statistics recomputed

Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.

  • ConsistentF(1, 28) = 11.37reported p = .002 · recomputed p = .002

    “F(1, 28) = 11.37,p = .002”

  • ConsistentF(1, 28) = 16.43reported p = .0004 · recomputed p < .001

    “F(1, 28) = 16.43,p = .0004”

  • ConsistentF(1, 28) = 8.92reported p = .006 · recomputed p = .006

    “F(1, 28) = 8.92, p = .006”

  • ConsistentF(1, 29) = 22.12reported p = .0001 · recomputed p < .001

    “F(1, 29) = 22.12, p = .0001”

  • ConsistentF(1, 43) = 5.67reported p = .02 · recomputed p = .022

    “F(1,43) = 5.67, p = .02”

  • ConsistentF(1, 43) = 5.5reported p = .02 · recomputed p = .024

    “F(1,43) = 5.50, p = .02”

  • ConsistentF(1, 43) = 8.73reported p = .005 · recomputed p = .005

    “F(1,43) = 8.73, p = .005”

  • ConsistentF(1, 43) = 7.68reported p = .008 · recomputed p = .008

    “F(1,43) = 7.68, p = .008”

  • ConsistentF(1, 44) = 9.01reported p = .004 · recomputed p = .004

    “F(1,44) = 9.01, p = .004”

  • ConsistentF(1, 44) = 4.72reported p = .035 · recomputed p = .035

    “F (1,44) = 4.72, p = .035”

10 of 10

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Self-check results appear here once an independent check has confirmed them.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

2 of the 50 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. Yee N Bailenson J (2006) Walk a mile in digital shoes: The impact of embodied perspective—Taking on the reduction of negative stereotyping in immersive virtual environments. Proceedings of PRESENCE 2006: The Ninth Annual International Workshop on Presence (Cleveland OH).

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Banakou, D., Groten, R., & Slater, M.
Affiliations
  • Universitat de Barcelona (ES)
  • Siemens (Germany) (DE)
  • Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ES)
ORCID
Venue
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Publisher
National Academy of Sciences
Published
2013-07-15
Volume
110
Issue
31
Pages
12846-12851
ISSN
  • 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
  • 1091-6490
DOI
10.1073/pnas.1306779110
PMC
PMC3732927
OpenAlex
W2130299716
Semantic Scholar
cdbbce65bd0b88fcd2385a1c8dc7ebf2197c5b58
Cited by
695
References
50
Citations by year
2026: 42 · 2025: 61 · 2024: 44 · 2023: 53 · 2022: 79 · 2021: 78 · 2020: 78 · 2019: 62 · 2018: 59 · 2017: 49 · 2016: 39 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 4
FWCI
54.27
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • RECERCAT (Consorci de Serveis Universitaris de Catalunya) (publishedVersion)
  • Dipòsit Digital de la Universitat de Barcelona (Universitat de Barcelona) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
  • UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Multisensory perception and integration
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Social Robot Interaction and HRI
Keywords
body ownership illusion, embodiment, virtual reality, implicit attitudes, multisensory integration, self-concept
MeSH terms
Adult, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Male, Self Concept, User-Computer Interface, Visual Perception

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-09.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-09.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review