Does Oxytocin Increase Trust in Humans? A Critical Review of Research
Abstract
Behavioral neuroscientists have shown that the neuropeptide oxytocin (OT) plays a key role in social attachment and affiliation in nonhuman mammals. Inspired by this initial research, many social scientists proceeded to examine the associations of OT with trust in humans over the past decade. To conduct this work, they have (a) examined the effects of exogenous OT increase caused by intranasal administration on trusting behavior, (b) correlated individual difference measures of OT plasma levels with measures of trust, and (c) searched for genetic polymorphisms of the OT receptor gene that might be associated with trust. We discuss the different methods used by OT behavioral researchers and review evidence that links OT to trust in humans. Unfortunately, the simplest promising finding associating intranasal OT with higher trust has not replicated well. Moreover, the plasma OT evidence is flawed by how OT is measured in peripheral bodily fluids. Finally, in recent large-sample studies, researchers failed to find consistent associations of specific OT-related genetic polymorphisms and trust. We conclude that the cumulative evidence does not provide robust convergent evidence that human trust is reliably associated with OT (or caused by it). We end with constructive ideas for improving the robustness and rigor of OT research.
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Nave and colleagues' analysis of seven studies found that the combined effect size of intranasal oxytocin on trust was small and not reliably different from zero (Cohen's d = 0.077, 95% CI [-0.124; 0.278]).
“Nave and colleagues [22] computed the effect sizes of seven studies that have investigated the effect of intranasal OT on trust trough the trust game. Their analysis revealed that the combined effect size of intranasal OT on trust was small and not reliably different from zero (Cohen’s d = 0.077, 95%CI: [-0.124;0.278]).”
From Failed Replication of Oxytocin Effects on Trust: The Envelope Task Case (2015) · cites this paper as [22]
The absence of a convincing theoretical framework that predicts which moderators exert effects and when has raised skepticism about the robustness of human behavioral intranasal oxytocin research.
“The lack of a convincing theoretical framework that allows to predict which moderators exert their effects and when, has raised healthy skepticism regarding the robustness of human behavioral IN-OT research (20,21).”
From Is there a Publication Bias in Behavioural Intranasal Oxytocin Research on Humans? Opening the File Drawer of One Laboratory (2016) · cites this paper as [20]
The seminal highly cited study associating intranasal oxytocin with trust failed several times to replicate.
“the seminal, highly cited study associating IN-OT with trust (1), that inspired much of the subsequent research, failed several times to replicate (20).”
From Is there a Publication Bias in Behavioural Intranasal Oxytocin Research on Humans? Opening the File Drawer of One Laboratory (2016) · cites this paper as [20]
The use of too small samples and the vast amount of candidate moderators might inflate the false discovery rate unless direct replication and correction for multiple hypotheses are applied.
“the use of too small samples (21) and the vast amount of candidate factors that could potentially moderate IN-OT's behavioral effects (19, 20) might inflate the false discovery rate unless direct replication efforts and correction for multiple hypotheses are applied.”
From Is there a Publication Bias in Behavioural Intranasal Oxytocin Research on Humans? Opening the File Drawer of One Laboratory (2016) · cites this paper as [20]
A concern in previous studies is that post hoc explorations of different modulations by individual differences risk inflating the rate of Type I errors.
“A concern in previous studies is that post hoc explorations of different modulations by individual differences risk inflating the rate of Type I errors 50 .”
From Oxytocin modulates social value representations in the amygdala (2019) · cites this paper as [50]
Nave and colleagues have raised doubt on the robustness of the oxytocin-trust association, pointing out that six studies failed to replicate the initial findings reported by Kosfeld et al.
“More specifically, Nave and colleagues 21 have raised doubt on the robustness of the oxytocin-trust association, pointing out that six studies failed to replicate the initial findings reported by Kosfeld et al. 8 .”
From A registered replication study on oxytocin and trust (2020) · cites this paper as [21]
The overarching link among studies of OXT and human cooperation is the role of OXT in enhancing group-level cooperation, though there is considerable debate about the robustness of these OXT studies.
“The overarching link among studies of OXT and human cooperation is the role of OXT in enhancing group-level cooperation, though there is considerable debate about the robustness of these OXT studies (Leng & Ludwig, 2015; Nave, Camerer, & McCullough, 2015; Van IJzendoorn & Bakermans-Kranenburg, 2012; Walum, Waldman, & Young, 2015).”
From Inequity aversion strategies between marmosets are influenced by partner familiarity and sex but not by oxytocin (2016) · cites this paper as Nave, Camerer, & McCullough, 2015
The oxytocin literature has relatively poor replicability, partly due to small sample sizes.
“However, several recent reviews identified relatively poor replicability within the OT literature (Nave et al., 2015; Leng and Ludwig, 2016; Walum et al., 2016), which partly arises from small sample sizes.”
From Oxytocin promotes altruistic punishment (2017) · cites this paper as Nave et al., 2015
A recent systematic review found no evidence that trust behavior is associated with oxytocin.
“For instance, a recent systematic review of the oxytocin literature found no evidence that trust behavior is associated with oxytocin (Nave et al., 2015).”
From Oxytocin promotes altruistic punishment (2017) · cites this paper as Nave et al., 2015
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“Indeed, when the same researchers conducted two replication attempts of the study using a double blind protocol, they found no OT effects (Lane et al., 2014).”
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Music as a coevolved system for social bonding
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Measurement of Trust in Automation: A Narrative Review and Reference Guide
Kohn, S. C., de Visser, E. J., Wiese, E., Lee, Y., & Shaw, T. H. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.604977 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
“…oxytocin methodological and experimental approach due to reproducibility difficulties and the exploratory nature of this work (Christensen et al., 2014; Nave et al., 2015; Mierop et al., 2020), a validated hormone-based measure would present a third broad type of physiological trust measurement.”
BackgroundMusical Preferences Predict Personality: Evidence From Active Listening and Facebook Likes
Nave, G., Minxha, J., Greenberg, D. M., Kosiński, M., Stillwell, D. J., & Rentfrow, P. J. (2018) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797618761659 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Self-citationSynchrony as an Adaptive Mechanism for Large‐Scale Human Social Bonding
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“…out-groups (Shamay-Tsoory et al. 2013), with individual differences predicting some of this variability in behaviour (Ma et al. 2015) This suggests that the effects of oxytocin generalise beyond dyadic bonding, although more research is required to fully clarify these effects (Nave et al. 2015).”
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“These include the impact of nasal oxytocin administration on interpersonal trust (15), changes in female mate preferences associated with ovulation (16), and the egodepletion model of self-control (17).”
BackgroundAdvances in human oxytocin measurement: challenges and proposed solutions
Tabak, B. A., Leng, G., Szeto, A., Parker, K. J., Verbalis, J. G., Ziegler, T. E., Lee, M. R., Neumann, I. D., & Mendez, A. J. (2023) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-022-01719-z · Cited by 170 · see citing works
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“Consistent with this, attempts to replicate the findings of Kosfeld et al. (2005) have so far been unsuccessful (summarized in Nave et al. 2015; see also a critical commentary by Quintana 2018).”
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“Human research also appears to demonstrate the central role of oxytocin in affiliative relationships spanning kin, romantic bonding and trust (Graustella and MacLeod 2012), but this research is not without its critics (Nave et al. 2015).”
BackgroundToward a Model of Interpersonal Trust Drawn from Neuroscience, Psychology, and Economics
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“There are now grave concerns, however, about the way this research has been conducted and reported (Conlisk, 2011; Nave et al., 2015; Leng and Ludwig, 2016): studies have been too small, direct replication has been too rare, and negative results have been relegated to the file drawer.”
BackgroundInfluentialA registered replication study on oxytocin and trust
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Self-citationSync to link: Endorphin-mediated synchrony effects on cooperation
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“The reproducibility crisis of science does not spare OT research (Nave et al., 2015), and we found only one study replication (MacChitella et al., 2017).”
BackgroundExperimenter gender and replicability in science
Chapman, C. D., Benedict, C., & Schiöth, H. B. (2018) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.1701427 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
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“Indeed, OT has been popularly labeled as “love hormone” or “liquid trust” (Nave et al., 2015).”
Pair-bonding, fatherhood, and the role of testosterone: a meta-analytic review
Grebe, N. M., Sarafin, R. E., Strenth, C. R., & Zilioli, S. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.01.010 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
“Although recent meta-analyses have failed to establish robust effects of OT on more general prosocial behavior (e.g., trust; Nave et al., 2015), researchers have found robust support for OT’s role in social processes specific to romantic relationships and parent-child bonds (Feldman, 2017; Gangestad and Grebe, 2017).”
Quintana, D. S., Westlye, L. T., Hope, S., Nærland, T., Elvsåshagen, T., Dørum, E., Rustan, Ø., Valstad, M., Rezvaya, L., Lishaugen, H., et al. (2017) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2017.103 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Detection, processing and reinforcement of social cues: regulation by the oxytocin system
Menon, R., & Neumann, I. D. (2023) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-023-00759-w · Cited by 100 · see citing works
The Routledge Handbook of Neuroethics
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Oxytocin and stress-related disorders: neurobiological mechanisms and treatment opportunities
Sippel, L. M., Allington, C. E., Pietrzak, R. H., Harpaz-Rotem, I., Mayes, L. C., & Olff, M. (2017) · Chronic Stress · doi:10.1177/2470547016687996 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
“of these latter results have been challenged.(85) IN OT has also been linked to increased willingness to share emotions related to a painful memory,(86) increased recall of positive social affiliation memories,(87) and indicators of pair bonding and relationship outcomes.”
ResultPollet, T. V., & van der Meij, L. (2016) · Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology · doi:10.1007/s40750-016-0050-z · Cited by 99 · see citing works
“Consequently, outlier handling could be an (additional) important reason why some findings are difficult to replicate in behavioral endocrinology (e.g., Oxytocin: Nave et al. 2015).”
BackgroundEvidence for Intranasal Oxytocin Delivery to the brain: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives
Quintana, D. S., Smerud, K. T., Andreassen, O. A., & Djupesland, P. G. (2018) · Therapeutic Delivery · doi:10.4155/tde-2018-0002 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Oxytocin effects in schizophrenia: Reconciling mixed findings and moving forward
Bradley, E., & Woolley, J. D. (2017) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.05.007 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
“The human oxytocin literature is limited by small sample sizes, failures to replicate (Nave et al., 2015), disputed statistical approaches (Conlisk, 2011; Walum et al., 2015), incomplete understanding of pharmacodynamics (Leng and Ludwig, 2016), possible publication bias (Lane et al., 2016), and…”
Alvares, G. A., Quintana, D. S., & Whitehouse, A. J. O. (2017) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1692 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Long-term oxytocin administration enhances the experience of attachment
Bernaerts, S., Prinsen, J., Berra, E., Bosmans, G., Steyaert, J., & Alaerts, K. (2017) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.01.010 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Oxytocin modulates social value representations in the amygdala
Liu, Y., Li, S., Lin, W., Li, W., Yan, X., Wang, X., Pan, X., Rutledge, R. B., & Ma, Y. (2019) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-019-0351-1 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Human social neuroendocrinology: Review of the rapid effects of testosterone
Geniole, S. N., & Carré, J. M. (2018) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2018.06.001 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
A review of human male field studies of hormones and behavioral reproductive effort
Gray, P. B., McHale, T. S., & Carré, J. M. (2016) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2016.07.004 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
“Unfortunately, this effect has not been replicated (Nave et al., 2015) and several authors have argued that the oxytocin administration literature is plagued by low powered studies (Walum et al.”
Theoretical frameworks for human behavioral endocrinology
Roney, J. R. (2016) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2016.06.004 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“…examine effects of oxytocin administration relative to placebo on outcomes such as trust behavior in economic games (e.g., Kosfeld et al., 2005; cf. Nave et al., 2015), the ability to read emotional expressions from faces (Domes et al., 2007), and ratings of trustworthiness in others' faces…”
Characterizing the mechanisms of social connection
Delgado, M. R., Fareri, D. S., & Chang, L. J. (2023) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2023.09.012 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
“76,82 Taken together, these studies highlight the rewarding mechanisms that underlie social connection and influence behavior.”
BackgroundNuman, M. (2020) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190848675.001.0001 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Peled‐Avron, L., Abu-Akel, A. M., & Shamay‐Tsoory, S. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.04.023 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
A review of neuroeconomic gameplay in psychiatric disorders
Robson, S. E., Repetto, L., Gountouna, V., & Nicodemus, K. K. (2019) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-019-0405-5 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“In Trust Games with a high risk of being caught “cheating” (returning less than the amount requested by the Investor), patients with MDD cheat less than controls, perhaps because reduced cognitive and affective processing limit the ability to deal with the cognitive load in this situation [36].”
BackgroundInfluentialImproving the precision of intranasal oxytocin research
Winterton, A., Westlye, L. T., Steen, N. E., Andreassen, O. A., & Quintana, D. S. (2020) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-020-00996-4 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Failed Replication of Oxytocin Effects on Trust: The Envelope Task Case
Lane, A., Mikolajczak, M., Treinen, E., Samson, D., Corneille, O., de Timary, P., & Luminet, O. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0137000 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“Nave and colleagues [22] computed the effect sizes of seven studies that have investigated the effect of intranasal OT on trust trough the trust game.”
BackgroundAssociations between oxytocin and empathy in humans: A systematic literature review
Barchi-Ferreira, A. M., & Osório, F. D. L. (2021) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105268 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Effects of intranasal oxytocin on symptoms of schizophrenia: A multivariate Bayesian meta-analysis
Williams, D. R., & Bürkner, P. (2016) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.10.013 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
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The Mimicry Among Us: Intra- and Inter-Personal Mechanisms of Spontaneous Mimicry
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“Importantly, the mechanisms by which mimicry can influence social behavior are very complex and some effects in human studies that seem to reflect selective central OT mechanisms actually work via general peripheral causes (Churchland and Winkielman 2012) or are not very robust (Nave et al. 2015).”
BackgroundDecision-making: from neuroscience to neuroeconomics—an overview
Serra, D. (2021) · Theory and Decision · doi:10.1007/s11238-021-09830-3 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Distinct oxytocin effects on belief updating in response to desirable and undesirable feedback
Ma, Y., Li, S., Wang, C., Liu, Y., Li, W., Yan, X., Chen, Q., & Han, S. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1604285113 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Oxytocin Facilitates Social Learning by Promoting Conformity to Trusted Individuals
Xu, L., Becker, B., & Kendrick, K. M. (2019) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2019.00056 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Mierop, A., Mikolajczak, M., Stahl, C., Béna, J., Luminet, O., Lane, A., & Corneille, O. (2020) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691620921525 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Neurocomputational approaches to social behavior
Konovalov, A., Hu, J., & Ruff, C. C. (2018) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.04.009 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“Few studies have examined the neurocomputational mechanisms underlying these kinds of aversions in (dis)trust decisions, which could be studied with mixture models assigning weights to these different concerns [52].”
BackgroundEEG-Based Neural Correlates of Trust in Human-Autonomy Interaction
Wang, M., Hussein, A., Rojas, R. F., Shafi, K., & Abbass, H. A. (2018) · IEEE Symposium Series on Computational Intelligence (SSCI) · doi:10.1109/ssci.2018.8628649 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“In neuro-behavioral research, inspired by progress in animal research [13], the role of oxytocin (OT) to influence trust in humans has been examined.”
BackgroundNature, Nurture, and Their Interplay
Sasaki, J. Y., & Kim, H. S. (2016) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022116680481 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Oxytocin—a social peptide? Deconstructing the evidence
Leng, G., Leng, R., & Ludwig, M. (2022) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2021.0055 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Highlighting the Contextual Nature of Interpersonal Relationships
McNulty, J. K. (2016) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/bs.aesp.2016.02.003 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Prediction of trust propensity from intrinsic brain morphology and functional connectome
Feng, C., Zhu, Z., Cui, Z., Ushakov, V., Dreher, J., Luo, W., Gu, R., Wu, X., & Krüeger, F. (2020) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.25215 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Zhao, F., Zhang, H., Wang, P., Cui, W., Xu, K., Chen, D., Hu, M., Li, Z., Geng, X., & Wei, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.919890 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Oxytocin improves facial emotion recognition in young adults with antisocial personality disorder
Timmermann, M., Jeung, H., Schmitt, R., Boll, S., Freitag, C. M., Bertsch, K., & Herpertz, S. C. (2017) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.07.483 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Determinants and modulators of human social decisions
Terenzi, D., Liu, L., Bellucci, G., & Park, S. Q. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.06.041 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“The associations between exogenous administration of oxytocin and trust have mainly been investigated by applying intranasal oxytocin and using different economic paradigms, such as the trust game (Nave et al., 2015; Zhu et al., 2019).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialHubble, K., Daughters, K., Manstead, A. S. R., Rees, A., Thapar, A., & van Goozen, S. H. M. (2017) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.10.019 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Mustoe, A. C., Harnisch, A. M., Hochfelder, B., Cavanaugh, J., & French, J. A. (2016) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.01.025 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
The Effect of Oxytocin on Third-Party Altruistic Decisions in Unfair Situations: An fMRI Study
Hu, Y., Scheele, D., Becker, B., Voos, G., David, B., Hurlemann, R., & Weber, B. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep20236 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
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“Little by little, enzyme immunoassays became more prevalent than RIA due to their safety and ease of use, and for unknown reasons, extraction steps were also gradually abandoned by some researchers as highlighted by Dal Monte et al. (2014), McCullough et al. (2013), and Nave et al. (2015).”
BackgroundA Novel Role of CD38 and Oxytocin as Tandem Molecular Moderators of Human Social Behavior
Tolomeo, S., Chiao, B., Lei, Z., Chew, S. H., & Ebstein, R. P. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.04.013 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Physical touch during father-infant interactions is associated with paternal oxytocin levels
Morris, A. R., Turner, A., Gilbertson, C. H., Corner, G. W., Mendez, A. J., & Saxbe, D. (2021) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2021.101613 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Trustworthiness of Autonomous Systems
Devitt, S. K. (2018) · Studies in systems, decision and control · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-64816-3_9 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“Trust is a psychological state in which a person makes themselves vulnerable because they are confident that other agents will not exploit them [68].”
BackgroundPolitical Orientation is Associated with Behavior in Public-Goods- and Trust-Games
Grünhage, T., & Reuter, M. (2020) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-020-09606-5 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Cueva, C., Roberts, E., Spencer, T. J., Rani, N., Tempest, M., Tobler, P. N., Herbert, J., & Rustichini, A. (2016) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2016.09.012 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“This issue has been highlighted by recent large replication attempts in psychology and experimental economics (Open Science Collaboration, 2015; Camerer et al., 2016) aswell as by recent critical reviews of oxytocin research on humans (Nave et al., 2015; Lane et al., 2016).”
BackgroundTestosterone administration increases social discounting in healthy males
Wu, Y., Liao, J., Zilioli, S., Wu, Y., Deng, H., Li, H., & Tobler, P. N. (2019) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.06.013 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Oxytocin and vulnerable romantic relationships
Grebe, N. M., Kristoffersen, A. A., Grøntvedt, T. V., Emery Thompson, M., Kennair, L. E. O., & Gangestad, S. W. (2017) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2017.02.009 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“…regarding the reproducibility of published findings in general (e.g., Open Science Collaboration, 2015), and within OT research particularly (e.g., Nave et al., 2015; Lane et al., 2016), we see the successful reproduction of our main finding across two samples from different cultures as a…”
BackgroundOxytocin: A citation network analysis of 10 000 papers
Leng, G., & Leng, R. (2021) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/jne.13014 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Interplay between the oxytocin and opioid systems in regulating social behaviour
Putnam, P. T., & Chang, S. W. C. (2022) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2021.0050 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Deciphering the modulatory role of oxytocin in human altruism
Hurlemann, R., & Marsh, N. (2017) · Reviews in the Neurosciences · doi:10.1515/revneuro-2016-0061 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
A matter of distance—The effect of oxytocin on social discounting is empathy-dependent
Strang, S., Gerhardt, H., Marsh, N., Artigas, S. O., Hu, Y., Hurlemann, R., & Park, S. Q. (2017) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.01.031 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“Recently, the effects of intranasally administered OXT reported n the literature have been debated in the context of trust behavor (Nave et al., 2015), concerning the inconsistency in its effects.”
BackgroundThe Neuropeptide Oxytocin Enhances Information Sharing and Group Decision Making Quality
de Wilde, T. R. W., Velden, F. S. T., & Dreu, C. K. W. D. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep40622 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“Although a recent meta-analysis revealed no overall effect of oxytocin on trust 39 , there is evidence that oxytocin does increase trust among individuals that are part of the same group and have are a common task to perform (For a review see ref.”
The Role of Intranasal Oxytocin on Social Cognition: an Integrative Human Lifespan Approach
Horta, M., Pehlivanoglu, D., & Ebner, N. C. (2020) · Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1007/s40473-020-00214-5 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Fear, love, and the origins of canid domestication: An oxytocin hypothesis
Herbeck, Y. E., Eliava, M., Grinevich, V., & MacLean, E. L. (2021) · Comprehensive Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.cpnec.2021.100100 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Lambert, B., Declerck, C. H., Boone, C., & Parizel, P. M. (2017) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2017.06.011 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“A first criticism is that OT rarely has a main effect on behaviour, but that it often interacts with one or more moderators (Lane et al., 2016; Nave et al., 2015).”
Oxytocin and the emergence of individual differences in the social regulation of stress
Chen, F. S., Heinrichs, M., & Johnson, S. C. (2017) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12332 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Testosterone administration in human social neuroendocrinology: Past, present, and future.
Carré, J., & Robinson, B. A. (2020) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2020.104754 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Generous to whom? The influence of oxytocin on social discounting
Pornpattananangkul, N., Zhang, J., Chen, Q., Kok, B. C., & Yu, R. (2017) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.02.016 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Motivated Attention and Reward in Parenting
Ferrey, A. E., Santascoy, N., McCrory, E. J. P., Thompson‐Booth, C., Mayes, L. C., & Rutherford, H. J. V. (2016) · Parenting · doi:10.1080/15295192.2016.1184928 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
The Topology of Communities of Trust
Alfano, M. (2016) · Sotsiologicheskoe Obozrenie / Russian Sociological Review · doi:10.17323/1728-192x-2016-4-30-56 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Oxytocin promotes attention to social cues regardless of group membership
Pfundmair, M., Zwarg, C., Paulus, M., & Rimpel, A. (2017) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2017.03.006 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Oxytocin promotes altruistic punishment
Aydogan, G., Furtner, N. C., Kern, B., Jobst, A., Müller, N., & Kocher, M. G. (2017) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsx101 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“However, several recent reviews identified relatively poor replicability within the OT literature (Nave et al., 2015; Leng and Ludwig, 2016; Walum et al., 2016), which partly arises from small sample sizes.”
Straccia, M. A., Teed, A. R., Katzman, P. L., Tan, K. M., Parrish, M. H., Irwin, M. R., Eisenberger, N. I., Lieberman, M. D., & Tabak, B. A. (2021) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291721004104 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Furthermore, failed replications (Declerck, Boone, Pauwels, Vogt, & Fehr, 2020; Nave, Camerer, & McCullough, 2015), a publication bias against null results (Lane, Luminet, Nave, & Mikolajczak, 2016; Tabak et al., 2019), and issues of statistical power have promoted uncertainty regarding all but the…”
BackgroundSanwald, S., Gahr, M., Widenhorn-Müller, K., Schönfeldt-Lecuona, C., Richter, K., Connemann, B., Kammer, T., Montag, C., & Kiefer, M. (2019) · Journal of Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s12031-019-01446-1 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“However, in humans, OTalso acts as a neuromodulator in neural networks associated with trust (Kosfeld et al. 2005; for replication problems, see Nave et al. 2015), empathy (Decety and Batson 2009), and sociality (Jack et al. 2012).”
BackgroundBeing a Dog: A Review of the Domestication Process
Tancredi, D., & Cardinali, I. (2023) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes14050992 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“It was observed that oxytocin seems to trigger an increase in social trust [47,48], modulate social attention and different aspects of social engagement, such as eye contact [49,50], and promote behavioral synchrony, which is critical for coordinating group actions [51,52].”
BackgroundKosaki, Y., & Watanabe, S. (2016) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/bne0000139 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Bernaerts, S., Berra, E., Wenderoth, N., & Alaerts, K. (2016) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.07.002 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“…Insel, 2010; Kendrick, 2000; ue Carter, 1998), but more recently, accumulating evidence also emonstrated a strong involvement of OT in promoting prosocial ehavior (Guastella and MacLeod, 2012), interpersonal bonding Hurlemann and Scheele, 2015) and trust in adult relationships Nave et al., 2015).”
Zimmermann, J., Deris, N., Montag, C., Reuter, M., Felten, A., Becker, B., Weber, B., & Markett, S. A. (2018) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.06.014 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Newer evidence, however, suggests that oxytocin effects might rely stronger on contextual factors than previously thought (Declerck et al., 2014; Nave et al., 2015).”
Association of the oxytocin receptor gene with attitudinal trust: role of amygdala volume
Nishina, K., Takagishi, H., Fermin, A. S. R., Inoue‐Murayama, M., Takahashi, H., Sakagami, M., & Yamagishi, T. (2018) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsy075 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“However, as a more recent study argued that oxytocin has no effect on trust (Nave et al., 2015), the association between oxytocin and trust has attracted more attention in various fields, but needs further research to be fully understood.”
BackgroundWacewicz, S., & Żywiczyński, P. (2018) · Interaction Studies Social Behaviour and Communication in Biological and Artificial Systems · doi:10.1075/is.17031.wac · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Oxytocin Modulates the Cognitive Appraisal of the Own and Others Close Intimate Relationships
Aguilar‐Raab, C., Eckstein, M., Geracitano, S., Prévost, M., Gold, I., Heinrichs, M., Bilderbeck, A. C., Ehlert, U., & Ditzen, B. (2019) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2019.00714 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Quintana, D. S. (2021) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105642 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
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An affective social tie mechanism: Theory, evidence, and implications
Bault, N., Fahrenfort, J. J., Pelloux, B., Ridderinkhof, K. R., & van Winden, F. A. A. M. (2017) · Journal of Economic Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.joep.2017.04.004 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Nave et al. (2015) on trust studies, and Walum et al. (2015) on statistical and methodological issues, more generally.”
BackgroundElectrophysiological correlates of oxytocin-induced enhancement of social performance monitoring
de Bruijn, E. R. A., Ruissen, M. I., & Radke, S. (2017) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsx094 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
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Enhancing models of social and strategic decision making with process tracing and neural data
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Helping in humans and other animals: a fruitful interdisciplinary dialogue
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The effect of testosterone on economic risk-taking: A multi-study, multi-method investigation
Stanton, S. J., Welker, K. M., Bonin, P. L., Goldfarb, B., & Carré, J. M. (2021) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2021.105014 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Romney, C. E., Hahn‐Holbrook, J., Norman, G. J., Moore, A., & Holt‐Lunstad, J. (2018) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2018.08.010 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
- Authors
- Nave, G., Camerer, C., & McCullough, M.
- Affiliations
- California Institute of Technology (US)
- University of Miami (US)
- Corresponding author
- Nave, Gideon
- Venue
- Perspectives on Psychological Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2015-11
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 772-789
- ISSN
- 1745-6916 (ISSN-L)
- 1745-6924
- OpenAlex
- W2189156543
- Semantic Scholar
- 3aadb7002f83415c5b398a6a122c7ce14599dc24
- Cited by
- 309
- References
- 178
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 50 · 2019: 44 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 43 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 2
- FWCI
- 50.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Perspectives on Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies
- Keywords
- oxytocin, trust, individual differences, replication, research rigor, social attachment, neuropeptides
- MeSH terms
- Administration, Intranasal, Genetic Markers, Humans, Oxytocin, Polymorphism, Genetic, Biomarkers
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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