Physical activity enjoyment scale: Two validation studies

Kendzierski, Deborah; DeCarlo, Kenneth J.

doi:10.1123/jsep.13.1.50

Cited by 1,329Motivation and Self-Concept in SportsPhysical Activity and HealthSport Psychology and Performance

Physical activity enjoyment scale: Two validation studies

Kendzierski, Deborah, DeCarlo, Kenneth J.·1991·Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology

DOI 10.1123/jsep.13.1.50

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Abstract

Two studies examined the reliability and validity of the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES). In Study 1, each subject rode an exercise bicycle under control and external focus conditions. The PACES had high internal consistency in both conditions. As predicted, subjects reported enjoying the exercise more, as measured by the PACES, in the external focus condition. Moreover, there was a significant negative correlation in the control condition between subjects' PACES scores and their scores on a measure of boredom proneness. In Study 2, each subject rode an exercise bicycle and jogged on a minitrampoline in separate sessions; each then chose one of these activities for their third session. Again, the PACES had high internal consistency. And, as predicted, there was a significant relationship between subjects' PACES ratings (completed after each activity) and their choices of activity. Test-retest reliability was high for jogging and moderate for bicycling. These studies provide preliminary evidence of the reliability and validity of the PACES.

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Enjoyment was assessed using the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES).
“After a 5 min cool-down, subjects were seated for 5 min and subsequently completed the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES) [25].”
From High-Intensity Interval Training Elicits Higher Enjoyment than Moderate Intensity Continuous Exercise (2017) · cites this paper as [25]

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Comparison of Acute Physiological and Psychological Responses Between Moderate-Intensity Continuous Exercise and Three Regimes of High-Intensity Interval Training
Olney, N., Wertz, T., LaPorta, Z., Mora, A., Serbas, J., & Astorino, T. A. (2017) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000002154 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
“Ten minutes postexercise, participants completed the PACES scale (26), which required them to answer 18 items on a 1–7 scale.”
Method
Comparing Psychosocial Predictors of Physical Activity Adoption and Maintenance
Williams, D. M., Lewis, B. A., DUNSIGER, S. I., Whiteley, J. A., Papandonatos, G. D., Napolitano, M. A., Bock, B. C., Ciccolo, J. T., & Marcus, B. H. (2008) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-008-9054-7 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
“In this study, level of physical activity enjoyment was significantly related to type of physical activity chosen (33).”
Background
Effects of online group exercises for older adults on physical, psychological and social wellbeing: a randomized pilot trial
Báez, M., Far, I. K., Ibarra, F., Ferron, M., Didino, D., & Casati, F. (2017) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.3150 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
“…349 participants’ enjoyment of physical activity at the beginning and at the end of the study, we used 350 the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale [PACES; Kendzierski & DeCarlo, 1991], which has been 351 validated in several studies, including one with an Italian sample [Carraro & Robazza, 2008].”
Method
Effects of Leadership Style and Group Dynamics on Enjoyment of Physical Activity
Fox, L. D., Rejeski, W. J., & Gauvin, L. I. (2000) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.4278/0890-1171-14.5.277 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
A CONTRIBUTION TO THE VALIDATION OF THE PHYSICAL ACTIVITY ENJOYMENT SCALE IN AN ITALIAN SAMPLE
Carraro, A., Young, M. C., & Robazza, C. (2008) · Social Behavior and Personality An International Journal · doi:10.2224/sbp.2008.36.7.911 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
“The Italian version of the PACES is available from the first author upon request.”
MethodInfluential
Does Virtual Reality Enhance Exercise Performance, Enjoyment, and Dissociation? An Exploratory Study on a Stationary Bike Apparatus
Mestre, D., Dagonneau, V., & Mercier, C.-S. (2011) · PRESENCE Virtual and Augmented Reality · doi:10.1162/pres_a_00031 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
“A French back-translated version of the physical activity enjoyment scale (PACES) validated by Kendzierski and DeCarlo (1991) was used to measure the quantity of perceived enjoyment during an exercise.”
Method
Investigating within-day and longitudinal effects of maternal stress on children's physical activity, dietary intake, and body composition: Protocol for the MATCH study
Dunton, G. F., Liao, Y., Dzubur, E., Leventhal, A. M., Huh, J., Gruenewald, T. L., Margolin, G., Koprowski, C., Tate, E. B., & Intille, S. S. (2015) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2015.05.007 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Dance for Health: An Intergenerational Program to Increase Access to Physical Activity
Schroeder, K., Ratcliffe, S. J., Pérez, A., Earley, D., Bowman, C., & Lipman, T. H. (2017) · Journal of Pediatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.pedn.2017.07.004 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
“…end of the session. enerational Program to Increase Access to Physical Activity, Journal of PACES has been found to be reliable and valid in adults (Kendzierski & DeCarlo, 1991), older adults (Mullen et al., 2011), and children (Motl et al., 2001); the modified version used in this study included…”
Method
Enjoyment as a Predictor of Exercise Habit, Intention to Continue Exercising, and Exercise Frequency: The Intensity Traits Discrepancy Moderation Role
Teixeira, D., Rodrigues, F. F., Cid, L., & Monteiro, D. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.780059 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
“The Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (Original: PACES; Kendzierski and DeCarlo, 1991; PACES Portuguese Version: Teques et al., 2017; Rodrigues et al., 2021b) The PACES is an 8-item scale that assesses the level of exercise enjoyment (e.g., “It is fun” ) using a 7-point bipolar Likert scale ranging…”
Method
Social identification, exercise participation, and positive exercise experiences: Evidence from parkrun
Stevens, M. R., Rees, T., & Polman, R. C. J. (2018) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2018.1489360 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Physical Activity Behavior of People With Multiple Sclerosis: Understanding How They Can Become More Physically Active
Beckerman, H., de Groot, V., Scholten, M. A., Kempen, J. C. E., & Lankhorst, G. J. (2010) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.2522/ptj.20090345 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
The Effects of Music Preference and Exercise Intensity on Psychological Variables
Dyrlund, A. K., & Wininger, S. R. (2008) · Journal of Music Therapy · doi:10.1093/jmt/45.2.114 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
A preliminary test of a student-centered intervention on increasing physical activity in underserved adolescents
Wilson, D. K., Evans, A. E., Williams, J. E., Mixon, G., Sirard, J. R., & Pate, R. R. (2005) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1207/s15324796abm3002_4 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
“Enjoyment for PA—Participants completed an enjoyment scale (25) for a range of physical activities at the end of each week.”
Girls on the Move Program to Increase Physical Activity Participation
Robbins, L. B., Gretebeck, K. A., Kazanis, A. S., & Pender, N. J. (2006) · Nursing Research · doi:10.1097/00006199-200605000-00007 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Predicting the effect of interactive video bikes on exercise adherence: An efficacy trial
Rhodes, R. E., Warburton, D. E. R., & Bredin, S. S. D. (2009) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548500903281088 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
“…participants were able to self-select music is more enjoyable than standard exercise (Dwyer, 1995; Dyrlund & Wininger, 2008; Karageorghis, 2008; Kendzierski & DeCarlo, 1991); however, research comparing outdoor activities has been found more enjoyable than indoor exercise (Plante, Cage,…”
Background
Factors Associated with Physical Activity Among African-American Men and Women
Bopp, M., Wilcox, S., Laken, M. A., Butler, K., Carter, R. E., McClorin, L., & Yancey, A. K. (2006) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2005.11.007 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Effects of self-efficacy on physical activity enjoyment in college-agedwomen
Hu, L., Motl, R. W., McAuley, E., & Konopack, J. F. (2007) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/bf03004174 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
The effectiveness of a high-intensity games intervention on improving indices of health in young children
Lambrick, D., Westrupp, N., Kaufmann, S., Stoner, L. R., & Faulkner, J. (2015) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2015.1048521 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
“On completion of the 6-week intervention, children were asked to complete the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES); a valid and reliable marker of perceived enjoyment (Kendzierski & DeCarlo, 1991).”
Method
Enhancing Theoretical Fidelity: An E-mail—Based Walking Program Demonstration
Rovniak, L. S., Hovell, M. F., Wojcik, J. R., Winett, R. A., & Martinez-Donate, A. P. (2005) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.4278/0890-1171-20.2.85 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
School-based physical activity interventions and physical activity enjoyment: A meta-analysis
Burns, R. D., Fu, Y., & Podlog, L. W. (2017) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.08.011 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
“A variety of physical activity enjoyment assessment instruments were employed across the 10 studies, all of which displayed test-retest reliability and construct validity evidence given the information provided in each of the manuscripts (Brustad, 1993; Cuddihy et al., 2002; Hyndman et al., 2013; Kendierski and DeCarl…”
BackgroundMethod
The efficacy of exergaming in people with major neurocognitive disorder residing in long-term care facilities: a pilot randomized controlled trial
Swinnen, N., Vandenbulcke, M., de Bruin, E. D., Akkerman, R., Stubbs, B., Firth, J., & Vancampfort, D. (2021) · Alzheimer s Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-021-00806-7 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Modified sprint interval training protocols. Part II. Psychological responses
Townsend, L. K., Islam, H., Dunn, E., Eys, M., Robertson‐Wilson, J., & Hazell, T. J. (2016) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2016-0479 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
“At 30 min postexercise we further assessed affect, self-efficacy (McAuley and Mihalko 1998), intentions (Jung et al. 2014), and enjoyment (Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale; PACES) (Kendzierski and DeCarlo 1991) while participants sat comfortably in a chair and entered their responses onto a hardcopy.”
Background
Exercisers’ perceptions of their fitness instructor's interacting style, perceived competence, and autonomy as a function of self-determined regulation to exercise, enjoyment, affect, and exercise frequency
PUENTE, R., & ANSHEL, M. H. (2010) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.2009.00723.x · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Effect of affordable technology on physical activity levels and mobility outcomes in rehabilitation: a protocol for the Activity and MObility UsiNg Technology (AMOUNT) rehabilitation trial
Hassett, L. M., van den Berg, M., Lindley, R. I., Crotty, M., McCluskey, A., van der Ploeg, H. P., Smith, S., Schurr, K., Killington, M., Bongers, B., et al. (2016) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-012074 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
“For participants in the intervention group, we will also assess their impression of the ‘usability’ and ‘enjoyment’ of different technologies using the System Usability Scale55 56 and Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale.57 In addition, adherence to the intervention will be calculated using records kept by staff, usage d…”
Method
A systematic review and meta-analysis of affective responses to acute high intensity interval exercise compared with continuous moderate- and high-Intensity exercise
Niven, A. G., Laird, Y., Saunders, D. H., & Phillips, S. (2020) · Health Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/17437199.2020.1728564 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
“The available data from 15 studies that assessed post-exercise enjoyment using the 18-item PACES scale (Kendzierski & DeCarlo, 1991) were meta-analysed and the findings indicated a significant effect in favour of HIIE compared with MICE.”
Method
Encouraging Spontaneous Synchronisation with D-Jogger, an Adaptive Music Player That Aligns Movement and Music
Moens, B., Muller, C., van Noorden, L., Franěk, M., Celie, B. M., Boone, J., Bourgois, J., & Leman, M. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0114234 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
“This ‘frustration’ could have caused the lower PACES.”
MethodInfluential
The effect of Xbox Kinect intervention on balance ability for previously injured young competitive male athletes: A preliminary study
Vernadakıs, N., Derrı, V., Tsitskari, E., & Antonıou, P. (2013) · Physical Therapy in Sport · doi:10.1016/j.ptsp.2013.08.004 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
“The PACES has been found to have both reliability and validity in physical activity environments (Kendzierski & DeCarlo, 1991).”
Background
Buddy Up: The Köhler Effect Applied to Health Games
Feltz, D. L., Kerr, N. L., & Irwin, B. C. (2011) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.33.4.506 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
“Enjoyment was measured at the end of Trial 2 using a short eightitem version of the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PAES; Kendzierski & DeCarlo, 1991).”
Method
A prospective study of psychosocial correlates of physical activity for ethnic minority women
Castro, C. M., Sallis, J. F., Hickmann, S. A., Lee, R. E., & Chen, A. H. (1999) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870449908407328 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Reliability, Validity, and Measurement Invariance of the German Version of the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale
Jekauc, D., Voelkle, M. C., Wagner, M. O., Mewes, N., & Wöll, A. (2012) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jss088 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
“To provide a better measurement of enjoyment of PA, Kendziersky and DeCarlo (1991) designed the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES) for which satisfying internal consistency and test–retest reliability have been demonstrated (Crocker, Bouffard, Gessaroli, 1995; Kendzierski & DeCarlo, 1991).”
Method
Validity and reliability of questionnaires measuring physical activity self-efficacy, enjoyment, social support among Hong Kong Chinese children
Liang, Y., Lau, W. C., Huang, Y., Maddison, R., & Baranowski, T. (2014) · Preventive Medicine Reports · doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2014.09.005 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
“The other 9 itemswere all positivelyworded, andwere foundassociated with an irrelevant methodologic effect which may explain the lack of support for the unidimensional structure of the original PACES (Motl et al., 2001).”
BackgroundMethod
The effect of audio on the experience in virtual reality: a scoping review
Bosman, I. D. V., Buruk, O., Jørgensen, K., & Hamari, J. (2023) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2022.2158371 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“…a ﬀ ect (Bradley and Lang 1994; Harmon-Jones, Bastian, and Harmon-Jones 2016; IJssel-steijn, de Kort, and Poels 2013; Watson, Clark, and Tellegen 1988), activation/arousal (Bradley and Lang 1994; Svebak and Murgatroyd 1985), and enjoyment (Kendzierski and DeCarlo 1991; Tamborini et al. 2010).”
Background
Pasos Hacia La Salud: a randomized controlled trial of an internet-delivered physical activity intervention for Latinas
Marcus, B. H., Hartman, S. J., Larsen, B. A., Pekmezi, D., Dunsiger, S. I., Linke, S., Marquez, B., Gans, K. M., Bock, B. C., Mendoza-Vasconez, A. S., et al. (2016) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-016-0385-7 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“86 in this sample [43].”
Personality, Physical Fitness, and Affective Response to Exercise among Adolescents
Schneider, M. L., & Graham, D. J. (2009) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31818de009 · Cited by 84 · see citing works

Authors: Kendzierski, D., & DeCarlo, K. J.
Affiliations: Villanova University (US)
Venue: Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Published: 1991-03
Volume: 13
Issue: 1
Pages: 50-64
ISSN: 0895-2779 (ISSN-L)
1543-2904
DOI: 10.1123/jsep.13.1.50
OpenAlex: W2170398533
Cited by: 1,329
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 82 · 2025: 101 · 2024: 113 · 2023: 100 · 2022: 116 · 2021: 111 · 2020: 89 · 2019: 77 · 2018: 64 · 2017: 72 · 2016: 58 · 2015: 43 · 2014: 53 · 2013: 47 · 2012: 28
FWCI: 1.35
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Motivation and Self-Concept in Sports
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Sport Psychology and Performance
Keywords: Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale, exercise enjoyment, scale validation, reliability statistics, external focus, boredom proneness, cycling, test-retest reliability, internal consistency

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Physical activity enjoyment scale: Two validation studies

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