Cited by 332Health Policy Implementation ScienceEvaluation and Performance AssessmentPublic Policy and Administration Research

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 91 of the 95 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 70 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.

Social Network Analysis for Program Implementation

Open access

Valente, Thomas W., Palinkas, Lawrence A., Czaja, Sara, Chu, Kar-Hai, Brown, C. Hendricks·2015·PLOS ONE

DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0131712PMC PMC4482437

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Abstract

This paper introduces the use of social network analysis theory and tools for implementation research. The social network perspective is useful for understanding, monitoring, influencing, or evaluating the implementation process when programs, policies, practices, or principles are designed and scaled up or adapted to different settings. We briefly describe common barriers to implementation success and relate them to the social networks of implementation stakeholders. We introduce a few simple measures commonly used in social network analysis and discuss how these measures can be used in program implementation. Using the four stage model of program implementation (exploration, adoption, implementation, and sustainment) proposed by Aarons and colleagues [1] and our experience in developing multi-sector partnerships involving community leaders, organizations, practitioners, and researchers, we show how network measures can be used at each stage to monitor, intervene, and improve the implementation process. Examples are provided to illustrate these concepts. We conclude with expected benefits and challenges associated with this approach.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This conceptual paper proposes using social network analysis (SNA) to monitor, intervene in, and evaluate program implementation across four stages: exploration, adoption, implementation, and sustainment. It illustrates network measures and thresholds with examples, arguing that network-informed implementation can improve design, delivery, and sustainability, while noting that evidence remains limited.

Key findings

SNA can be applied at each of four implementation stages—exploration/needs assessment, adoption/program design, implementation, and sustainment/monitoring—with Table 1 mapping stage-specific research questions, measures, concepts, and outcomes (e.g., network ethnography, network interventions, network diagnostics, network surveillance).
The paper offers illustrative thresholds: density below 0.30 as low, 0.30–0.50 as moderate, and above 0.50 as probably too high in many situations; modularity Q values greater than 0.30 indicate reasonably strong group structure and above 0.50 very strong group structure. In the illustrative 37-member organizational network, Q was 0.40 and the analysis identified 8 groups plus two isolates.
For implementation-stage network diagnostics, Gesell et al.’s metrics are cited: include isolates in activities, minimize asymmetry, keep density greater than 15% but less than 50%, avoid distinct subgroups, minimize centralization, and encourage but limit transitivity/cohesion.
Examples cited include: counties whose service-system leaders were identified as sources of information and advice showed significantly greater progress implementing Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care; Community Development Teams strengthened the network but led to no improvement in speed or stage of implementation while improving quality and quantity of implementation; and a cancer screening intervention increased community-based organizations’ linkage to themselves and to universities, but not universities’ links to CBOs.

Methods

Conceptual/methodological paper introducing SNA theory and tools for implementation research; it does not report a primary empirical study.
Uses the four-stage implementation model proposed by Aarons and colleagues and draws on examples from the authors’ work and others, including an illustrative organizational network of 37 members.
Main analysis is descriptive: it defines network measures (components, density, centrality, isolates, centralization, reciprocity, transitivity, modularity Q) and maps their use to implementation stages, summarizing procedures in Table 1.

Limitations

Stated: the paper is “not comprehensive”; many suggestions are based on limited evidence; there is “no rigorous comprehensive database of network experiences for this applied work”; only one study (Gesell et al.) is noted as having used network data during the implementation stage; and recommendations on metrics/thresholds are based primarily on one pilot study and are tentative/context-specific.
Evident: the paper is conceptual and does not empirically test whether the proposed SNA procedures improve implementation outcomes; the proposed thresholds and stage-specific procedures lack validation across diverse settings.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1371/journal.pone.0131712

Cites

91 of 91 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 70 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Indeed, evidence-based programs that have progressed to implementation and translation stages report that effective partnerships with community-based, school, or implementing agencies are critical to their success [11, 17, 18].”
§ Social Network Analysis for Program Implementation > Why SNA Matters for Implementation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] CH Brown, 2012, Partnerships for the design, conduct, and analysis of effectiveness, and implementation research: Experiences of the Prevention Science and Methodology Group, Administration and Policy in Mental Health source
- Not checked yetcites [17] LA Palinkas, 2014, Inter-organizational collaboration in the implementation of evidence-based practices among agencies serving abused and neglected youth, Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research source
- Not checked yetcites [18] LA Palinkas, 2012, Translation and implementation of evidence-based practice
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
In the paper
“Many programs use haphazard, invalid, or convenience methods to identify who delivers the program [19].”
§ Social Network Analysis for Program Implementation > Why SNA Matters for Implementation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19] TW Valente, 2007, Identifying opinion leaders to promote behavior change, Health Education & Behavior source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Yet interventions implemented by community-identified leaders are often more effective than those by non-leaders [20, 21].”
§ Social Network Analysis for Program Implementation > Why SNA Matters for Implementation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] Flodgren G, Deane K, Dickinson HO, Kirk S, Alberti H, Beyer FR, et al. Interventions to change the behaviour of health professionals and the organisation of care to promote weight reduction in overweight and obese adults. Cochrane Collaboration: Systematic Reviews; 2010. source
- Not checked yetcites [21] TW Valente, 2010, Social networks and health: Models, methods, and applications source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In general, interventions delivered by people from the community of the beneficiaries of the program will be more effective than those delivered by outside agencies that are less connected to program recipients [22, 23].”
§ Social Network Analysis for Program Implementation > Why SNA Matters for Implementation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22] T Valente, 2012, Network interventions, Science source
- Not checked yetcites [23] SG Kellam, 2012, Developing and maintaining partnerships as the foundation of implementation and implementation science: Reflections over a half century, Administration and Policy in Mental Health source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
In the paper
“Research has shown that there is a considerable lag between an invention or innovation and its routine use in a clinical or applied setting [6].”
§ Social Network Analysis for Program Implementation > Why SNA Matters for Implementation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6] EA Balas, 2000, Yearbook of medical informatics
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Current theories suggest that sustainability is affected not only by which communities in a network are represented in a supportive network, but also how early this network begins, whether there is a “champion” and/or whether the network represents the power structures in organizations who have the capacity to address long term financial and administrative viability [47, 48].”
§ Social Network Analysis for Program Implementation > Frameworks for the Stages of Implementation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [47] T Backer, 2003, Evaluating community collaborations
- Not checked yetcites [48] DA Conrad, 2003, Community care networks: Linking vision to outcomes for community health improvement, Medical Care Research and Review source
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In order to apply social network theory and methods to implementation, we note first that implementation can be considered a developmental process, a transition through known stages [1, 34].”
§ Social Network Analysis for Program Implementation > Frameworks for the Stages of Implementation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] GA Aarons, 2011, Advancing a conceptual model of evidence-based practice in implementation in public mental health and child welfare systems, Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research source
- Not checked yetcites [34] L Saldana, 2012, Predicting program start-up using the stages of implementation measure, Administration and Policy in Mental Health source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Research has shown that who delivers the program, and the social context of its receipt has a strong impact on program appeal and impact [22, 58].”
§ Social Network Analysis for Program Implementation > Network Measures and Metrics Useful for Program Implementation > Program design
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22] T Valente, 2012, Network interventions, Science source
- Not checked yetcites [58] TW Valente, 2003, The effects of a social network method for group assignment strategies on peer led tobacco prevention programs in schools, American Journal of Public Health source
Load-bearingStrength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Current theories suggest that sustainability is affected not only by which communities in a network are represented in a supportive network, but also how early this network begins, whether there is a “champion” and/or whether the network represents the power structures in organizations who have the capacity to address long term financial and administrative viability [47, 48].”
§ Social Network Analysis for Program Implementation > Frameworks for the Stages of Implementation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [47] T Backer, 2003, Evaluating community collaborations
- Not checked yetcites [48] DA Conrad, 2003, Community care networks: Linking vision to outcomes for community health improvement, Medical Care Research and Review source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Increasingly, researchers are learning that program effects demonstrated under idealized or laboratory conditions often do not translate into sustainable programs in practice [44, 45].”
§ Social Network Analysis for Program Implementation > Frameworks for the Stages of Implementation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [44] S Ennett, 1994, How effective is drug abuse resistance education? A meta-analysis of Project DARE outcome evaluations, American Journal of Public Health source
- Not checked yetcites [45] RE Glasgow, 2003, Why don't we see more translation of health promotion research to practice? Rethinking the efficacy-to-effectiveness transition, American Journal of Public Health source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Network-identified peer opinion leaders have been used in dozens of studies to accelerate behavior change.”
§ Social Network Analysis for Program Implementation > Network Measures and Metrics Useful for Program Implementation > Program design
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19] TW Valente, 2007, Identifying opinion leaders to promote behavior change, Health Education & Behavior source
- Not checked yetcites [20] Flodgren G, Deane K, Dickinson HO, Kirk S, Alberti H, Beyer FR, et al. Interventions to change the behaviour of health professionals and the organisation of care to promote weight reduction in overweight and obese adults. Cochrane Collaboration: Systematic Reviews; 2010. source
- Not checked yetcites [22] T Valente, 2012, Network interventions, Science source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
In the paper
“The reality is that programs change and drift, the relevance of programs change, populations and communities served by these programs change, and the people implementing the programs change [46].”
§ Social Network Analysis for Program Implementation > Frameworks for the Stages of Implementation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [46] DA Chambers, 2012, The interactive systems framework for dissemination and implementation: enhancing the opportunity for implementation science, American Journal of Community Psychology source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
In the paper
“Gesell and colleagues [70] introduced the concept of network diagnostics in which network data are collected and analyzed during program implementation in order to provide diagnostic information useful to the program’s implementation during its delivery.”
§ Social Network Analysis for Program Implementation > Network Measures and Metrics Useful for Program Implementation > Implementation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [70] S Gessel, 2013, Social network diagnostics: A tool for monitoring group interventions, Implementation Science source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
In the paper
“Finally, because the leaders come from the community and are embedded within the community, the interventions have the potential to be more sustainable [59].”
§ Social Network Analysis for Program Implementation > Network Measures and Metrics Useful for Program Implementation > Program design
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [59] JA Kelly, 2006, Prevention of HIV and sexually transmitted diseases in high risk social networks of young Roma (Gypsy) men in Bulgaria: randomised controlled trial, British Medical Journal source
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Current theories suggest that sustainability is affected not only by which communities in a network are represented in a supportive network, but also how early this network begins, whether there is a “champion” and/or whether the network represents the power structures in organizations who have the capacity to address long term financial and administrative viability [47, 48].”
§ Social Network Analysis for Program Implementation > Frameworks for the Stages of Implementation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [47] T Backer, 2003, Evaluating community collaborations
- Not checked yetcites [48] DA Conrad, 2003, Community care networks: Linking vision to outcomes for community health improvement, Medical Care Research and Review source
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
In the paper
“The reality is that programs change and drift, the relevance of programs change, populations and communities served by these programs change, and the people implementing the programs change [46].”
§ Social Network Analysis for Program Implementation > Frameworks for the Stages of Implementation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [46] DA Chambers, 2012, The interactive systems framework for dissemination and implementation: enhancing the opportunity for implementation science, American Journal of Community Psychology source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Current theories suggest that sustainability is affected not only by which communities in a network are represented in a supportive network, but also how early this network begins, whether there is a “champion” and/or whether the network represents the power structures in organizations who have the capacity to address long term financial and administrative viability [47, 48].”
§ Social Network Analysis for Program Implementation > Frameworks for the Stages of Implementation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [47] T Backer, 2003, Evaluating community collaborations
- Not checked yetcites [48] DA Conrad, 2003, Community care networks: Linking vision to outcomes for community health improvement, Medical Care Research and Review source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
In the paper
“For example, Shin and others [29] demonstrated that children with friends who were physically inactive gained more from an obesity prevention program than those with physically active friends.”
§ Social Network Analysis for Program Implementation > Why SNA Matters for Implementation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [29] HS Shin, 2014, The interaction of social networks and child obesity prevention program effects: The Pathways trial, Obesity source
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
In the paper
“(2) led to no improvement in speed or stage of implementation [15]”
§ Social Network Analysis for Program Implementation > Why SNA Matters for Implementation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] CH Brown, 2014, Advances in Prevention Science: Defining Prevention Science
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
In the paper
“The reality is that programs change and drift, the relevance of programs change, populations and communities served by these programs change, and the people implementing the programs change [46].”
§ Social Network Analysis for Program Implementation > Frameworks for the Stages of Implementation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [46] DA Chambers, 2012, The interactive systems framework for dissemination and implementation: enhancing the opportunity for implementation science, American Journal of Community Psychology source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
In the paper
“This study found that counties whose service systems leaders were identified by others as a source of information and advice exhibited significantly greater progress in implementing MTFC than counties lacking such leaders.”
§ Social Network Analysis for Program Implementation > Why SNA Matters for Implementation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [24] LA Palinkas, 2011, Social networks and implementation of evidence-based practices in public youth-serving systems: A mixed methods study, Implementation Science source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
In the paper
“And in one intervention, increased density was found to inhibit adoption of evidence-based programs [50].”
§ Social Network Analysis for Program Implementation > Network Measures and Metrics Useful for Program Implementation > Exploration and Needs Assessment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [50] TW Valente, 2007, Community coalition network as systems: Effects of network change on adoption of evidence-based prevention, American Journal of Public Health source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
In the paper
“These RDS interventions have been shown to be quite effective at reducing risk behavior [62].”
§ Social Network Analysis for Program Implementation > Network Measures and Metrics Useful for Program Implementation > Program design
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [62] RS Garfein, 2007, A peer-education intervention to reduce injection risk behaviors for HIV and hepatitis C virus infection in young injection drug users, AIDS source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Network analyses tools provide ways to monitor programs so their continued sustainability can be assessed.”
§ Social Network Analysis for Program Implementation > Frameworks for the Stages of Implementation
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
- The authors state this as an assumption: Attention to the social networks of implementing agencies, change agents, larger social systems, and intervention recipients will substantially improve the implementation process.
In the paper
“Indeed, this mapping has also been described by Kellam [23] as a critical first stage before a community undertakes the implementation of an evidence-based program.”
§ Social Network Analysis for Program Implementation > Frameworks for the Stages of Implementation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [23] SG Kellam, 2012, Developing and maintaining partnerships as the foundation of implementation and implementation science: Reflections over a half century, Administration and Policy in Mental Health source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
In the paper
“The most common intervention has been the respondent driven sampling (RDS) approach in which IDUs who have received a behavioral intervention are then given coupons to distribute within their social networks so these peers can then also receive the intervention [61].”
§ Social Network Analysis for Program Implementation > Network Measures and Metrics Useful for Program Implementation > Program design
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [61] M Malekinejad, 2008, Using respondent-driven sampling methodology for HIV biological and behavioral surveillance in international settings: a systematic review, AIDS and Behavior source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In the program design stage researchers usually measure networks of expertise and trust operationalized as “who do you go to for advice” and “who do you discuss problems with”[66, 67].”
§ Social Network Analysis for Program Implementation > Network Measures and Metrics Useful for Program Implementation > Program design
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [66] JS Coleman, 1966, Medical innovation: A diffusion study
- Not checked yetcites [67] J Saint-Charles, 2009, Different relationships for coping with ambiguity and uncertainty in organizations, Social Networks source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Studies have shown that networks can mediate intervention effects. That is, intervention effects may vary as a function of the recipients’ social networks [28, 29].”
§ Social Network Analysis for Program Implementation > Why SNA Matters for Implementation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [28] TW Valente, 2007, Peer acceleration: Effects of a network tailored substance abuse prevention program among high risk adolescents, Addiction source
- Not checked yetcites [29] HS Shin, 2014, The interaction of social networks and child obesity prevention program effects: The Pathways trial, Obesity source
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
In the paper
“There has been a long history of successful HIV prevention interventions using peer networks to reach individuals at risk such as injection drug users (IDUs) [60].”
§ Social Network Analysis for Program Implementation > Network Measures and Metrics Useful for Program Implementation > Program design
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [60] A Neaigus, 1998, The network approach and interventions to prevent HIV among injection drug users, Public Health Reports
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
In the paper
“This project also showed that a type of learning collaborative, Community Development Teams, designed to strengthen the network between counties as a way of resolving implementation challenges, (1) strengthened the network [27]”
§ Social Network Analysis for Program Implementation > Why SNA Matters for Implementation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [27] LA Palinkas, 2013, Influence network linkages across treatment conditions in a randomized controlled trial of two implementation strategies for scaling up evidence-based practices in public youth-serving systems, Implementation Science source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
In the paper
“The reality is that programs change and drift, the relevance of programs change, populations and communities served by these programs change, and the people implementing the programs change [46].”
§ Social Network Analysis for Program Implementation > Frameworks for the Stages of Implementation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [46] DA Chambers, 2012, The interactive systems framework for dissemination and implementation: enhancing the opportunity for implementation science, American Journal of Community Psychology source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In sum, network theories and techniques can help understand factors related to successful program implementation.”
§ Social Network Analysis for Program Implementation > Why SNA Matters for Implementation
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
- The authors state this as an assumption: Attention to the social networks of implementing agencies, change agents, larger social systems, and intervention recipients will substantially improve the implementation process.
In the paper
“We know of only one study, Gesell and others [70], that has used network data during the implementation stage so clearly more experience is needed to determine whether networks can be used to assist program implementation.”
§ Social Network Analysis for Program Implementation > Network Measures and Metrics Useful for Program Implementation > Implementation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [70] S Gessel, 2013, Social network diagnostics: A tool for monitoring group interventions, Implementation Science source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
In the paper
“Most programs generate their effects either directly or indirectly through interpersonal persuasion and communication [75].”
§ Social Network Analysis for Program Implementation > Network Measures and Metrics Useful for Program Implementation > Sustainment and Monitoring
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [75] R Iyengar, 2011, Opinion leadership and contagion in new product diffusion, Marketing Science source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
In the paper
“The dynamic systems framework proposed by Chambers and others [74] provides a model that is consistent with the network proscriptions provided here, namely that continuation of a program provides added opportunity for learning and adaptation of the program rather than attempting to freeze it in place.”
§ Social Network Analysis for Program Implementation > Network Measures and Metrics Useful for Program Implementation > Sustainment and Monitoring
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [74] DA Chambers, 2013, The dynamic sustainability framework: addressing the paradox of sustainment amid ongoing change, Implementation Science source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes

It may state two separate claims as one. 26
Probably not a substantial claim. 36

In the paper
“For example, Valente and colleagues [10] showed that an academic-community intervention to improve cancer screening rates among Asian Pacific Islander communities in southern California was successful at increasing linkage between community based organizations (CBOs) and themselves, and links from CBOs to universities, but not between universities or from universities to CBOs.”
§ Social Network Analysis for Program Implementation > Why SNA Matters for Implementation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] TW Valente, 2010, A network assessment of community-based participatory action: Linking communities and universities to reduce cancer disparities, American Journal of Public Health source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There are many network tools and statistics that can be used to facilitate program implementation and enable mid-course program adjustments.”
§ Social Network Analysis for Program Implementation > Network Measures and Metrics Useful for Program Implementation > Implementation
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: fails
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Most interventions are not one shot but implemented over many months and involve many sessions.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When the barriers to change are technical, advice networks are important; when the barriers to change are cultural, then discussion ones are important.”
- Also stated in: § Program design · plain
  “In other words, when people report they do not know how to do the behavior, advice or expertise is needed, but when people report they do not know what behaviors to do, discussion or trust is needed.”
§ Social Network Analysis for Program Implementation > Network Measures and Metrics Useful for Program Implementation > Program design
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Many interventions are designed to be delivered in group settings in part to increase their cost-effectiveness and in part to harness the power of group dynamics to facilitate behavior change [63].”
§ Social Network Analysis for Program Implementation > Network Measures and Metrics Useful for Program Implementation > Program design
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [63] SL Barkin, 2012, Culturally tailored, family-centered, behavioral obesity intervention for Latino-American preschool-aged children, Pediatrics source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The four stages are: (1) Exploration or needs assessment; (2) Adoption or program design; (3) Program implementation, and (4) Sustainment and monitoring.”
§ Social Network Analysis for Program Implementation > Frameworks for the Stages of Implementation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] GA Aarons, 2011, Advancing a conceptual model of evidence-based practice in implementation in public mental health and child welfare systems, Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“There is some evidence that identifying leaders and forming groups around them [58]; or forming groups and identifying leaders within them are also effective approaches [69].”
§ Social Network Analysis for Program Implementation > Network Measures and Metrics Useful for Program Implementation > Program design
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [58] TW Valente, 2003, The effects of a social network method for group assignment strategies on peer led tobacco prevention programs in schools, American Journal of Public Health source
- Not checked yetcites [69] DB Buller, 1999, Randomized trial testing the effect of a peer education at increasing fruit and vegetable intake, Journal of the National Cancer Institute source
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“There is strong evidence that opinion leader and RDS interventions are effective behavior change approaches [20, 68].”
§ Social Network Analysis for Program Implementation > Network Measures and Metrics Useful for Program Implementation > Program design
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] Flodgren G, Deane K, Dickinson HO, Kirk S, Alberti H, Beyer FR, et al. Interventions to change the behaviour of health professionals and the organisation of care to promote weight reduction in overweight and obese adults. Cochrane Collaboration: Systematic Reviews; 2010. source
- Not checked yetcites [68] DD Heckathorn, 2002, Extensions of respondent-driven sampling: a new approach to the study of injection drug users aged 18–25, AIDS and Behavior source
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Many other network interventions are possible, and Valente [22] classified them into four broad strategies, each comprised of several tactical alternatives with each tactic having from one to many operational choices.”
§ Social Network Analysis for Program Implementation > Network Measures and Metrics Useful for Program Implementation > Program design
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22] T Valente, 2012, Network interventions, Science source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Bess and colleagues [38] found that initial coalition participation in a youth violence prevention program was associated with a pre-existing network of inter-organizational relations.”
§ Social Network Analysis for Program Implementation > Frameworks for the Stages of Implementation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [38] KD Bess, 2012, Ecological contexts in the development of coalitions for youth violence prevention: an organizational network analysis, Health Education & Behavior source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Even this suggestion must be tentative however since even the most basic measure, network density, has been posited to be advantageous for spreading new information but deleterious when accepting new information from the outside [11].”
§ Social Network Analysis for Program Implementation > Network Measures and Metrics Useful for Program Implementation > Exploration and Needs Assessment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] CH Brown, 2012, Partnerships for the design, conduct, and analysis of effectiveness, and implementation research: Experiences of the Prevention Science and Methodology Group, Administration and Policy in Mental Health source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Finally, the increasing importance of social media use among all populations means that public health interventions are likely to re-imagined and re-interpreted with a social media lens [65].”
§ Social Network Analysis for Program Implementation > Network Measures and Metrics Useful for Program Implementation > Program design
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [65] D Capurro, 2014, The use of social networking sites for public health practice and research: A systematic review, Journal of Medical Internet Research source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“(3) improved the quality and quantity of implementation [15].”
§ Social Network Analysis for Program Implementation > Why SNA Matters for Implementation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] CH Brown, 2014, Advances in Prevention Science: Defining Prevention Science
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Feinberg and colleagues [42] found network cohesion to be positively associated and network centralization to be negatively associated with community readiness to engage in the Communities That Care community-based prevention coalition.”
§ Social Network Analysis for Program Implementation > Frameworks for the Stages of Implementation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [42] ME Feinberg, 2005, Social networks and community prevention coalitions
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These investigators worked with a 12-week program designed to improve lifestyle choices for parents in underserved communities.”
§ Social Network Analysis for Program Implementation > Network Measures and Metrics Useful for Program Implementation > Implementation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [70] S Gessel, 2013, Social network diagnostics: A tool for monitoring group interventions, Implementation Science source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Network data will enable us to improve our programs without substantially increasing costs or revising existing interventions.”
§ Social Network Analysis for Program Implementation > Potential Benefits
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: fails
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Existing evidence indicates that network-informed interventions and programs are more effective than non-networked ones.
In the paper
“The recommendations regarding appropriate metrics and thresholds for these metrics were based primarily on experiences with one pilot study, and much work remains to be done in this area.”
§ Social Network Analysis for Program Implementation > Network Measures and Metrics Useful for Program Implementation > Implementation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [70] S Gessel, 2013, Social network diagnostics: A tool for monitoring group interventions, Implementation Science source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedSingle case
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Many studies have deplored the tendency for programs to lose funding, focus, or purpose once the initial investments are removed [71, 72].”
§ Social Network Analysis for Program Implementation > Network Measures and Metrics Useful for Program Implementation > Sustainment and Monitoring
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [71] M O’Connell, 2009, Preventing mental, emotional and behavioral disorders among young people: Progress and possibilities
- Not checked yetcites [72] R Spoth, 2013, Addressing challenges for the next generation of type 2 translation research: the translation science to population impact (TSci2PI) framework, Prevention Science source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“The theory guiding the intervention was that increased social cohesion during the group sessions would improve information seeking and social support among group members, which would translate into better outcomes.”
§ Social Network Analysis for Program Implementation > Network Measures and Metrics Useful for Program Implementation > Implementation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [70] S Gessel, 2013, Social network diagnostics: A tool for monitoring group interventions, Implementation Science source
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, experience indicates that collecting network data via surveys, either electronically or with paper, is easy and efficient.”
§ Social Network Analysis for Program Implementation > Potential Benefits
Strength:hedged· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: fails
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Everyone knows who they go to for advice or whom they spend time with.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Social network analyses can be applied to intervention development and implementation to foster and enhance the implementation process.”
§ Social Network Analysis for Program Implementation > Conclusions
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: fails
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: There is a wealth of knowledge about how to collect and analyze social network data, and a plethora of measures that can be used to improve the design, delivery, and assessment of public health interventions.
In the paper
“Chambers and others [74] write (p. 118) “As a consequence, assessment of organizational characteristics (e.g., structure, climate, culture, resources) is seen as an essential component of sustainability, and indeed, the fit between context and the intervention is at the center of a sustainability phase.””
§ Social Network Analysis for Program Implementation > Network Measures and Metrics Useful for Program Implementation > Sustainment and Monitoring
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [74] DA Chambers, 2013, The dynamic sustainability framework: addressing the paradox of sustainment amid ongoing change, Implementation Science source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Indeed, it is likely that network-based interventions are more cost-effective because of their stronger impacts and because local buy-in and delivery are enhanced.”
§ Social Network Analysis for Program Implementation > Potential Benefits
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes? Based: unclear
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Existing evidence indicates that network-informed interventions and programs are more effective than non-networked ones.
In the paper
“Individuals change their behaviors because they perceive themselves to have the personal supports to change, because they see the new behavior as normative, and because they see how it benefits themselves and those around them [21].”
§ Social Network Analysis for Program Implementation > Network Measures and Metrics Useful for Program Implementation > Sustainment and Monitoring
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [21] TW Valente, 2010, Social networks and health: Models, methods, and applications source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“At two intervals during the intervention (weeks 3 and 6), network data were collected and the results of the network analysis were given to the interventionist and provided specific advice on activities to use to increase group cohesiveness.”
§ Social Network Analysis for Program Implementation > Network Measures and Metrics Useful for Program Implementation > Implementation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [70] S Gessel, 2013, Social network diagnostics: A tool for monitoring group interventions, Implementation Science source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“And unfortunately many effective programs are discontinued prematurely and many ineffective ones continued when they should be terminated [73].”
§ Social Network Analysis for Program Implementation > Network Measures and Metrics Useful for Program Implementation > Sustainment and Monitoring
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [73] RC Brownson, 2015, Understanding mis-implementation in Public Health practice, American Journal of Preventive Medicine source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We expect that following the guides provided here using network analysis to aid in needs assessment, program design, and implementation will result in programs that are more sustainable than ones that do not consider the importance of social networks.”
§ Social Network Analysis for Program Implementation > Network Measures and Metrics Useful for Program Implementation > Sustainment and Monitoring
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: fails
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Existing evidence indicates that network-informed interventions and programs are more effective than non-networked ones.

51 of 51

The authors state this as an assumption.
Attention to the social networks of implementing agencies, change agents, larger social systems, and intervention recipients will substantially improve the implementation process.
“The premise of this paper is that attention to the social networks of implementing agencies, change agents, and larger social systems as well as the networks of intervention recipients will substantially improve the implementation process.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Most programs need to be adapted to local settings.
“Most programs, however, need to be adapted to local settings, which is considered in the exploration phase and developed during the adoption phase.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Program recipients interpret program content within their social and environmental contexts either explicitly or implicitly.
“Program recipients do not interpret program materials in a vacuum; rather they interpret the content within their social and environmental contexts either explicitly or implicitly.”
The paper relies on this without support.
There is rarely just one network that evolves; rather, there are often multiple networks, at multiple layers, with multiple perspectives that need to be coordinated.
“In addition, there is rarely just one network that evolves; rather, there are often multiple networks, at multiple layers, with multiple perspectives that need to be coordinated.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Many studies fail to document procedures for recruiting community leaders and partners to participate in health promotion interventions.
“Unfortunately, many studies fail to document these procedures and so research is needed on how community leaders and partners are recruited to participate in health promotion interventions.”
The paper relies on this without support.
What is lacking is comparison between network intervention methods.
“What is lacking is comparison between network intervention methods.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Most interventions are not one shot but implemented over many months and involve many sessions.
“Most interventions are not one shot “single-time, single dose,” but instead are implemented over many months and involve many sessions.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Existing evidence indicates that network-informed interventions and programs are more effective than non-networked ones.
“Existing evidence indicates that network-informed interventions and programs are more effective than non-networked ones.”
The paper relies on this without support.
All programs think about networks and most probably acknowledge that networks are important components of program design and delivery.
“All programs think about networks and most probably acknowledge that networks are important components of program design and delivery.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Most programs do not explicitly account for networks in their design, delivery, and evaluation.
“Yet, most programs do not explicitly account for networks in their design, delivery, and evaluation.”
The paper relies on this without support.
There are many studies showing that networks are important influences on behavior change, but few that directly assess whether intervention agents influence program recipients.
“There are many studies showing that networks are important influences on behavior change, but few that directly assess whether intervention agents influence program recipients.”
The paper relies on this without support.
There is no rigorous comprehensive database of network experiences for this applied work at the present time.
“There is no rigorous comprehensive database of network experiences for this applied work at the present time.”
The paper relies on this without support.
There is a wealth of knowledge about how to collect and analyze social network data, and a plethora of measures that can be used to improve the design, delivery, and assessment of public health interventions.
“There is, however, a wealth of knowledge about how to collect and analyze social network data, and a plethora of measures, both individual- and network-level, that can be used to improve the design, delivery, and assessment of public health interventions.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Everyone knows who they go to for advice or whom they spend time with.
“Everyone knows who they go to for advice or whom they spend time with.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Students cluster into identifiable cliques and groups.
“Yet, we know that students cluster into identifiable cliques and groups.”
The paper relies on this without support.
School-based programs are often created with the intention of delivering the same content to all students.
“For example, school-based programs are often created with the intention of delivering the same content to all students.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Program participants will tweet and post their reactions to intervention materials and activities.
“Program participants will tweet and post their reactions to intervention materials and activities.”

17 of 17

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

Citation year for reference 75 differs from the reference list
Minor
Table 1 gives reference 75 a publication year of 2010, while the reference list gives 2011.
Reference 70 author surname differs from the text
Minor
The text identifies the author of reference 70 as Gesell, but the reference list spells the surname Gessel.

2 of 2

Diffusion of Innovations 1
Rogers, E. M., Singhal, A., & Quinlan, M. M. (2019) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203710753-35 · Cited by 37,670
Fast unfolding of communities in large networks
Blondel, V. D., Guillaume, J.-L., Lambiotte, R., & Lefebvre, E. (2008) · Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment · doi:10.1088/1742-5468/2008/10/p10008 · Cited by 21,424
Diffusion of innovations
Valente, T. W. (2003) · Genetics in Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.gim.0000061743.67794.c4 · Cited by 20,559
Self-citation
Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications
Wasserman, S. S., & Faust, K. (1994) · Cited by 18,005
Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications
Wasserman, S., & Faust, K. (1994) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511815478 · Cited by 17,557 · cited 1×
“We review four measures used in this description but the interested reader can consult other resources to learn of the many other measures commonly used in social network research [21, 31 – 33].”
Method
Community structure in social and biological networks
Girvan, M., & Newman, M. E. J. (2002) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.122653799 · Cited by 15,502
Fostering implementation of health services research findings into practice: a consolidated framework for advancing implementation science
Damschroder, L. J., Aron, D. C., Keith, R. E., Kirsh, S. R., Alexander, J. A., & Lowery, J. C. (2009) · Implementation Science · doi:10.1186/1748-5908-4-50 · Cited by 14,496
Crossing the Quality Chasm: A New Health System for the 21st Century
Baker, A. (2001) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.323.7322.1192 · Cited by 10,779
Diffusion of Innovations in Service Organizations: Systematic Review and Recommendations
GREENHALGH, T., ROBERT, G., MACFARLANE, F., BATE, P., & KYRIAKIDOU, O. (2004) · The Milbank Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.0887-378x.2004.00325.x · Cited by 7,448
Research methods in anthropology: qualitative and quantitative approaches
(2002) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.39-4047 · Cited by 5,622

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 95 references

4 of the 95 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 1

A Neaigus, 1998, The network approach and interventions to prevent HIV among injection drug users, Public Health Reports, 113, 140

Sorted by citations

An Overview of Research and Evaluation Designs for Dissemination and Implementation
Brown, C. H., Curran, G., Palinkas, L. A., Aarons, G. A., Wells, K. B., Jones, L., Collins, L. M., Duan, N., Mittman, B. S., Wallace, A., et al. (2017) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031816-044215 · Cited by 509
Self-citation
Cognitive Network Science: A Review of Research on Cognition through the Lens of Network Representations, Processes, and Dynamics
Siew, C. S. Q., Wulff, D. U., Beckage, N., & Kenett, Y. N. (2019) · Complexity · doi:10.1155/2019/2108423 · Cited by 351
A System Dynamics and Participatory Action Research Approach to Promote Healthy Living and a Healthy Weight among 10–14-Year-Old Adolescents in Amsterdam: The LIKE Programme
Waterlander, W. E., Pinzon, A. L., Verhoeff, A. P., den Hertog, K., Altenburg, T. M., Dijkstra, S. C., Halberstadt, J., Hermans, R. C. J., Renders, C. M., Seidell, J. C., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17144928 · Cited by 265
An Appraisal of Social Network Theory and Analysis as Applied to Public Health: Challenges and Opportunities
Valente, T. W., & Pitts, S. (2016) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031816-044528 · Cited by 222
Self-citation
What Is Dissemination and Implementation Science?: An Introduction and Opportunities to Advance Behavioral Medicine and Public Health Globally
Shelton, R. C., Lee, M., Brotzman, L., Wolfenden, L., Nathan, N., & Wainberg, M. L. (2020) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12529-020-09848-x · Cited by 148

See all 332

Authors: Valente, T. W., Palinkas, L. A., Czaja, S., Chu, K.-H., & Brown, C. H.
Affiliations: University of Southern California (US)
University of Miami (US)
Northwestern University (US)
Corresponding author: Valente, Thomas W.
ORCID: Valente, Thomas W.
Palinkas, Lawrence A.
Czaja, Sara
Chu, Kar-Hai
Brown, C. Hendricks
Venue: PLOS ONE
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Published: 2015-06-25
Volume: 10
Issue: 6
Pages: e0131712
ISSN: 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131712
PMC: PMC4482437
OpenAlex: W772517852
Semantic Scholar: 0e62bf5e19d6c3aa97f3cc5ff33e80f1ed73499d
Cited by: 332
References: 95
Citations by year: 2026: 20 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 54 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 3
FWCI: 37.79
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders: National Institute on Drug Abuse (P30DA027828, DA027828)
Topics: Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health Policy Implementation Science
Social Sciences › Public Administration › Evaluation and Performance Assessment
Social Sciences › Public Administration › Public Policy and Administration Research
Keywords: social network analysis, program implementation, implementation research, implementation barriers, network metrics, intersectoral collaboration, community leaders, implementation monitoring, program sustainability
MeSH terms: Algorithms, Behavioral Medicine, Health Education, Health Promotion, Health Services, Social Support, Health Behavior, Program Development, Evidence-Based Medicine, Substance-Related Disorders, Needs Assessment, Social Networking, Social Media

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Social Network Analysis for Program Implementation

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