Associations of sitting accumulation patterns with cardio-metabolic risk biomarkers in Australian adults
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: High amounts of time spent sitting can increase cardiovascular disease risk and are deleteriously associated cardio-metabolic risk biomarkers. Though evidence suggests that accruing sitting time in prolonged periods may convey additional risk, verification using high-quality measures is needed. We examined this issue in adults from the Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle Study, using accurate measures of sitting accumulation. METHODS: In 2011/12, 739 adults aged 36 to 89 years (mean±SD 58±10 years) wore activPAL3™ monitors (which provide accurate objective measures of sitting); 678 provided ≥4 valid days of monitor data and complete cardio-metabolic biomarker and confounder data. Multivariable linear regression models examined associations of sitting time, sitting time accrued in ≥30 minute bouts (prolonged sitting time), and three measures of sitting accumulation patterns with cardio-metabolic risk markers: body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, blood pressure, high- and low- density lipoprotein (HDL and LDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and 2-hour post-load glucose (PLG). Interactions tests examined whether associations of sitting time with biomarkers varied by usual sitting bout duration. RESULTS: Adjusted for potential confounders, greater amounts of sitting time and prolonged sitting time were significantly (p<0.05) deleteriously associated with BMI, waist circumference, HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides. Total sitting time was also significantly associated with higher PLG. Sitting accumulation patterns of frequently interrupted sitting (compared to patterns with relatively more prolonged sitting) were significantly beneficially associated with BMI, waist circumference, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, PLG, and with FPG. Effect sizes were typically larger for accumulation patterns than for sitting time. Significant interactions (p<0.05) showed that associations of sitting time with HDL, triglycerides and PLG became more deleterious the longer at a time sitting was usually accumulated. CONCLUSIONS: Adding to previous evidence reliant on low-quality measures, our study showed that accumulating sitting in patterns where sitting was most frequently interrupted had significant beneficial associations with several cardio-metabolic biomarkers and that sitting for prolonged periods at a time may exacerbate some of the effects of sitting time. The findings support sedentary behavior guidelines that promote reducing and regularly interrupting sitting.
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Prolonged, uninterrupted sitting is more strongly associated with adverse cardiometabolic outcomes than interrupted sitting.
“Prolonged, uninterrupted sitting is more strongly associated with adverse cardiometabolic outcomes than interrupted sitting [40,41].”
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“Accelerometry data sets were considered valid if participants provided at least four complete (24-h) days of measurement [6].”
BackgroundMethodSegmenting accelerometer data from daily life with unsupervised machine learning
van Kuppevelt, D., Heywood, J., Hamer, M., Sabia, S., Fitzsimons, E., & van Hees, V. (2019) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0208692 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“The sub-classification of these levels in bout durations, was guided by the common practice to look for bouts of at least 10 minute of MVPA [1], and the common practice of looking for bouts of at least 30 minutes inactivity or sedentary behavior [25].”
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“to become sedentary adults, and experience all the negative health sequalae associated with sedentary patterns [10,11].”
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“…single-cohort analyses have shown associations of physical activity or posture with cardiometabolic health markers, although there have been mixed findings for HbA 1c [15–17], which is an important marker for diabetes risk and prognosis, in addition to risk of CHD and stroke [18, 19].”
BackgroundBiddle, S., Bennie, J. A., Cocker, K. A. D., Dunstan, D. W., Gardiner, P. A., Healy, G. N., Lynch, B. M., Owen, N. G., Brakenridge, C. L., Brown, W. J., et al. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16234762 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“[82] used the activPAL data collected in the 3rd wave of the AusDiab study to explore this concept in”
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Self-citationIs Sedentary Behavior a Novel Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Disease?
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Self-citationToo much sitting and dysglycemia: Mechanistic links and implications for obesity
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Self-citationBreast cancer survivors reduce accelerometer-measured sedentary time in an exercise intervention
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“In adults, prolonged sedentary behaviour [1] has been associated with a broad range of health consequences, including unhealthy cardio-metabolic biomarkers [2] and a lower physical health-related quality of life [3].”
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“deleterious effect on cardiometabolic risk factors compared to more frequently interrupted bouts of SB [23].”
BackgroundGale, J. T., Wei, D., Haszard, J. J., Brown, R. C., Taylor, R. W., & Peddie, M. C. (2023) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000003166 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
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activPAL and ActiGraph Assessed Sedentary Behavior and Cardiometabolic Health Markers
Edwardson, C. L., Henson, J. J., Biddle, S., Davies, M. J., Khunti, K. K., Maylor, B. D., & Yates, T. E. (2019) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000002138 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“Only one other large study has been published reporting associations between activPAL assessed sedentary accumulation patterns and cardiometabolic risk biomarkers (29).”
BackgroundCheng, S. W. M., Alison, J. A., Stamatakis, E. A., Dennis, S. M., McNamara, R. J., Spencer, L. M., & McKeough, Z. J. (2021) · Thorax · doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2020-214885 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
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“This suggests a potential role of CVD risk markers in the association between SB metrics and CVD risk, which is in accordance with previous findings showing SB metrics associated with cardiometabolic risk factors in adults (43,44).”
ResultSelf-citationDempsey, P. C., Strain, T., WINKLER, E. A. H., Westgate, K. L., Rennie, K. L., Wareham, N. J., Brage, S., & Wijndaele, K. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.17863/cam.85085 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
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Gao, L., Nguyen, P. K., Dunstan, D. W., & Moodie, M. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16050834 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“It is reported that a greater amount of sitting time together with prolonged sitting time was negatively associated with changes in high density cholesterol (HDL), triglycerides and 2-hour post load glucose [47], animal-based studies suggest that this deleterious effect might be contributed by the reduction in lipopro…”
BackgroundSelf-citationHammam, N., Ezeugwu, V. E., Rumsey, D. G., Manns, P. J., & Pritchard, L. (2019) · The Physician and Sportsmedicine · doi:10.1080/00913847.2019.1623995 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“disease (CVD) in the general population [7,8].”
Chang, Y., Bellettiere, J., Godbole, S. V., Keshavarz, S., Maestas, J. P., Unkart, J., Ervin, D., Allison, M., Rock, C. L., Patterson, R. E., et al. (2020) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.119.013403 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Three population-based studies in adults from Australia, the United States, and the United Kingdom demonstrated that a greater number of breaks in sedentary time was beneficially associated with waist circumference, BMI, triglycerides, 2-hour plasma glucose, and C-reactive protein.4,36,37 Other studies in adults show…”
BackgroundSelf-citationColl, F., Cavalheri, V., Gucciardi, D. F., Wulff, S., & Hill, K. (2021) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.1093/ptj/pzab097 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Bojsen‐Møller, E., Boraxbekk, C., Ekblom, Ö. B., Blom, V., & Ekblom, M. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16234721 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Office workers are often sedentary for prolonged bouts and these extended periods have been associated with increased cardio-metabolic risk [16].”
BackgroundReino, C., & Carrera, J. (2021) · Journal of environmental chemical engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jece.2021.106691 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Carlson, J., Bellettiere, J., Kerr, J., Salmon, J., Timperio, A. F., Verswijveren, S. J. J. M., & Ridgers, N. D. (2019) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2019.1605646 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“sedentary pattern-related variables that are commonly investigated, such as time spent in prolonged bouts of sedentary time, have not been addressed in measurement comparison studies, despite potentially important health implications such as associations between greater prolonged sedentary bouts and elevated cardiomet…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationWondergem, R., Pisters, M. F., Heijmans, M. W., Wouters, E., de Bie, R. A., Veenhof, C., & Visser‐Meily, J. M. A. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0229587 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Additionally, long uninterrupted sedentary bouts are related to cardiovascular risks [13].”
BackgroundMonteiro, B. P., Lambert, C., Bianchi, E., Genevois, J., Soldani, G., & Troncy, É. (2019) · BMC Veterinary Research · doi:10.1186/s12917-019-1960-3 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Sitting at work & waist circumference—A cross-sectional study of Australian workers
Sugiyama, T., Hadgraft, N. T., Clark, B., Dunstan, D. W., & Owen, N. G. (2020) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106243 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationPesola, A. J., Gao, Y., & Finni, T. J. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-25128-y · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Bellettiere, J., Tuz‐Zahra, F., Carlson, J., Ridgers, N. D., Liles, S., Greenwood-Hickman, M. A., Walker, R. L., LaCroix, A. Z., Jankowska, M. M., Rosenberg, D. E., et al. (2021) · Journal for the Measurement of Physical Behaviour · doi:10.1123/jmpb.2020-0036 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationMolina-Mora, J. A., Chinchilla-Montero, D., García-Batán, R., & García, F. (2021) · Infection Genetics and Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104740 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Brakenridge, C. J., Healy, G. N., Sethi, P., Carver, A., Bellettiere, J., Salim, A., CHASTIN, S. F. M., Owen, N. G., & Dunstan, D. W. (2021) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-021-01209-5 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“short or long periods of sitting /or stepping), intensity (light, moderate, or vigorous intensity), nor sleep quality, which are known to have independent associations with cardiometabolic biomarkers [8, 41, 42].”
BackgroundSelf-citationSedentary time in people with obstructive airway diseases
Cordova‐Rivera, L., Gardiner, P. A., Gibson, P. G., WINKLER, E. A. H., Guerrero, P. D. U., & McDonald, V. M. (2021) · Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2021.106367 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationHomer, A. R., Taylor, F., Dempsey, P. C., Wheeler, M. J., Sethi, P., Grace, M. S., GREEN, D. J., Cohen, N. D., Larsen, R. N., Kingwell, B. A., et al. (2021) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2021.07.001 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationWhipple, M. O., Schorr, E. N., Talley, K. M. C., Wolfson, J., Lindquist, R., Bronas, U. G., & Treat-Jacobson, D. (2020) · Annals of Vascular Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.avsg.2020.03.040 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Patterns and correlates of sedentary behavior among university students
Vella, C. A., & Nelson, M. C. (2023) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2023.2198020 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
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“13,19,20 23 These benefits are more pronounced in individuals with impaired glycemia or T2D, 24,25 however, the beneficial effects of SB breaks do not appear to be limited to a specific population; similar effects have been observed regardless of age, sex, or BMI.”
BackgroundCE: Too Much Sitting: A Newly Recognized Health Risk
Eanes, L. S. (2018) · AJN American Journal of Nursing · doi:10.1097/01.naj.0000544948.27593.9b · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Fortune, J., Norris, M., Stennett, A., Kilbride, C., Lavelle, G., Hendrie, W., Victor, C. R., & Ryan, J. M. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-99631-z · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Debache, I., Bergouignan, A., Chaix, B., Sneekes, E. M., Thomas, F., & Sueur, C. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16050741 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Even among the studies that explicitly distinguished between standing and sitting time, for example with regard to glucose or lipid profile [15,16], only a few investigated the associations between postural behavior and metabolic outcomes in natural, free-living conditions [17,18].”
BackgroundResultImpact of dopamine-related genetic variants on physical activity in old age – a cohort study
Dohrn, I., Papenberg, G., WINKLER, E. A. H., & Welmer, A. (2020) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-020-00971-2 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationBellettiere, J., Nakandala, S., Tuz‐Zahra, F., WINKLER, E. A. H., Hibbing, P. R., Healy, G. N., Dunstan, D. W., Owen, N. G., Greenwood-Hickman, M. A., Rosenberg, D. E., et al. (2022) · Journal for the Measurement of Physical Behaviour · doi:10.1123/jmpb.2021-0062 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“…versus more interrupted manner (henceforth referred to as sitting patterns; Tremblay et al., 2017) is also important to public health inquiry (Bellettiere et al., 2017; Diaz et al., 2016; Dunstan et al., 2012; Hartman et al., 2018; Healy et al., 2011; Owen et al., 2020; Saunders et al.,…”
Self-citationToledo, M. J. L., Ainsworth, B. E., Gaesser, G. A., Hooker, S. P., Pereira, M. A., & Buman, M. P. (2023) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.14344 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Detecting prolonged sitting bouts with the ActiGraph GT3X
Kuster, R. P., Grooten, W. J. A., Baumgartner, D., Blom, V., Hagströmer, M., & Ekblom, Ö. B. (2019) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.13601 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“The optimization searched for the best ensemble learner method (Bag, AdaBoost M2, RUS Boost), split criterion (gdi, twoing, deviance), number of trees (10-500), minimum leave size (1 to n/2, n = number of minutes), maximum number of splits (1 to n-1), and learning rate (0-1).”
MethodDu, L., Li, G., Ren, P., He, Q., Pan, Y., Chen, S., & Zhang, X. (2022) · European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing · doi:10.1093/eurjcn/zvac079 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Modelling of substrate access and substrate binding to cephalosporin acylases
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Andersen, E., van der Ploeg, H. P., van Mechelen, W., Gray, C. M., Mutrie, N., van Nassau, F., Jelsma, J. G. M., Anderson, A. S., Silva, M. N., Pereira, H. V., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-021-01237-1 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Laine, S., Sjöros, T., Vähä‐Ypyä, H., Garthwaite, T., Löyttyniemi, E., Sievänen, H. T., Vasankari, T. J., Knuuti, J. M., & HEINONEN, I. H. A. (2021) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.655756 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“ALT, U/l 37 (20) ** 28 (14)** AST, U/l 29 (10) 27 (7)”
Husu, P., Suni, J. H., Tokola, K., Vähä‐Ypyä, H., Valkeinen, H., Mäki-Opas, T. E., Sievänen, H. T., & Vasankari, T. J. (2019) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2019.1598251 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“…Koziel, & Gluszek, 2018) have been associated with higher body weight and greater waist circumference, whereas frequent interruption of sitting (Bellettiere et al., 2017; Chastin, Egerton, Leask, & Stamatakis, 2015) has been associated with lower body mass index and smaller waist circumference.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialElectromyography of Sedentary Behavior: Identifying Potential for Cardiometabolic Risk Reduction
Lamberg, S., Brakenridge, C. J., Dunstan, D. W., Finni, T. J., Healy, G. N., Owen, N. G., & Pesola, A. J. (2024) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000003544 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Previous accelerometer studies show that the accumulation pattern of activity may be important beyond the total activity (50).”
Self-citationAngassa, D., Solomon, S., & Seid, A. (2022) · BMC Cardiovascular Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12872-022-02465-4 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“This could be explained by longer sitting duration means fewer calories are being burned, which might lead to storage of calories in the form of lipids [33].”
BackgroundOginni, J., Otinwa, G., & Gao, Z. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13030694 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“White-collar professionals, particularly corporate workers, often engage in light-intensity physical activity and sedentary behaviors, leading to increased BMI and blood pressure [8,21,22].”
BackgroundHoffmann, S. W., Schierbauer, J., Zimmermann, P., Voit, T., Grothoff, A., Wachsmuth, N. B., Rössler, A., Lackner, H. K., & Moser, O. (2024) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.15732 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Jia, H., Liu, Y., & Liu, D. (2023) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1221228 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
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“Both observational and experimental studies demonstrate that prolonged sitting is detrimental to postprandial glucose levels [7], where the greatest exaggeration in hyperglycaemia with prolonged sitting occurs in the period after the first meal [8,9].”
BackgroundSelf-citationGuirado, T., Metz, L., Pereira, B., Brun, C., Birat, A., Boscaro, A., Bergouignan, A., Thivel, D., & Duclos, M. (2022) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0000000000002583 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Television Viewing Time and Stroke Risk: Australian Diabetes Obesity and Lifestyle Study (1999-2012)
Cumming, T. B., Holliday, E. G., Dunstan, D. W., & English, C. (2019) · Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2018.12.020 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
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“An increased frequency of interruptions to sitting is also associated with improved fasting glucose and glucose tolerance [11].”
BackgroundRelationship between liver fat content and lifestyle factors in adults with metabolic syndrome
Laine, S., Sjöros, T., Garthwaite, T., Saarenhovi, M., Kallio, P., Löyttyniemi, E., Vähä‐Ypyä, H., Sievänen, H. T., Vasankari, T. J., Laitinen, K., et al. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-22361-3 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Sedentary time, % of daily wear time 72 (7) 68 (5)*”
BackgroundUsing Point-of-Choice Prompts to Reduce Sedentary Behavior in Sit-Stand Workstation Users
Larouche, M. L., Mullane, S. L., Toledo, M. J. L., Pereira, M. A., Huberty, J., Ainsworth, B. E., & Buman, M. P. (2018) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2018.00323 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“However, avoiding prolonged bouts of sitting (18) and sustaining frequent sitstand workstation use over time continues to be a challenge due to the habitual nature of sitting in the workplace (19).”
BackgroundWagnild, J. M., & Pollard, T. M. (2020) · Journal of Physical Activity and Health · doi:10.1123/jpah.2019-0315 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Natali, A. J., Marin, K. A., Hermsdorff, H. H. M., Rezende, F. A. C., & Pelúzio, M. D. C. G. (2020) · Nutrición Hospitalaria · doi:10.20960/nh.02740 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“These results are similar to those previously reported in different populations (49,50) and, more importantly, are consistent with the association of longer time spent in SB with obesity as observed in the present review.”
ResultPinto, A. J., Rezende, D. A. N., Sieczkowska, S. M., Meireles, K., Bonfiglioli, K. R., Ribeiro, A. C. D. M., Bonfá, E., Owen, N. G., Dunstan, D. W., Roschel, H., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20053944 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Sedentary behavior can add to the adverse impacts of physical inactivity in impairing cardiovascular health [46].”
BackgroundSelf-citationMues, J. P., Flohr, S., & Kurpiers, N. (2025) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports13060186 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Fenton, S. A. M., O’Brien, C. M., Kitas, G. D., Duda, J. L., Zanten, J. V., & Metsios, G. S. (2022) · Rheumatology Advances in Practice · doi:10.1093/rap/rkac097 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“with standing or light physical activity every 30 minutes) is associated with better outcomes [7, 9, 10].”
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Chater, A., Smith, L. R., Ferrandino, L., Wyld, K., & Bailey, D. P. (2020) · Practical Diabetes · doi:10.1002/pdi.2311 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Gaelen, P. V., Springael, D., & Smets, I. Y. M. (2021) · Water Practice & Technology · doi:10.2166/wpt.2021.022 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Lin, C., Koohsari, M. J., Liao, Y., Ishii, K., Shibata, A., Nakaya, T., McCormack, G. R., Hadgraft, N. T., Sugiyama, T., Owen, N. G., et al. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-03071-8 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationMorton, S., Hall, J., Fitzsimons, C. F., Hall, J. F., English, C., Förster, A., Lawton, R., Patel, A. K., Mead, G. E., & Clarke, D. J. (2021) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2021.1955307 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
- Authors
- Bellettiere, J., Winkler, E. A. H., Chastin, S. F. M., Kerr, J., Owen, N., Dunstan, D. W., & Healy, G. N.
- Affiliations
- San Diego State University (US)
- The University of Queensland (AU)
- Glasgow Caledonian University (GB)
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Bellettiere, John
- Winkler, Elisabeth A. H.
- Chastin, Sebastien F. M.
- Kerr, Jacqueline
- Owen, Neville
- Dunstan, David W.
- Healy, Genevieve N.
- ORCID
- Venue
- PLOS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2017-06-29
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- e0180119
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5491133
- OpenAlex
- W2729779756
- Cited by
- 169
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 3
- FWCI
- 14.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UniSA Research Outputs Repository (University of South Australia) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- ResearchOnline (Glasgow Caledonian University) (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Research Bank (Australian Catholic University) (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Own your potential (DEAKIN) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Swinburne figshare (Swinburne University of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Swinburne figshare (Swinburne University of Technology) (cc-by)
- Funders
- National Health and Medical Research Council (566940, 1000986, 1003960, 1078360, 108029, 233200)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Ergonomics and Musculoskeletal Disorders
- Keywords
- sedentary behavior, prolonged sitting, body mass index, waist circumference, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, HbA1c, post-load glucose, blood pressure, Australian adults
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Australia, Cardiovascular Diseases, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Posture, Biomarkers, Young Adult, Sedentary Behavior
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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