The Cause of Alzheimer’s Disease: The Theory of Multipathology Convergence to Chronic Neuronal Stress
Open accessAbstract
The field of Alzheimer's disease (AD) research critically lacks an all-inclusive etiology theory that would integrate existing hypotheses and explain the heterogeneity of disease trajectory and pathologies observed in each individual patient. Here, we propose a novel comprehensive theory that we named: the multipathology convergence to chronic neuronal stress. Our new theory reconsiders long-standing dogmas advanced by previous incomplete theories. Firstly, while it is undeniable that amyloid beta (Aβ) is involved in AD, in the seminal stage of the disease Aβ is unlikely pathogenic. Instead, we hypothesize that the root cause of AD is neuronal stress in the central nervous system (CNS), and Aβ is expressed as part of the physiological response to protect CNS neurons from stress. If there is no return to homeostasis, then Aβ becomes overexpressed, and this includes the generation of longer forms that are more toxic and prone to oligomerization. Secondly, AD etiology is plausibly not strictly compartmentalized within the CNS but may also result from the dysfunction of other physiological systems in the entire body. This view implies that AD may not have a single cause, but rather needs to be considered as a spectrum of multiple chronic pathological modalities converging to the persistent stressing of CNS neurons. These chronic pathological modalities, which include cardiovascular disease, metabolic disorders, and CNS structural changes, often start individually, and over time combine with other chronic modalities to incrementally escalate the amount of stress applied to CNS neurons. We present the case for considering Aβ as a marker of neuronal stress in response to hypoxic, toxic, and starvation events, rather than solely a marker of AD. We also detail numerous human chronic conditions that can lead to neuronal stress in the CNS, making the link with co-morbidities encountered in daily clinical AD practice. Finally, we explain how our theory could be leveraged to improve clinical care for AD and related dementia in personalized medicine paradigms in the near future.
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QEEG features provide a valuable variable in distinguishing various etiological dementias, such as DLB, PDD, and AD.
“Several studies[23-26] have suggested that QEEG features provide a valuable variable in distinguishing various etiological dementias, such as dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), PD with dementia (PDD), and Alzheimer’s disease (AD).”
From QEEG Signatures are Associated with Nonmotor Dysfunctions in Parkinson's Disease and Atypical Parkinsonism: An Integrative Analysis (2023) · cites this paper as [26]
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Tanifum, E. A., Starosolski, Z. A., Fowler, S. W., Jankowsky, J. L., & Annapragada, A. V. (2014) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1038/jcbfm.2014.125 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Shishido, H., Ueno, M., Sato, K., Matsumura, M., Toyota, Y., Kirino, Y., Tamiya, T., Kawai, N., & Kishimoto, Y. (2019) · Behavioural Neurology · doi:10.1155/2019/3248519 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
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Severe Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Increased Cortical Amyloid-β Deposition
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The Association Between Anemia of Chronic Inflammation and Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Dementias
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Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Liu, H., Huang, Z., Deng, B., Chang, Z., Yang, X., Guo, X., Yuan, F., Yang, Q., Wang, L., Zou, H., et al. (2023) · Aging and disease · doi:10.14336/ad.2022.0514 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
- Authors
- Decourt, B., D’Souza, G. X., Shi, J., Ritter, A., Suazo, J., & Sabbagh, M. N.
- Affiliations
- Cleveland Clinic (US)
- Rush University Medical Center (US)
- Lou Ruvo Brain Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Decourt, Boris
- Venue
- Aging and disease
- Publisher
- Aging and Disease
- Published
- 2022
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 37
- ISSN
- 2152-5250 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8782548
- OpenAlex
- W4206904628
- Cited by
- 69
- References
- 206
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 8
- FWCI
- 8.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- Aging and Disease (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (P20AG068053, R01AG073212, R01AG059008, K01AG047279)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (P20GM109025)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Keywords
- amyloid-beta, amyloid oligomerization, hypoxia, metabolic stress, cardiovascular comorbidity, metabolic disorders, dementia, personalized medicine, disease heterogeneity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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