Aging-induced type I interferon response at the choroid plexus negatively affects brain function
Open accessAbstract
Excess signaling is bad for the aging brain: Preventing antiviral-like responses may protect function in the aging brain. Baruch et al. monitored messenger RNA production in the choroid plexus, the interface between the blood and cerebrospinal fluid, in young and old mice (see the Perspective by Ransohoff). They detected an inflammatory response in older mice not present in the brain of young mice that was also seen in old aged human samples postmortem. Preventing signaling by the cytokine interferon-I, which normally helps in the antiviral response of the immune system, helped prevent the decrease in cognitive function seen in aged mice. Science , this issue p. 89 ; see also p. 36
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Astrocytes and microglia become hyper-activated with age.
“Astrocytes and microglia, mediators of the innate immune response of the central nervous system, become hyper-activated with age (Baruch et al., 2014; Norden and Godbout, 2013).”
From Loss of epigenetic information as a cause of mammalian aging (2023) · cites this paper as Baruch et al., 2014
The passage discussing Fig. 4F–G reports that blocking IFN-I in aged mice markedly decreased astrogliosis and microgliosis, which the authors describe as age-related neuroinflammation. This supports glial activation in aged mice, but the cited passage does not directly show that astrocyte and microglial activation increases from young to old age. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe level of IFN-γ is reduced at the choroid plexus of aging brain, indicating an attenuated ability to resolve inflammation in aging brain.
“In addition, it has been found that the level of IFN-γ was reduced at the CP of aging brain,148 indicating an attenuated ability to resolve inflammation in aging brain.”
From Role of neuroinflammation in neurodegeneration development (2023) · cites this paper as [148]
The paper reports diminished IFN-II (IFN-γ) at the aging choroid plexus and decreased expression of IFN-γ-dependent genes there (section labelled Abstract; no page given). It does not establish that the aging brain has an attenuated ability to resolve inflammation; it cites evidence about IFN-II-dependent resolution in other inflammatory conditions. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPresence of a type I IFN signature in brain cells, in particular microglia, is increasingly associated with ageing and neurodegenerative disease in various species.
“The presence of a type I IFN signature in brain cells, in particular in microglia, is increasingly being associated with ageing and neurodegenerative disease in various species13,15,39,44–50.”
From cGAS–STING drives ageing-related inflammation and neurodegeneration (2023) · cites this paper as [15]
The Abstract reports an age-associated type I IFN signature at the choroid plexus in mice and humans. It does not establish that the signature is present particularly in microglia or associate a microglial signature with neurodegenerative disease; its microgliosis finding concerns the effect of blocking IFN-I in aged mice. No page number is provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredCells harboring PSMC5 variants exhibit characteristics reminiscent of senescent or neurodegenerative cells.
“Cells harboring PSMC5 variants exhibit characteristics reminiscent of senescent or neurodegenerative cells, including impaired mitophagy47, type I IFN response48, abnormal apolipoproteins and/or cholesterol levels49,50, cognitive inflexibility51,52, impaired neuritogenesis53,54, and an imbalanced E/I ratio55,56.”
From Investigating the neuronal role of the proteasomal ATPase subunit gene PSMC5 in neurodevelopmental proteasomopathies (2025) · cites this paper as [48]
The inflamed choroid plexus sends inflammatory signals into the brain, activating parenchymal glia and impairing cognitive function.
“The inflamed choroid plexus has previously been shown to send inflammatory signals into the brain, thereby activating parenchymal glia and impairing cognitive function31.”
From Dysregulation of brain and choroid plexus cell types in severe COVID-19 (2021) · cites this paper as [31]
Cluster OA3 microglia may contribute to the inflammatory tone of the aged brain.
“so it is plausible that Cluster OA3 microglia also play a role in contributing to the inflammatory tone of the aged brain.”
From Complex cell-state changes revealed by single cell RNA sequencing of 76,149 microglia throughout the mouse lifespan and in the injured brain (2018) · cites this paper as Baruch et al., 2014
IFNα has an overall negative impact on the brain, and chronic inflammation and IFNα convert αNSCs into ΩNSCs, which are more quiescent.
“Although IFNγ can also have positive effects, IFNα has an overall negative impact on the brain137. Chronic inflammation and IFNα convert αNSCs into ΩNSCs, which are more quiescent138.”
From Ageing and rejuvenation of tissue stem cells and their niches (2023) · cites this paper as [137]
Embryonic epithelia upregulated genes for developmental processes, while aged epithelia upregulated host-defense programs.
“These were enriched for specialized programs across ages: Embryonic epithelia upregulated genes for developmental processes (Figure 3K, S3K), while aged epithelia upregulated host-defense programs (Figure 3L, FDR q-value < 0.01, GOrilla (Eden et al., 2007, 2009;Baruch et al., 2014).”
From A cellular and spatial map of the choroid plexus across brain ventricles and ages (2021) · cites this paper as Baruch et al., 2014
IL-1β expression was induced in aged choroid plexus macrophages.
“IL-1β expression was induced in aged ChP macrophages”
From A cellular and spatial map of the choroid plexus across brain ventricles and ages (2021) · cites this paper as Baruch et al., 2014
There was an upregulation of inflammatory signals in the aged choroid plexus, reflected in expression of Ifit1 and Il1b in aged epithelial cells.
“Overall, we observed an upregulation of the inflammatory signals in the aged ChP in agreement with prior studies (Baruch et al., 2014) that was reflected in expression of Ifit1 and Il1b in aged epithelial cells.”
From A cellular and spatial map of the choroid plexus across brain ventricles and ages (2021) · cites this paper as Baruch et al., 2014
Neutralizing antibodies against IFN-I restored growth factor levels and cognitive functioning in aged mice, demonstrating the role of blood-derived factors in aging-induced neurological deficits.
“Moreover, neutralizing antibodies against IFN-I restored growth factor levels and cognitive functioning in aged mice, thus demonstrating the role of blood-derived factors in aging-induced neurological deficits (Baruch et al, 2014).”
From Microglia Priming with Aging and Stress (2017) · cites this paper as Baruch et al, 2014
Gene expression analysis of the choroid plexus revealed an aging-induced upregulation of IFN-I and downregulation of interferon-II response genes.
“Indeed, gene expression analysis of the choroid plexus, a brain region marked by epithelial lining that serves as a neurovascular interface, revealed an aging-induced upregulation of interferon-I (IFN-I) and downregulation of interferon-II response genes (Baruch et al, 2014).”
From Microglia Priming with Aging and Stress (2017) · cites this paper as Baruch et al, 2014
Exposure to young blood restores neurogenesis in older mice.
“Recent findings from parabiosis models (left) have shown that exposure to young blood restores neurogenesis, learning and memory and neuronal functions in older mice via increase in growth factors and endothelial remodeling in older mice(Baruch et al, 2014;Katsimpardi et al, 2014;Villeda et al, 2011).”
From Microglia Priming with Aging and Stress (2017) · cites this paper as Baruch et al, 2014
Exposure to young blood restores neuronal functions in older mice.
“Recent findings from parabiosis models (left) have shown that exposure to young blood restores neurogenesis, learning and memory and neuronal functions in older mice via increase in growth factors and endothelial remodeling in older mice(Baruch et al, 2014;Katsimpardi et al, 2014;Villeda et al, 2011).”
From Microglia Priming with Aging and Stress (2017) · cites this paper as Baruch et al, 2014
The restoration by young blood in older mice is via increase in growth factors and endothelial remodeling.
“Recent findings from parabiosis models (left) have shown that exposure to young blood restores neurogenesis, learning and memory and neuronal functions in older mice via increase in growth factors and endothelial remodeling in older mice(Baruch et al, 2014;Katsimpardi et al, 2014;Villeda et al, 2011).”
From Microglia Priming with Aging and Stress (2017) · cites this paper as Baruch et al, 2014
Exposure to young blood restores learning and memory in older mice.
“Recent findings from parabiosis models (left) have shown that exposure to young blood restores neurogenesis, learning and memory and neuronal functions in older mice via increase in growth factors and endothelial remodeling in older mice(Baruch et al, 2014;Katsimpardi et al, 2014;Villeda et al, 2011).”
From Microglia Priming with Aging and Stress (2017) · cites this paper as Baruch et al, 2014
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- Authors
- Baruch, K., Deczkowska, A., David, E., Castellano, J. M., Miller, O., Kertser, A., Berkutzki, T., Barnett-Itzhaki, Z., Bezalel, D., Wyss-Coray, T., Amit, I., & Schwartz, M.
- Affiliations
- Weizmann Institute of Science (IL)
- Stanford Medicine (US)
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
- Corresponding author
- Baruch, Kuti
- Deczkowska, Aleksandra
- Amit, Ido
- Schwartz, Michal
- ORCID
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2014-10-03
- Volume
- 346
- Issue
- 6205
- Pages
- 89-93
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- PMC
- PMC4869326
- OpenAlex
- W2061769617
- Cited by
- 615
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 52 · 2025: 47 · 2024: 58 · 2023: 64 · 2022: 69 · 2021: 60 · 2020: 60 · 2019: 56 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 47 · 2015: 37 · 2014: 5
- FWCI
- 20.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Medical Research Council (MR/L022656/1)
- National Institute on Aging (AG045034, R01AG045034)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › interferon and immune responses
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Aging › Genetics, Aging, and Longevity in Model Organisms
- Keywords
- aging, type I interferon, choroid plexus, cognitive decline, cerebrospinal fluid, hippocampal neurogenesis, antiviral response, brain aging, aged mice
- MeSH terms
- Interferon gamma Receptor, Aging, Animals, Brain, Choroid Plexus, Cognition, Gene Expression Regulation, Hippocampus, Interferon Type I, Mice, Transgenic, Receptors, Interferon, Interferon Regulatory Factors, Mice, Neurogenesis
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