Acute molecular responses to concurrent resistance and high-intensity interval exercise in untrained skeletal muscle
Open accessAbstract
Concurrent training involving resistance and endurance exercise may augment the benefits of single-mode training for the purpose of improving health. However, muscle adaptations, associated with resistance exercise, may be blunted by a subsequent bout of endurance exercise, via molecular interference. High-intensity interval training (HIIT), generating similar adaptations to endurance exercise, may offer an alternative exercise mode to traditional endurance exercise. This study examined the influence of an acute HIIT session on the molecular responses following resistance exercise in untrained skeletal muscle. Ten male participants performed resistance exercise (4 × 8 leg extensions, 70% 1RM, (RE)) or RE followed by HIIT (10 × 1 min at 90% HRmax, (RE+HIIT)). Muscle biopsies were collected from the vastus lateralis before, 2 and 6 h post-RE to determine intramuscular protein phosphorylation and mRNA responses. Phosphorylation of Akt (Ser(473)) decreased at 6 h in both trials (P < 0.05). Phosphorylation of mTOR (Ser(2448)) was higher in RE+HIIT (P < 0.05). All PGC-1α mRNA variants increased at 2 h in RE+HIIT with PGC-1α and PGC-1α-ex1b remaining elevated at 6 h, whereas RE-induced increases at 2 and 6 h for PGC-1α-ex1b only (P < 0.05). Myostatin expression decreased at 2 and 6 h in both trials (P < 0.05). MuRF-1 was elevated in RE+HIIT versus RE at 2 and 6 h (P < 0.05). Atrogin-1 was lower at 2 h, with FOXO3A downregulated at 6 h (P < 0.05). These data do not support the existence of an acute interference effect on protein signaling and mRNA expression, and suggest that HIIT may be an alternative to endurance exercise when performed after resistance exercise in the same training session to optimize adaptations.
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When exhaustive endurance exercise (such as high-intensity interval training or prolonged cycling) is performed in close temporal proximity to resistance training, the profound depletion of intramuscular glycogen and elevation of the AMP:ATP ratio robustly activate AMPK.
“When exhaustive endurance exercise (such as high-intensity interval training or prolonged cycling) is performed in close temporal proximity to resistance training, the profound depletion of intramuscular glycogen and elevation of the AMP:ATP ratio robustly activate AMPK [134,135].”
From Ribosome Biogenesis as a Putative Bottleneck to Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy: Mechanisms, Human Evidence, and Practical Modulators (2026) · cites this paper as [134]
The Introduction (page unavailable) says AMPK activation occurs during endurance exercise and may be involved when endurance and resistance exercise are combined. It does not say that glycogen depletion or an elevated AMP:ATP ratio causes robust AMPK activation in closely timed sessions. The Methods’ statistical-analysis passage lists the signaling proteins measured and does not include AMPK. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe synthesis of a mature 80S ribosome requires the stoichiometric orchestration of three RNA polymerases and the transcription of thousands of massive pre-rRNA precursors, arguably making it the most ATP-demanding process within a muscle fiber.
“The synthesis of a mature 80S ribosome requires the stoichiometric orchestration of three RNA polymerases and the transcription of thousands of massive pre-rRNA precursors, arguably making it the most ATP-demanding process within a muscle fiber [32,134].”
From Ribosome Biogenesis as a Putative Bottleneck to Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy: Mechanisms, Human Evidence, and Practical Modulators (2026) · cites this paper as [134]
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- Authors
- Pugh, J. K., Faulkner, S. H., Jackson, A. P., King, J. A., & Nimmo, M. A.
- Affiliations
- Loughborough University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Nimmo, Myra A.
- Venue
- Physiological Reports
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2015-04
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- e12364
- ISSN
- 2051-817X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4425969
- OpenAlex
- W2122169207
- Cited by
- 63
- References
- 75
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 4
- FWCI
- 4.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Physiological Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Nottingham Trent University's Institutional Repository (Nottingham Trent Repository) (acceptedVersion)
- Loughborough University Institutional Repository (Loughborough University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Loughborough University Research Repository (Loughborough University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Technogym
- The Wellness Company
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Diet, Lifestyle & Physical Activity Biomedical Research Unit
- University Hospitals of Leicester
- Loughborough University
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Keywords
- concurrent training, resistance training, high-intensity interval training, endurance exercise, vastus lateralis, protein phosphorylation, Akt, mTOR, PGC-1α, myostatin, MuRF1, atrogin-1, FOXO3, muscle protein degradation, mRNA expression
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