CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 45Pregnancy and preeclampsia studiesGut microbiota and healthBirth, Development, and Health

Maternal microbiome in preeclampsia pathophysiology and implications on offspring health

Open access
Ishimwe, Jeanne A.·2021·Physiological Reports
DOI 10.14814/phy2.14875PMC PMC8157769
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Preeclampsia is a devastating hypertensive pregnancy disorder that currently affects 2%-8% of pregnancies worldwide. It is associated with maternal and fetal mortality and morbidity and adverse health outcomes both in mom and offspring beyond pregnancy. The pathophysiology is not completely understood, and there are no approved therapies to specifically treat for the disease, with only few therapies approved to manage symptoms. Recent advances suggest that aberrations in the composition of the microbiome may play a role in the pathogenesis of various diseases including preeclampsia. The maternal and uteroplacental environments greatly influence the long-term health outcomes of the offspring through developmental programming mechanisms. The current review summarizes recent developments on the role of the microbiome in adverse pregnancy outcomes with a focus on preeclampsia. It also discusses the potential role of the maternal microbiome in fetal programming; explores gut-targeted therapeutics advancement and their implications in the treatment of preeclampsia.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.14814/phy2.14875

Cites

21 of 21 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Altered fetal programming in modern societies may be secondary to maternal overnutrition, sedentary behavior, obesity, emotional stress, circadian rhythm disruption, poor gut health or environmental chemical exposure.

    “In contrast, altered fetal programming in modern societies may be secondary to maternal overnutrition, sedentary behavior, obesity, emotional stress, circadian rhythm disruption, poor gut health or environmental chemical exposure [35,101,112,113].”

    From Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: An Evolutionary Adaptation to Lifestyle and the Environment (2022) · cites this paper as [113]

    The “Maternal microbiome, fetal programming and future health outcome” section (page unavailable) links unfavorable developmental environments and the maternal microbiome to offspring health, and describes infant gut-microbiome disruption associated with maternal overweight. The copy does not substantiate sedentary behavior, emotional stress, circadian disruption, or environmental chemical exposure as causes of altered fetal programming; it also does not establish the claim specifically for modern societies. (LLM, conf=0.87)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 182

  1. Aagaard, K., Ma, J., Antony, K. M., Ganu, R., Petrosino, J., & Versalovic, J. (2014). The placenta harbors a unique microbiome. Science Translational Medicine, 6(237), 237ra65. 10.1126/scitranslmed.3008599 PMC4929217 24848255 · DOI · Paper page
  2. Agrawal, S., Shinar, S., Cerdeira, A. S., Redman, C., & Vatish, M. (2019). Predictive performance of PlGF (Placental Growth Factor) for screening preeclampsia in asymptomatic women: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Hypertension, 74, 1124– 1135. 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.13360 31522621 · DOI
  3. Al Khodor, S., Reichert, B., & Shatat, I. F. (2017). The microbiome and blood pressure: Can microbes regulate our blood pressure? Frontiers in Pediatrics, 5, 1– 12. 10.3389/fped.2017.00138 28674682 PMC5474689 · DOI
  4. Albers, R. E., Kaufman, M. R., Natale, B. V., Keoni, C., Kulkarni‐Datar, K., Min, S., Williams, C. R., Natale, D. R. C., & Brown, T. L. (2019). Trophoblast‐specific expression of Hif‐1α results in preeclampsia‐like symptoms and fetal growth restriction. Scientific Reports, 9, 1– 13. 10.1038/s41598-019-39426-5 30808910 PMC6391498 · DOI
  5. Alexander, B. T. (2006). Fetal programming of hypertension. American Journal of Physiology‐Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 290(1), R1– R10. 10.1152/ajpregu.00417.2005 16352854 · DOI
  6. Alexandre‐Silva, G. M., Brito‐Souza, P. A., Oliveira, A. C. S., Cerni, F. A., Zottich, U., & Pucca, M. B. (2018). The hygiene hypothesis at a glance: Early exposures, immune mechanism and novel therapies. Acta Tropica, 188, 16– 26. 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.08.032 30165069 · DOI
  7. Al‐Nasiry, S., Ambrosino, E., Schlaepfer, M., Morré, S. A., Wieten, L., Voncken, J. W., Spinelli, M., Mueller, M., & Kramer, B. W. (2020). The interplay between reproductive tract microbiota and immunological system in human reproduction. Frontiers in Immunology, 11, 1– 20. 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00378 32231664 PMC7087453 · DOI
  8. Amarasekara, R., Jayasekara, R. W., Senanayake, H., & Dissanayake, V. H. W. (2015). Microbiome of the placenta in pre‐eclampsia supports the role of bacteria in the multifactorial cause of pre‐eclampsia. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research, 41(5), 662– 669. 10.1111/jog.12619 25492799 · DOI
  9. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists; Task Force. (2013). Report of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists’ task force on hypertension in pregnancy. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 122, 1122– 1131. 10.1097/01.AOG.0000437382.03963.88 24150027 · DOI
  10. Ardissone, A. N., De La Cruz, D. M., Davis‐Richardson, A. G., Rechcigl, K. T., Li, N., Drew, J. C., Murgas‐Torrazza, R., Sharma, R., Hudak, M. L., Triplett, E. W., & Neu, J. (2014). Meconium microbiome analysis identifies bacteria correlated with premature birth. PLoS One, 9, 1– 8. 10.1371/journal.pone.0090784 PMC3948723 24614698 · DOI
  11. Armaly, Z., Jadaon, J. E., Jabbour, A., & Abassi, Z. A. (2018). Preeclampsia: Novel mechanisms and potential therapeutic approaches. Frontiers in Physiology, 9, 1– 15. 10.3389/fphys.2018.00973 30090069 PMC6068263 · DOI
  12. Azevedo, M. J., de Lurdes, P. M., Araujo, R., Ramalho, C., Zaura, E., & Sampaio‐Maia, B. (2020). Influence of delivery and feeding mode in oral fungi colonization – A systematic review. Microbial Cell, 7(2), 36– 45. 10.15698/mic2020.02.706 32025512 PMC6993125 · DOI
  13. Aziz, R. (2009). A hundred‐year‐old insight into the gut microbiome! Gut Pathogens, 1, 21. 10.1186/1757-4749-1-21 19968883 PMC2797815 · DOI
  14. Barak, S., Oettinger‐barak, O., Machtei, E. E., Sprecher, H., & Ohel, G. (2007). Evidence of periopathogenic microorganisms in placentas of women with preeclampsia. Journal of Periodontology, 78, 670– 676. 10.1902/jop.2007.060362 17397314 · DOI
  15. Bartolomaeus, H., Balogh, A., Yakoub, M., Homann, S., Markó, L., Höges, S., Tsvetkov, D., Krannich, A., Wundersitz, S., Avery, E. G., Haase, N., Kräker, K., Hering, L., Maase, M., Kusche‐Vihrog, K., Grandoch, M., Fielitz, J., Kempa, S., Gollasch, M., … Wilck, N. (2019). Short‐chain fatty acid propionate protects from hypertensive cardiovascular damage. Circulation, 139, 1407– 1421. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.036652 30586752 PMC6416008 · DOI
  16. Basic, M., & Bleich, A. (2019). Gnotobiotics: Past, present and future. Laboratory Animals, 53, 232– 243. 10.1177/0023677219836715 31096878 · DOI
  17. Brown, M. A., Magee, L. A., Kenny, L. C., Karumanchi, S. A., McCarthy, F. P., Saito, S., Hall, D. R., Warren, C. E., Adoyi, G., & Ishaku, S. (2018). The hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: ISSHP classification, diagnosis & management recommendations for international practice. Pregnancy Hypertension, 13, 291– 310. 10.1016/j.preghy.2018.05.004 29803330 · DOI
  18. Brown, R. G., Al‐Memar, M., Marchesi, J. R., Lee, Y. S., Smith, A., Chan, D., Lewis, H., Kindinger, L., Terzidou, V., Bourne, T., Bennett, P. R., & MacIntyre, D. A. (2019). Establishment of vaginal microbiota composition in early pregnancy and its association with subsequent preterm prelabor rupture of the fetal membranes. Translational Research, 207, 30– 43. 10.1016/j.trsl.2018.12.005 30633889 PMC6489901 · DOI
  19. Bryan, N. S., Tribble, G., & Angelov, N. (2017). Oral microbiome and nitric oxide: The missing link in the management of blood pressure. Current Hypertension Reports, 19(4), 33. 10.1007/s11906-017-0725-2 28353075 · DOI · Paper page
  20. Butel, M. J., Suau, A., Campeotto, F., Magne, F., Aires, J., Ferraris, L., Kalach, N., Leroux, B., & Dupont, C. (2007). Conditions of bifidobacterial colonization in preterm infants: A prospective analysis. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 44, 577– 582. 10.1097/MPG.0b013e3180406b20 17460489 · DOI
  21. Cao, B., & Mysorekar, I. U. (2014). Intracellular bacteria in placental basal plate localize to extravillous trophoblasts. Placenta, 35, 139– 142. 10.1016/j.placenta.2013.12.007 24439469 · DOI
  22. Cassinji, M. A., Pillonji, A., Cond, S. G., Vitalp, L. A., Pasquantoni, G., Cerronp, L., & Pg, P. (2013). Periodontal bacteria in the genital tract: Are they related to adverse pregnancy outcome? International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology, 26, 931– 939. 24355228
  23. Chang, Y., Chen, Y., Zhou, Q., Wang, C., Chen, L., Di, W., & Zhang, Y. (2020). Short‐chain fatty acids accompanying changes in the gut microbiome contribute to the development of hypertension in patients with preeclampsia. Clinical Science, 289– 302. 10.1042/CS20191253 31961431 · DOI
  24. Chen, H., Li, J., Li, N., Liu, H., & Tang, J. (2019). Increased circulating trimethylamine N‐oxide plays a contributory role in the development of endothelial dysfunction and hypertension in the RUPP rat model of preeclampsia. Hypertension in Pregnancy, 38, 96– 104. 10.1080/10641955.2019.1584630 30821524 · DOI
  25. Cheng, C., Wei, H., Xu, C., Xie, X., Jiang, S., & Peng, J. (2018). Maternal soluble fiber diet during pregnancy changes the intestinal microbiota, improves growth performance, and reduces intestinal permeability in piglets. Applied and Environment Microbiology, 84, 1– 14. 10.1128/AEM.01047-18 PMC6102992 29959248 · DOI
  26. Collins, J. G., Windley, H. W., Arnold, R. R., & Offenbacher, S. (1994). Effects of a Porphyromonas gingivalis infection on inflammatory mediator response and pregnancy outcome in hamsters. Infection and Immunity, 62, 4356– 4361. 10.1128/iai.62.10.4356-4361.1994 7927695 PMC303116 · DOI
  27. Combs, C. A., Garite, T. J., Lapidus, J. A., Lapointe, J. P., Gravett, M., Rael, J., Amon, E., Baxter, J. K., Brady, K., Clewell, W., Eddleman, K. A., Fortunato, S., Franco, A., Haas, D. M., Heyborne, K., Hickok, D. E., How, H. Y., Luthy, D., Miller, H., … Westover, T. (2015). Detection of microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity by analysis of cervicovaginal proteins in women with preterm labor and intact membranes. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 212(482), 482.e1– 482.e12. 25687566
  28. Crespo, Â. C., Mulik, S., Dotiwala, F., Ansara, J. A., Sen Santara, S., Ingersoll, K., Ovies, C., Junqueira, C., Tilburgs, T., Strominger, J. L., & Lieberman, J. (2020). Decidual NK cells transfer granulysin to selectively kill bacteria in trophoblasts. Cell, 182, 1125– 1139.e18. 10.1016/j.cell.2020.07.019 32822574 PMC7484179 · DOI
  29. Crusell, M. K. W., Brink, L. R., Nielsen, T., Allin, K. H., Hansen, T., Damm, P., Lauenborg, J., Hansen, T. H., & Pedersen, O. (2020). Gestational diabetes and the human salivary microbiota: A longitudinal study during pregnancy and postpartum. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 20, 1– 12. 10.1186/s12884-020-2764-y PMC6995204 32005194 · DOI
  30. Crusell, M. K. W., Hansen, T. H., Nielsen, T., Allin, K. H., Rühlemann, M. C., Damm, P., Vestergaard, H., Rørbye, C., Jørgensen, N. R., Christiansen, O. B., Heinsen, F. A., Franke, A., Hansen, T., Lauenborg, J., & Pedersen, O. (2018). Gestational diabetes is associated with change in the gut microbiota composition in third trimester of pregnancy and postpartum. Microbiome, 6, 89. 10.1186/s40168-018-0472-x 29764499 PMC5952429 · DOI · Paper page
  31. Dahl, W. J., & Stewart, M. L. (2015). Position of the academy of nutrition and dietetics: Health implications of dietary fiber. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 115, 1861– 1870. 10.1016/j.jand.2015.09.003 26514720 · DOI · Paper page
  32. Davisson, R. L., Hoffmann, D. S., Butz, G. M., Aldape, G., Schlager, G., Merrill, D. C., Sethi, S., Weiss, R. M., & Bates, J. N. (2002). Discovery of a spontaneous genetic mouse model of preeclampsia. Hypertension, 39, 337– 342. 10.1161/hy02t2.102904 11882569 · DOI
  33. De Agüero, M. G., Ganal‐Vonarburg, S. C., Fuhrer, T., Rupp, S., Uchimura, Y., Li, H., Steinert, A., Heikenwalder, M., Hapfelmeier, S., Sauer, U., McCoy, K. D., & Macpherson, A. J. (2016). The maternal microbiota drives early postnatal innate immune development. Science, 351, 1296– 1302. 10.1126/science.aad2571 26989247 · DOI · Paper page
  34. de Goffau, M. C., Lager, S., Sovio, U., Gaccioli, F., Cook, E., Peacock, S. J., Parkhill, J., Charnock‐Jones, D. S., & Smith, G. C. S. (2019). Human placenta has no microbiome but can contain potential pathogens. Nature, 572, 329– 334. 10.1038/s41586-019-1451-5 31367035 PMC6697540 · DOI · Paper page
  35. Delhaes, F., Giza, S. A., Koreman, T., Eastabrook, G., McKenzie, C. A., Bedell, S., Regnault, T. R. H., & de Vrijer, B. (2018). Altered maternal and placental lipid metabolism and fetal fat development in obesity: Current knowledge and advances in non‐invasive assessment. Placenta, 69, 118– 124. 10.1016/j.placenta.2018.05.011 29907450 · DOI
  36. Ding, R.‐X., Goh, W.‐R., Wu, R.‐N.‐A., Yue, X.‐Q., Luo, X., Khine, W. W. T., Wu, J.‐R., & Lee, Y.‐K.. (2019). Revisit gut microbiota and its impact on human health and disease. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 27(3), 623– 631. 10.1016/j.jfda.2018.12.012 31324279 PMC9307029 · DOI
  37. Doyle, R. M., Alber, D. G., Jones, H. E., Harris, K., Fitzgerald, F., Peebles, D., & Klein, N. (2014). Term and preterm labour are associated with distinct microbial community structures in placental membranes which are independent of mode of delivery. Placenta, 35, 1099– 1101. 10.1016/j.placenta.2014.10.007 25458966 · DOI
  38. Ege, M. J. (2017). The hygiene hypothesis in the age of the microbiome. Annals of the American Thoracic Society, 14, S348– S353. 10.1513/AnnalsATS.201702-139AW 29161087 · DOI
  39. Fall, C. H. D., & Kumaran, K.. (2019). Metabolic programming in early life in humans. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 374(1770), 20180123. 10.1098/rstb.2018.0123 PMC6460078 30966889 · DOI
  40. Fan, M., Li, X., Gao, X., Dong, L., Xin, G., Chen, L., Qiu, J., & Xu, Y. (2019). LPS induces preeclampsia‐like phenotype in rats and HTR8/SVneo cells dysfunction through TLR4/p38 MAPK pathway. Frontiers in Physiology, 10, 1030. 10.3389/fphys.2019.01030 31507429 PMC6718930 · DOI
  41. Fardini, Y., Chung, P., Dumm, R., Joshi, N., & Han, Y. W. (2010). Transmission of diverse oral bacteria to murine placenta: Evidence for the oral microbiome as a potential source of intrauterine infection. Infection and Immunity, 78, 1789– 1796. 10.1128/IAI.01395-09 20123706 PMC2849412 · DOI · Paper page
  42. Ferretti, P., Pasolli, E., Tett, A., Asnicar, F., Gorfer, V., Fedi, S., Armanini, F., Truong, D. T., Manara, S., Zolfo, M., Beghini, F., Bertorelli, R., De Sanctis, V., Bariletti, I., Canto, R., Clementi, R., Cologna, M., Crifò, T., Cusumano, G., … Segata, N. (2018). Mother‐to‐infant microbial transmission from different body sites shapes the developing infant gut microbiome. Cell Host & Microbe, 24, 133– 145.e5. 30001516 PMC6716579
  43. Finkelstein, E. A., Khavjou, O. A., Thompson, H., Trogdon, J. G., Pan, L., Sherry, B., & Dietz, W. (2012). Obesity and severe obesity forecasts through 2030. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 42, 563– 570. 10.1016/j.amepre.2011.10.026 22608371 · DOI
  44. Foye, O. T., Huang, I.‐F., Chiou, C. C., Walker, W. A., & Shi, H. N. (2012). Early administration of probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus and/or prebiotic inulin attenuates pathogen‐mediated intestinal inflammation and Smad 7 cell signaling. FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology, 65, 467– 480. 10.1111/j.1574-695X.2012.00978.x 22524476 PMC4015462 · DOI
  45. Frei, R., Akdis, M., & O’Mahony, L.. (2015). Prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, and the immune system: Experimental data and clinical evidence. Current Opinion in Gastroenterology, 31(2), 153– 158. 10.1097/MOG.0000000000000151 25594887 · DOI · Paper page
  46. Funkhouser, L. J., & Bordenstein, S. R. (2013). Mom knows best: The universality of maternal microbial transmission. PLoS Biology, 11, 1– 9. 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001631 PMC3747981 23976878 · DOI
  47. Ganesh, B. P., Nelson, J. W., Eskew, J. R., Ganesan, A., Ajami, N. J., Petrosino, J. F., Bryan, R. M., & Durgan, D. J. (2018). Prebiotics, probiotics, and acetate supplementation prevent hypertension in a model of obstructive sleep apnea. Hypertension, 72, 1141– 1150. 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.118.11695 30354816 PMC6209125 · DOI
  48. Geldenhuys, J., Rossouw, T. M., Lombaard, H. A., Ehlers, M. M., & Kock, M. M. (2018). Disruption in the regulation of immune responses in the placental subtype of preeclampsia. Frontiers in Immunology, 9, 1– 15. 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01659 30079067 PMC6062603 · DOI
  49. Gillis, E. E., Mooney, J. N., Garrett, M. R., Granger, J. P., & Sasser, J. M. (2016). Sildenafil treatment ameliorates the maternal syndrome of preeclampsia and rescues fetal growth in the Dahl Salt Sensitive rat. Hypertension, 67, 647– 653. 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.06071 26729752 PMC4752413 · DOI
  50. Gillis, E. E., Williams, J. M., Garrett, M. R., Mooney, J. N., & Sasser, J. M. (2015). The Dahl salt‐sensitive rat is a spontaneous model of superimposed preeclampsia. American Journal of Physiology‐Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 309(1), R62– R70. 10.1152/ajpregu.00377.2014 PMC4491533 25904684 · DOI
  51. Gohir, W., Kennedy, K. M., Wallace, J. G., Saoi, M., Bellissimo, C. J., Britz‐McKibbin, P., Petrik, J. J., Surette, M. G., & Sloboda, D. M. (2019). High‐fat diet intake modulates maternal intestinal adaptations to pregnancy and results in placental hypoxia, as well as altered fetal gut barrier proteins and immune markers. Journal of Physiology, 597, 3029– 3051. 10.1113/JP277353 31081119 · DOI
  52. Gonzalez, A., Krieg, R., Massey, H. D., Carl, D., Ghosh, S., Gehr, T. W. B., & Ghosh, S. S. (2019). Sodium butyrate ameliorates insulin resistance and renal failure in CKD rats by modulating intestinal permeability and mucin expression. Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation, 34, 783– 794. 10.1093/ndt/gfy238 PMC6503301 30085297 · DOI
  53. Grev, J., Berg, M., & Soll, R. (2018). Maternal probiotic supplementation for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Systematic Review, 12(12), CD012519. 10.1002/14651858.CD012519.pub2 PMC6516999 30548483 · DOI
  54. Halkjaer, S. I., Nilas, L., Carlsen, E. M., Cortes, D., Halldórsson, T. I., Olsen, S. F., Pedersen, A. E., Krogfelt, K. A., & Petersen, A. M. (2016). Effects of probiotics (Vivomixx®) in obese pregnant women and their newborn: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials, 17, 1– 9. 10.1186/s13063-016-1617-5 27724923 PMC5057415 · DOI
  55. Han, M., Yang, P., Zhong, C., & Ning, K. (2018). The human gut virome in hypertension. Frontiers in Microbiology, 9, 1– 10. 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03150 30619215 PMC6305721 · DOI
  56. Hasan, M. Z., Ikawati, M., Tocharus, J., Kawaichi, M., & Oka, C. (2015). Abnormal development of placenta in HtrA1‐deficient mice. Developmental Biology, 397, 89– 102. 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.10.015 25446274 · DOI
  57. Hayakawa, S., Fujikawa, T., Fukuoka, H., Chisima, F., Karasaki‐Suzuki, M., Ohkoshi, E., Ohi, H., Kiyoshi Fujii, T., Tochigi, M., Satoh, K., Shimizu, T., Nishinarita, S., Nemoto, N., & Sakurai, I. (2000). Murine fetal resorption and experimental pre‐eclampsia are induced by both excessive Th1 and Th2 activation. Journal of Reproductive Immunology, 47, 121– 138. 10.1016/S0165-0378(00)00053-X 10924746 · DOI
  58. Herrera, J. A., Chaudhuri, G., & López‐Jaramillo, P. (2001). Is infection a major risk factor for preeclampsia? Medical Hypotheses, 57, 393– 397. 10.1054/mehy.2001.1378 11516235 · DOI
  59. Hill, C., Guarner, F., Reid, G., Gibson, G. R., Merenstein, D. J., Pot, B., Morelli, L., Canani, R. B., Flint, H. J., Salminen, S., Calder, P. C., & Sanders, M. E. (2014). Expert consensus document: The international scientific association for probiotics and prebiotics consensus statement on the scope and appropriate use of the term probiotic. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 11, 506– 514. 10.1038/nrgastro.2014.66 24912386 · DOI
  60. Hočevar, K., Maver, A., Vidmar Šimic, M., Hodžić, A., Haslberger, A., Premru Seršen, T., & Peterlin, B. (2019). Vaginal microbiome signature is associated with spontaneous preterm delivery. Frontiers in Medicine, 6, 1– 12. 10.3389/fmed.2019.00201 31552254 PMC6746969 · DOI
  61. Holscher, H. D. (2017). Dietary fiber and prebiotics and the gastrointestinal microbiota. Gut Microbes, 8, 172– 184. 10.1080/19490976.2017.1290756 28165863 PMC5390821 · DOI · Paper page
  62. Howlett, J., Betteridge, V., Champ, M., Craig, S. S., Meheust, A., & Jones, J. M. (2010). The definition of dietary fiber – Discussions at the Ninth Vahouny Fiber Symposium: Building scientific agreement. Food & Nutrition Research, 54(1), 5750. 10.3402/fnr.v54i0.5750 PMC2972185 21052531 · DOI
  63. Hsu, C. N., Hou, C. Y., Chan, J. Y. H., Lee, C.‐T., & Tain, Y. L. (2019). Hypertension programmed by perinatal high‐fat diet: Effect of maternal gut microbiota‐targeted therapy. Nutrients, 11, 10.3390/nu11122908 PMC6950030 31810197 · DOI
  64. Hsu, C. N., Hou, C. Y., Lee, C.‐T., Chan, J. Y. H., & Tain, Y. L. (2019). The interplay between maternal and post‐weaning high‐fat diet and gut microbiota in the developmental programming of hypertension. Nutrients, 11, 1– 15. 10.3390/nu11091982 PMC6769506 31443482 · DOI
  65. Hsu, C. N., Lin, Y. J., Hou, C. Y., & Tain, Y. L. (2018). Maternal administration of probiotic or prebiotic prevents male adult rat offspring against developmental programming of hypertension induced by high fructose consumption in pregnancy and lactation. Nutrients, 10, 1229. 10.3390/nu10091229 PMC6163452 30181501 · DOI
  66. Hsu, C. N., & Tain, Y. L. (2020). Early origins of hypertension: Should prevention start before birth using natural antioxidants? Antioxidants, 9, 1– 22. 10.3390/antiox9111034 PMC7690716 33113999 · DOI
  67. Hu, M., Eviston, D., Hsu, P., Mariño, E., Chidgey, A., Santner‐Nanan, B., Wong, K., Richards, J. L., Yap, Y. A., Collier, F., Quinton, A., Joung, S., Peek, M., Benzie, R., Macia, L., Wilson, D., Ponsonby, A. L., Tang, M. L. K., O’Hely, M., … Nanan, R. (2019). Decreased maternal serum acetate and impaired fetal thymic and regulatory T cell development in preeclampsia. Nature Communications, 10, 1– 13. 10.1038/s41467-019-10703-1 PMC6620275 31292453 · DOI
  68. Huang, X., Li, Z., Gao, Z., Wang, D., Li, X., Li, Y., Mi, C., & Lei, J. (2020). Association between risk of preeclampsia and maternal plasma trimethylamine‐N‐oxide in second trimester and at the time of delivery. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 20, 1– 7. 10.1186/s12884-020-02997-7 PMC7236207 32429856 · DOI
  69. Husain, S., Allotey, J., Drymoussi, Z., Wilks, M., Fernandez‐Felix, B. M., Whiley, A., Dodds, J., Thangaratinam, S., McCourt, C., Prosdocimi, E. M., Wade, W. G., de Tejada, B. M., Zamora, J., Khan, K., & Millar, M. (2020). Effects of oral probiotic supplements on vaginal microbiota during pregnancy: A randomised, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial with microbiome analysis. BJOG: an International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 127(2), 275– 284. 10.1111/1471-0528.15675 30932317 PMC6973149 · DOI
  70. Ishimwe, J. A., Akinleye, A. A., Johnson, A. C., Garrett, M. R., & Sasser, J. M. (2021). Gestational gut microbial remodeling is impaired in a rat model of preeclampsia superimposed on chronic hypertension. Physiological Genomics, 53(3), 125– 136. 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00121.2020 33491590 PMC7988742 · DOI
  71. James, J. L., Whitley, G. S., & Cartwright, J. E. (2010). Pre‐eclampsia: Fitting together the placental, immune and cardiovascular pieces. The Journal of Pathology, 221, 363– 378. 10.1002/path.2719 20593492 · DOI
  72. Jarjoura, K., Devine, P. C., Perez‐Delboy, A., Herrera‐Abreu, M., D’Alton, M., & Papapanou, P. N. (2005). Markers of periodontal infection and preterm birth. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 192, 513– 519. 10.1016/j.ajog.2004.07.018 15695995 · DOI
  73. Jayaprakash, T. P., Wagner, E. C., Van Schalkwyk, J., Albert, A. Y. K., Hill, J. E., Money, D. M., Hemmingsen, S. M., Castillo, E., & Janssen, P. A. (2016). High diversity and variability in the vaginal microbiome in women following Preterm Premature Rupture of Membranes (PPROM): A prospective cohort study. PLoS One, 11, 1– 19. 10.1371/journal.pone.0166794 PMC5115810 27861554 · DOI
  74. Jim, B., & Karumanchi, S. A. (2017). Preeclampsia: Pathogenesis, prevention, and long‐term complications. Seminars in Nephrology, 37, 386– 397. 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2017.05.011 28711078 · DOI
  75. Juanola, O., Ferrusquía‐Acosta, J., García‐Villalba, R., Zapater, P., Magaz, M., Marín, A., Olivas, P., Baiges, A., Bellot, P., Turon, F., Hernández‐Gea, V., González‐Navajas, J. M., Tomás‐Barberán, F. A., García‐Pagán, J. C., & Francés, R. (2019). Circulating levels of butyrate are inversely related to portal hypertension, endotoxemia, and systemic inflammation in patients with cirrhosis. The FASEB Journal, 33, 11595– 11605. 10.1096/fj.201901327R 31345057 · DOI
  76. Kalafat, E., & Thilaganathan, B. (2017). Cardiovascular origins of preeclampsia. Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 29, 383– 389. 10.1097/GCO.0000000000000419 28961633 · DOI
  77. Karbach, S. H., Schönfelder, T., Brandão, I., Wilms, E., Hörmann, N., Jäckel, S., Schüler, R., Finger, S., Knorr, M., Lagrange, J., Brandt, M., Waisman, A., Kossmann, S., Schäfer, K., Münzel, T., Reinhardt, C., & Wenzel, P. (2016). Gut microbiota promote Angiotensin II–induced arterial hypertension and vascular dysfunction. Journal of the American Heart Association, 5(9), e003698. 10.1161/JAHA.116.003698 27577581 PMC5079031 · DOI · Paper page
  78. Kashyap, P. C., Chia, N., Nelson, H., Segal, E., & Elinav, E. (2017). Microbiome at the frontier of personalized medicine. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 92, 1855– 1864. 10.1016/j.mayocp.2017.10.004 29202942 PMC5730337 · DOI
  79. Kell, D. B., & Kenny, L. C. (2016). A dormant microbial component in the development of preeclampsia. Frontiers in Medicine, 3, 1– 52. 10.3389/fmed.2016.00060 27965958 PMC5126693 · DOI
  80. Kim, K. W., Allen, D. W., Briese, T., Couper, J. J., Barry, S. C., Colman, P. G., Cotterill, A. M., Davis, E. A., Giles, L. C., Harrison, L. C., Harris, M., Haynes, A., Horton, J. L., Isaacs, S. R., Jain, K., Lipkin, W. I., McGorm, K., Morahan, G., Morbey, C., … Craig, M. E. (2020). Higher frequency of vertebrate‐infecting viruses in the gut of infants born to mothers with type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes, 21, 271– 279. 10.1111/pedi.12952 31800147 · DOI
  81. Kim, S., Goel, R., Kumar, A., Qi, Y., Lobaton, G., Hosaka, K., Mohammed, M., Handberg, E. M., Richards, E. M., Pepine, C. J., & Raizada, M. K. (2018). Imbalance of gut microbiome and intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction in patients with high blood pressure. Clinical Science, 132, 701– 718. 10.1042/CS20180087 29507058 PMC5955695 · DOI
  82. Kim, S., Rigatto, K., Gazzana, M. B., Knorst, M. M., Richards, E. M., Pepine, C. J., & Raizada, M. K. (2020). Altered gut microbiome profile in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Hypertension, 75(4), 1063– 1071. 32088998 PMC7067661
  83. Kirihara, N., Kamitomo, M., Tabira, T., Hashimoto, T., Taniguchi, H., & Maeda, T. (2018). Effect of probiotics on perinatal outcome in patients at high risk of preterm birth. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research, 44, 241– 247. 10.1111/jog.13497 28994162 · DOI
  84. Koh, A., De Vadder, F., Kovatcheva‐Datchary, P., & Bäckhed, F. (2016). From dietary fiber to host physiology: Short‐chain fatty acids as key bacterial metabolites. Cell, 165, 1332– 1345. 10.1016/j.cell.2016.05.041 27259147 · DOI · Paper page
  85. Koren, O., Goodrich, J. K., Cullender, T. C., Spor, A., Laitinen, K., Kling Bäckhed, H., Gonzalez, A., Werner, J. J., Angenent, L. T., Knight, R., Bäckhed, F., Isolauri, E., Salminen, S., & Ley, R. E. (2012). Host remodeling of the gut microbiome and metaolic changes during pregnancy. Cell, 150, 470– 480. 10.1016/j.cell.2012.07.008 22863002 PMC3505857 · DOI · Paper page
  86. Kostic, A. D., Gevers, D., Siljander, H., Vatanen, T., Hyötyläinen, T., Hämäläinen, A.‐M., Peet, A., Tillmann, V., Pöhö, P., Mattila, I., Lähdesmäki, H., Franzosa, E. A., Vaarala, O., de Goffau, M., Harmsen, H., Ilonen, J., Virtanen, S. M., Clish, C. B., Orešič, M., … Xavier, R. J. (2015). The dynamics of the human infant gut microbiome in development and in progression toward type 1 diabetes. Cell Host & Microbe, 17, 260– 273. 10.1016/j.chom.2015.01.001 25662751 PMC4689191 · DOI
  87. LaMarca, B., Cornelius, D. C., Harmon, A. C., Amaral, L. M., Cunningham, M. W., Faulkner, J. L., & Wallace, K. (2016). Identifying immune mechanisms mediating the hypertension during preeclampsia. American Journal of Physiology‐Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 311, R1– R9. 10.1152/ajpregu.00052.2016 PMC4967235 27097659 · DOI
  88. Leiby, J. S., McCormick, K., Sherrill‐Mix, S., Clarke, E. L., Kessler, L. R., Taylor, L. J., Hofstaedter, C. E., Roche, A. M., Mattei, L. M., Bittinger, K., Elovitz, M. A., Leite, R., Parry, S., & Bushman, F. D. (2018). Lack of detection of a human placenta microbiome in samples from preterm and term deliveries. Microbiome, 6, 1– 11. 10.1186/s40168-018-0575-4 30376898 PMC6208038 · DOI
  89. Leon, L. J., Doyle, R., Diez‐Benavente, E., Clark, T. G., Klein, N., Stanier, P., & Moore, G. E. (2018). Enrichment of clinically relevant organisms in spontaneous preterm‐delivered placentas and reagent contamination across all clinical groups in a large pregnancy cohort in the United Kingdom. Applied and Environment Microbiology, 84, 1– 13. 10.1128/AEM.00483-18 PMC6029081 29776928 · DOI
  90. Levine, R. J., Maynard, S. E., Qian, C., Lim, K.‐H., England, L. J., Yu, K. F., Schisterman, E. F., Thadhani, R., Sachs, B. P., Epstein, F. H., Sibai, B. M., Sukhatme, V. P., & Karumanchi, S. A. (2004). Circulating angiogenic factors and the risk of preeclampsia. New England Journal of Medicine, 350, 672– 683. 10.1056/NEJMoa031884 14764923 · DOI · Paper page
  91. Li, H., Li, H., Wang, J., Guo, L., Fan, H., Zheng, H., Yang, Z., Huang, X., Chu, M., Yang, F., He, Z., Li, N., Yang, J., Wu, Q., Shi, H., & Liu, L. (2019). The altered gut virome community in rhesus monkeys is correlated with the gut bacterial microbiome and associated metabolites. Virology Journal, 16, 1– 14. 10.1186/s12985-019-1211-z 31426820 PMC6700990 · DOI
  92. Li, H. Z., Li, N., Wang, J. J., Li, H., Huang, X., Guo, L., Zheng, H. W., He, Z. L., Zhao, Y., Yang, Z. N., Fan, H. T., Chu, M. M., Yang, J. X., Wu, Q. W., & Liu, L. D. (2020). Dysbiosis of gut microbiome affecting small intestine morphology and immune balance: A rhesus macaque model. Zoological Research, 41, 20– 31. 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2020.004 31930784 PMC6956715 · DOI
  93. Li, J., LaMarca, B., & Reckelhoff, J. F. (2012). A model of preeclampsia in rats: The reduced uterine perfusion pressure (RUPP) model. American Journal of Physiology‐Heart and Circulatory Physiology, 303(1), H1– H8. 10.1152/ajpheart.00117.2012 22523250 PMC3404644 · DOI
  94. Li, J. H., Wang, L. L., Liu, H., Muyayalo, K. P., Huang, X. B., Mor, G., & Liao, A. H. (2019). Galectin‐9 alleviates LPS‐induced preeclampsia‐like impairment in rats via switching decidual macrophage polarization to M2 subtype. Frontiers in Immunology, 10, 1– 17. 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03142 30687334 PMC6335255 · DOI
  95. Li, J., Zhao, F., Wang, Y., Chen, J., Tao, J., Tian, G., Wu, S., Liu, W., Cui, Q., Geng, B., Zhang, W., Weldon, R., Auguste, K., Yang, L., Liu, X., Chen, L., Yang, X., Zhu, B., & Cai, J. (2017). Gut microbiota dysbiosis contributes to the development of hypertension. Microbiome, 5, 1– 19. 10.1186/s40168-016-0222-x 28143587 PMC5286796 · DOI · Paper page
  96. Li, Y. J., Chen, X., Kwan, T. K., Loh, Y. W., Singer, J., Liu, Y., Ma, J., Tan, J., Macia, L., Mackay, C. R., Chadban, S. J., & Wu, H. (2020). Dietary fiber protects against diabetic nephropathy through short‐chain fatty acid–mediated activation of G protein–coupled receptors GPR43 and GPR109A. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 31(6), 1267– 1281. 32358041 PMC7269358
  97. Littman, D. R., & Pamer, E. G. (2011). Role of the commensal microbiota in normal and pathogenic host immune responses. Cell Host & Microbe, 10, 311– 323. 10.1016/j.chom.2011.10.004 22018232 PMC3202012 · DOI
  98. Lloyd‐Price, J., Abu‐Ali, G., & Huttenhower, C. (2016). The healthy human microbiome. Genome Medicine, 8, 1– 11. 10.1186/s13073-016-0307-y 27122046 PMC4848870 · DOI · Paper page
  99. López, N. J., Smith, P. C., & Gutierrez, J. (2002). Periodontal therapy may reduce the risk of preterm low birth weight in women with peridotal disease: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Periodontology, 73, 911– 924. 10.1902/jop.2002.73.8.911 12211502 · DOI
  100. Lu, F., Longo, M., Tamayo, E., Maner, W., Al‐Hendy, A., Anderson, G. D., Hankins, G. D. V., & Saade, G. R. (2007). The effect of over‐expression of sFlt‐1 on blood pressure and the occurrence of other manifestations of preeclampsia in unrestrained conscious pregnant mice. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 196(4), 396.e1– 396.e7. 10.1016/j.ajog.2006.12.024 17403433 · DOI
  101. Lv, L. J., Li, S. H., Li, S. C., Zhong, Z. C., Duan, H. L., Tian, C., Li, H., He, W., Chen, M. C., He, T. W., Wang, Y. N., Zhou, X., Yao, L., & Yin, A. H. (2019). Early‐onset preeclampsia is associated with gut microbial alterations in antepartum and postpartum women. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 9, 1– 15. 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00224 31297341 PMC6608563 · DOI
  102. MacIntyre, D. A., Chandiramani, M., Lee, Y. S., Kindinger, L., Smith, A., Angelopoulos, N., Lehne, B., Arulkumaran, S., Brown, R., Teoh, T. G., Holmes, E., Nicoholson, J. K., Marchesi, J. R., & Bennett, P. R. (2015). The vaginal microbiome during pregnancy and the postpartum period in a European population. Scientific Reports, 5, 1– 9. 10.1038/srep08988 PMC4355684 25758319 · DOI
  103. Madianos, P. N., Lieff, S., Murtha, A. P., Boggess, K. A., Auten, R. L., Beck, J. D., & Offenbacher, S. (2001). Maternal periodontitis and prematurity. part II: Maternal infection and fetal exposure. Annals of Periodontology, 6(1), 175– 182. 10.1902/annals.2001.6.1.175 11887461 · DOI
  104. Malmuthuge, N., & Griebel, P. J. (2018). Fetal environment and fetal intestine are sterile during the third trimester of pregnancy. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 204, 59– 64. 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.09.005 30290960 · DOI
  105. Maqsood, R., Rodgers, R., Rodriguez, C., Handley, S. A., Ndao, I. M., Tarr, P. I., Warner, B. B., Lim, E. S., & Holtz, L. R. (2019). Discordant transmission of bacteria and viruses from mothers to babies at birth. Microbiome, 7, 1– 13. 10.1186/s40168-019-0766-7 31823811 PMC6902606 · DOI
  106. Marques, F. Z., Jama, H. A., Tsyganov, K., Gill, P. A., Rhys‐Jones, D., Muralitharan, R. R., Muir, J., Holmes, A., & MacKay, C. R. (2019). Guidelines for transparency on gut microbiome studies in essential and experimental hypertension. Hypertension, 74, 1279– 1293. 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.13079 31679421 · DOI
  107. Maynard, S. E., Min, J.‐Y., Merchan, J., Lim, K.‐H., Li, J., Mondal, S., Libermann, T. A., Morgan, J. P., Sellke, F. W., Stillman, I. E., Epstein, F. H., Sukhatme, V. P., & Karumanchi, S. A. (2003). Excess placental soluble fms‐like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt1) may contribute to endothelial dysfunction, hypertension, and proteinuria in preeclampsia. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 111, 649– 658. 10.1172/JCI17189 PMC151901 12618519 · DOI · Paper page
  108. Mell, B., Jala, V. R., Mathew, A. V., Byun, J., Waghulde, H., Zhang, Y., Haribabu, B., Vijay‐Kumar, M., Pennathur, S., & Joe, B. (2015). Evidence for a link between gut microbiota and hypertension in the Dahl rat. Physiological Genomics, 47, 187– 197. 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00136.2014 25829393 PMC4451389 · DOI · Paper page
  109. Mellander, L., Carlsson, B., Jalil, F., Söderström, T., & Hanson, L. Å. (1985). Secretory IgA antibody response against Escherichia coli antigens in infants in relation to exposure. Journal of Pediatrics, 107, 430– 433. 10.1016/S0022-3476(85)80528-X 2411902 · DOI
  110. Menezes, E. V., Yakoob, M. Y., Soomro, T., Haws, R. A., Darmstadt, G. L., & Bhutta, Z. A. (2009). Reducing stillbirths: Prevention and management of medical disorders and infections during pregnancy. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 9, 1– 49. 10.1186/1471-2393-9-S1-S4 19426467 PMC2679410 · DOI
  111. Mohajeri, H., Brummer, R. J. M., Rastall, R. A., Weersma, R. K., Harmsen, H. J. M., Faas, M., & Eggersdorfer, M. (2018). The role of the microbiome for human health: From basic science to clinical applications. European Journal of Nutrition, 57, 1– 14. 10.1007/s00394-018-1703-4 PMC5962619 29748817 · DOI · Paper page
  112. Moore, R. E., & Townsend, S. D. (2019). Temporal development of the infant gut microbiome. Open Biology, 9(9), 190128. 10.1098/rsob.190128 31506017 PMC6769289 · DOI
  113. Nordqvist, M., Jacobsson, B., Brantsæter, A. L., Myhre, R., Nilsson, S., & Sengpiel, V. (2018). Timing of probiotic milk consumption during pregnancy and effects on the incidence of preeclampsia and preterm delivery: A prospective observational cohort study in Norway. British Medical Journal Open, 8(1), e018021. 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018021 PMC5780685 29362253 · DOI
  114. Nyangahu, D. D., Lennard, K. S., Brown, B. P., Darby, M. G., Wendoh, J. M., Havyarimana, E., Smith, P., Butcher, J., Stintzi, A., Mulder, N., Horsnell, W., & Jaspan, H. B. (2018). Disruption of maternal gut microbiota during gestation alters offspring microbiota and immunity. Microbiome, 6, 1– 10. 10.1186/s40168-018-0511-7 29981583 PMC6035804 · DOI
  115. Okesene‐Gafa, K. A. M., Li, M., McKinlay, C. J. D., Taylor, R. S., Rush, E. C., Wall, C. R., Wilson, J., Murphy, R., Taylor, R., Thompson, J. M. D., Crowther, C. A., & McCowan, L. M. E. (2019). Effect of antenatal dietary interventions in maternal obesity on pregnancy weight‐gain and birthweight: Healthy Mums and Babies (HUMBA) randomized trial. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 221, 152.e1– 152.e13. 30878323
  116. Onderdonk, A. B., Delaney, M. L., DuBois, A. M., Allred, E. N., & Leviton, A. (2008). Detection of bacteria in placental tissues obtained from extremely low gestational age neonates. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 198(1), 110.e1– 110.e7. 10.1016/j.ajog.2007.05.044 18166321 · DOI
  117. Ormesher, L., Myers, J. E., Chmiel, C., Wareing, M., Greenwood, S. L., Tropea, T., Lundberg, J. O., Weitzberg, E., Nihlen, C., Sibley, C. P., Johnstone, E. D., & Cottrell, E. C. (2018). Effects of dietary nitrate supplementation, from beetroot juice, on blood pressure in hypertensive pregnant women: A randomised, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled feasibility trial. Nitric Oxide ‐ Biology and Chemistry's, 80, 37– 44. 30099096
  118. Patel, R., & Dupont, H. L. (2015). New approaches for bacteriotherapy: Prebiotics, new‐generation probiotics, and synbiotics. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 60, S108– S121. 10.1093/cid/civ177 25922396 PMC4490231 · DOI
  119. Petricevic, L., Domig, K. J., Nierscher, F. J., Sandhofer, M. J., Fidesser, M., Krondorfer, I., Husslein, P., Kneifel, W., & Kiss, H. (2014). Characterisation of the vaginal Lactobacillus microbiota associated with preterm delivery. Scientific Reports, 4, 1– 6. 10.1038/srep05136 PMC4038809 24875844 · DOI
  120. Phipps, E. A., Thadhani, R., Benzing, T., & Karumanchi, S. A. (2019). Pre‐eclampsia: Pathogenesis, novel diagnostics and therapies. Nature Reviews Nephrology, 15, 275– 289. 10.1038/s41581-019-0119-6 30792480 PMC6472952 · DOI
  121. Pinheiro, R. L., Areia, A. L., Pinto, A. M., & Donato, H. (2019). Advanced maternal age: Adverse outcomes of pregnancy, a meta‐analysis. Acta Medica Portuguesa, 32, 219– 226. 30946794
  122. Ponzetto, A., Cardaropoli, S., Piccoli, E., Rolfo, A., Gennero, L., Kanduc, D., & Todros, T. (2006). Pre‐eclampsia is associated with Helicobacter pylori seropositivity in Italy. Journal of Hypertension, 24, 2445– 2449. 10.1097/HJH.0b013e3280109e8c 17082728 · DOI
  123. Poon, L. C., Shennan, A., Hyett, J. A., Kapur, A., Hadar, E., Divakar, H., McAuliffe, F., Silva Costa, F., Dadelszen, P., McIntyre, H. D., Kihara, A. B., Di Renzo, G. C., Romero, R., D’Alton, M., Berghella, V., Nicolaides, K. H., Hod, M., Hanson, M., Ma, R., … Gooden, R. (2019). The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) initiative on pre‐eclampsia: A pragmatic guide for first‐trimester screening and prevention. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 145, 1– 33. 10.1002/ijgo.12802 PMC6944283 31111484 · DOI
  124. Pretorius, R. A., Bodinier, M., Prescott, S. L., & Palmer, D. J. (2019). Maternal fiber dietary intakes during pregnancy and infant allergic disease. Nutrients, 11, 1767. 10.3390/nu11081767 PMC6722741 31374861 · DOI
  125. Redman, C. W., & Sargent, I. (2001). The pathogenesis of pre‐eclampsia. Gynécologie Obstétrique & Fertilité, 29, 518– 522. 10.1016/S1297-9589(01)00180-1 11575148 · DOI
  126. Redman, C. W. G., & Sargent, I. L. (2010). Immunology of pre‐eclampsia. American Journal of Reproductive Immunology, 63, 534– 543. 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2010.00831.x 20331588 · DOI
  127. Restini, C. B. A., Fink, G. D., & Watts, S. W. (2021). Vascular reactivity stimulated by TMA and TMAO: Are perivascular adipose tissue and endothelium involved? Pharmacological Research, 163, 105273. 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105273 33197599 PMC7855790 · DOI
  128. Rhoads, M. K., Goleva, S. B., Beierwaltes, W. H., & Osborn, J. L. (2017). Renal vascular and glomerular pathologies associated with spontaneous hypertension in the nonhuman primate Chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus. The American Journal of Physiology‐Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 313, R211– R218. 10.1152/ajpregu.00026.2017 28659284 · DOI
  129. Roberts, J. M., & Bell, M. J. (2013). If we know so much about preeclampsia, why haven’t we cured the disease? Journal of Reproductive Immunology, 99, 1– 9. 10.1016/j.jri.2013.05.003 23890710 PMC4066309 · DOI · Paper page
  130. Robertson, R. C., Manges, A. R., Finlay, B. B., & Prendergast, A. J. (2019). The human microbiome and child growth – First 1000 days and beyond. Trends in Microbiology, 27, 131– 147. 10.1016/j.tim.2018.09.008 30529020 · DOI · Paper page
  131. Robles‐Vera, I., Toral, M., de la Visitación, N., Sánchez, M., Gómez‐Guzmán, M., Romero, M., Yang, T., Izquierdo‐Garcia, J. L., Jiménez, R., Ruiz‐Cabello, J., Guerra‐Hernández, E., Raizada, M. K., Pérez‐Vizcaíno, F., & Duarte, J. (2020). Probiotics prevent dysbiosis and the rise in blood pressure in genetic hypertension: Role of short‐chain fatty acids. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 64, 1– 13. 10.1002/mnfr.201900616 31953983 · DOI
  132. Robles‐Vera, I., Toral, M., de la Visitación, N., Sánchez, M., Romero, M., Olivares, M., Jiménez, R., & Duarte, J. (2018). The probiotic lactobacillus fermentum prevents dysbiosis and vascular oxidative stress in rats with hypertension induced by chronic nitric oxide blockade. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 62, 1– 13. 10.1002/mnfr.201800298 30028078 · DOI
  133. Romero, R., Hassan, S. S., Gajer, P., Tarca, A. L., Fadrosh, D. W., Bieda, J., Chaemsaithong, P., Miranda, J., Chaiworapongsa, T., & Ravel, J. (2014). The vaginal microbiota of pregnant women who subsequently have spontaneous preterm labor and delivery and those with a normal delivery at term. Microbiome, 2, 1– 15. 10.1186/2049-2618-2-18 24987521 PMC4066267 · DOI
  134. Round, J. L., & Mazmanian, S. K. (2009). The gut microbiota shapes intestinal immune responses during health and disease. Nature Reviews Immunology, 9, 313– 323. 10.1038/nri2515 PMC4095778 19343057 · DOI · Paper page
  135. Ruan, W., Engevik, M. A., Spinler, J. K., & Versalovic, J. (2020). Healthy human gastrointestinal microbiome: Composition and function after a decade of exploration. Digestive Diseases and Sciences, 65, 695– 705. 10.1007/s10620-020-06118-4 32067143 · DOI
  136. Sáez‐Lara, M. J., Robles‐Sanchez, C., Ruiz‐Ojeda, F. J., Plaza‐Diaz, J., & Gil, A. (2016). Effects of probiotics and synbiotics on obesity, insulin resistance syndrome, type 2 diabetes and non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease: A review of human clinical trials. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 17, 1– 15. 10.3390/ijms17060928 PMC4926461 27304953 · DOI
  137. Santisteban, M. M., Qi, Y., Zubcevic, J., Kim, S., Yang, T., Shenoy, V., Cole‐Jeffrey, C. T., Lobaton, G. O., Stewart, D. C., Rubiano, A., Simmons, C. S., Garcia‐Pereira, F., Johnson, R. D., Pepine, C. J., & Raizada, M. K. (2017). Hypertension‐linked pathophysiological alterations in the gut. Circulation Research, 120, 312– 323. 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.309006 27799253 PMC5250568 · DOI · Paper page
  138. Sato, J., Kanazawa, A., Ikeda, F., Yoshihara, T., Goto, H., Abe, H., Komiya, K., Kawaguchi, M., Shimizu, T., Ogihara, T., Tamura, Y., Sakurai, Y., Yamamoto, R., Mita, T., Fujitani, Y., Fukuda, H., Nomoto, K., Takahashi, T., Asahara, T., … Watada, H. (2014). Gut dysbiosis and detection of “Live gut bacteria” in blood of Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 37, 2343– 2350. 10.2337/dc13-2817 24824547 · DOI
  139. Scarpellini, E., Ianiro, G., Attili, F., Bassanelli, C., De Santis, A., & Gasbarrini, A. (2015). The human gut microbiota and virome: Potential therapeutic implications. Digestive and Liver Disease, 47, 1007– 1012. 10.1016/j.dld.2015.07.008 26257129 PMC7185617 · DOI
  140. Schei, K., Avershina, E., Øien, T., Rudi, K., Follestad, T., Salamati, S., & Ødegård, R. A. (2017). Early gut mycobiota and mother‐offspring transfer. Microbiome, 5, 107. 10.1186/s40168-017-0319-x 28837002 PMC5571498 · DOI
  141. Seely, E. W., & Ecker, J. (2014). Chronic hypertension in pregnancy. Circulation, 129, 1254– 1261. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.003904 24637432 · DOI
  142. Sekimoto, A., Tanaka, K., Hashizume, Y., Sato, E., Sato, H., Ikeda, T., & Takahashi, N. (2020). Tadalafil alleviates preeclampsia and fetal growth restriction in RUPP model of preeclampsia in mice. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 521, 769– 774. 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.10.186 31703840 · DOI
  143. Shao, Y., Forster, S. C., Tsaliki, E., Vervier, K., Strang, A., Simpson, N., Kumar, N., Stares, M. D., Rodger, A., Brocklehurst, P., Field, N., & Lawley, T. D. (2019). Stunted microbiota and opportunistic pathogen colonization in caesarean‐section birth. Nature, 574, 117– 121. 10.1038/s41586-019-1560-1 31534227 PMC6894937 · DOI · Paper page
  144. Sharkey, L. C., McCune, S. A., Yuan, O., Lange, C., & Fray, J. (2001). Spontaneous pregnancy‐induced hypertension and intrauterine growth restriction in rats. American Journal of Hypertension, 14, 1058– 1066. 10.1016/S0895-7061(01)02161-6 11710786 · DOI
  145. Shi, Z., & Gewirtz, A. T. (2018). Together forever: Bacterial–viral interactions in infection and immunity. Viruses, 10, 1– 9. 10.3390/v10030122 PMC5869515 29534424 · DOI
  146. Singh, S. B., Madan, J., Coker, M., Hoen, A., Baker, E. R., Karagas, M. R., & Mueller, N. T. (2020). Does birth mode modify associations of maternal pre‐pregnancy BMI and gestational weight gain with the infant gut microbiome? International Journal of Obesity, 44, 23– 32. 10.1038/s41366-018-0273-0 30765892 PMC6694002 · DOI
  147. Slavin, J. (2013). Fiber and prebiotics: Mechanisms and health benefits. Nutrients, 5, 1417– 1435. 10.3390/nu5041417 23609775 PMC3705355 · DOI · Paper page
  148. Sohn, K., & Underwood, M. A. (2017). Prenatal and postnatal administration of prebiotics and probiotics. Seminars in Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, 22, 284– 289. 10.1016/j.siny.2017.07.002 28720399 PMC5618799 · DOI
  149. Souders, C. A., Maynard, S. E., Yan, J., Wang, Y., Boatright, N. K., Sedan, J., Balyozian, D., Cheslock, P. S., Molrine, D. C., & Moore Simas, T. A. (2015). Circulating levels of sFlt1 splice variants as predictive markers for the development of preeclampsia. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 16, 12436– 12453. 10.3390/ijms160612436 26042465 PMC4490453 · DOI
  150. Srugo, S. A., Bloise, E., Nguyen, T. T. N., & Connor, K. L. (2019). Impact of maternal malnutrition on gut barrier defense: Implications for pregnancy health and fetal development. Nutrients, 11(6), 1375. 10.3390/nu11061375 PMC6628366 31248104 · DOI
  151. Stevens, W., Shih, T., Incerti, D., Ton, T. G. N., Lee, H. C., Peneva, D., Macones, G. A., Sibai, B. M., & Jena, A. B. (2017). Short‐term costs of preeclampsia to the United States health care system. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 217, 237– 248.e16. 10.1016/j.ajog.2017.04.032 28708975 · DOI
  152. Sun, M., Wu, W., Chen, L., Yang, W., Huang, X., Ma, C., Chen, F., Xiao, Y., Zhao, Y., Ma, C., Yao, S., Carpio, V. H., Dann, S. M., Zhao, Q., Liu, Z., & Cong, Y. (2018). Microbiota‐derived short‐chain fatty acids promote Th1 cell IL‐10 production to maintain intestinal homeostasis. Nature Communications, 9(1), 3555. 10.1038/s41467-018-05901-2 PMC6120873 30177845 · DOI
  153. Swati, P., Thomas, B., Vahab, S. A., Kapaettu, S., & Kushtagi, P. (2012). Simultaneous detection of periodontal pathogens in subgingival plaque and placenta of women with hypertension in pregnancy. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 285, 613– 619. 10.1007/s00404-011-2012-9 21830010 · DOI
  154. Tang, W. H. W., Kitai, T., & Hazen, S. L. (2017). Gut microbiota in cardiovascular health and disease. Circulation Research, 120, 1183– 1196. 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.117.309715 28360349 PMC5390330 · DOI · Paper page
  155. Terstappen, F., Spradley, F. T., Bakrania, B. A., Clarke, S. M., Joles, J. A., Paauw, N. D., Garrett, M. R., Lely, A. T., & Sasser, J. M. (2019). Prenatal sildenafil therapy improves cardiovascular function in fetal growth restricted offspring of dahl salt‐sensitive rats. Hypertension, 73, 1120– 1127. 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.118.12454 30827146 PMC6458081 · DOI
  156. Theis, K. R., Romero, R., Greenberg, J. M., Winters, A. D., Garcia‐Flores, V., Motomura, K., Ahmad, M. M., Galaz, J., Arenas‐Hernandez, M., & Gomez‐Lopez, N. (2020). No consistent evidence for microbiota in murine placental and fetal tissues. mSphere, 5(1), 1– 18. 10.1128/mSphere.00933-19 PMC7045391 32102944 · DOI
  157. Toral, M., Robles‐Vera, I., de la Visitación, N., Romero, M., Sánchez, M., Gómez‐Guzmán, M., Rodriguez‐Nogales, A., Yang, T., Jiménez, R., Algieri, F., Gálvez, J., Raizada, M. K., & Duarte, J. (2019). Role of the immune system in vascular function and blood pressure control induced by faecal microbiota transplantation in rats. Acta Physiologica, 227, 1– 17. 10.1111/apha.13285 31004464 · DOI
  158. Torres, J., Hu, J., Seki, A., Eisele, C., Nair, N., Huang, R., Tarassishin, L., Jharap, B., Cote‐Daigneault, J., Mao, Q., Mogno, I., Britton, G. J., Uzzan, M., Chen, C. L., Kornbluth, A., George, J., Legnani, P., Maser, E., Loudon, H., … Peter, I. (2020). Infants born to mothers with IBD present with altered gut microbiome that transfers abnormalities of the adaptive immune system to germ‐free mice. Gut, 69, 42– 51. 10.1136/gutjnl-2018-317855 31036757 · DOI · Paper page
  159. Travis, O. K., White, D., Baik, C., Giachelli, C., Thompson, W., Stubbs, C., Greer, M., Lemon, J. P., Williams, J. M., & Cornelius, D. C. (2020). Interleukin‐17 signaling mediates cytolytic natural killer cell activation in response to placental ischemia. American Journal of Physiology‐Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 318, R1036– R1046. 10.1152/ajpregu.00285.2019 PMC7311683 32320265 · DOI
  160. Turbeville, H. R., & Sasser, J. M. (2020). Preeclampsia beyond pregnancy: Long‐term consequences for mother and child. American Journal of Physiology‐Renal Physiology, 318, F1315– F1326. 10.1152/ajprenal.00071.2020 32249616 PMC7311709 · DOI
  161. Turroni, F., Milani, C., Duranti, S., Lugli, G. A., Bernasconi, S., Margolles, A., Di Pierro, F., Van Sinderen, D., & Ventura, M. (2020). The infant gut microbiome as a microbial organ influencing host well‐being. Italian Journal of Pediatrics, 46, 1– 13. 10.1186/s13052-020-0781-0 32024556 PMC7003403 · DOI
  162. Umapathy, A., Chamley, L. W., & James, J. L. (2020). Reconciling the distinct roles of angiogenic/anti‐angiogenic factors in the placenta and maternal circulation of normal and pathological pregnancies. Angiogenesis, 23, 105– 117. 10.1007/s10456-019-09694-w 31707538 · DOI
  163. Van Nimwegen, F. A., Penders, J., Stobberingh, E. E., Postma, D. S., Koppelman, G. H., Kerkhof, M., Reijmerink, N. E., Dompeling, E., Van Den Brandt, P. A., Ferreira, I., Mommers, M., & Thijs, C. (2011). Mode and place of delivery, gastrointestinal microbiota, and their influence on asthma and atopy. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 128, 948– 955.e3. 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.07.027 21872915 · DOI · Paper page
  164. Verlohren, S., Herraiz, I., Lapaire, O., Schlembach, D., Moertl, M., Zeisler, H., Calda, P., Holzgreve, W., Galindo, A., Engels, T., Denk, B., & Stepan, H. (2012). The sFlt‐1/PlGF ratio in different types of hypertensive pregnancy disorders and its prognostic potential in preeclamptic patients. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 206(58), e1– 58.e8. 10.1016/j.ajog.2011.07.037 22000672 · DOI
  165. Verstraelen, H., Vilchez‐Vargas, R., Desimpel, F., Jauregui, R., Vankeirsbilck, N., Weyers, S., Verhelst, R., De, S. P., Pieper, D. H., De Wiele, T., & Van De Wiele, T.. (2016). Characterisation of the human uterine microbiome in non‐pregnant women through deep sequencing of the V1–2 region of the 16S rRNA gene. PeerJ, 4, 1– 23. 10.7717/peerj.1602 PMC4730988 26823997 · DOI
  166. Vuillermin, P. J., Macia, L., Nanan, R., Tang, M. L. K., Collier, F., & Brix, S. (2017). The maternal microbiome during pregnancy and allergic disease in the offspring. Seminars in Immunopathology, 39, 669– 675. 10.1007/s00281-017-0652-y 29038841 PMC5711986 · DOI
  167. Walker, R. W., Clemente, J. C., Peter, I., & Loos, R. J. F. (2017). The prenatal gut microbiome: Are We colonized with bacteria in utero ? Pediatric Obesity, 12, 3– 17. 10.1111/ijpo.12217 28447406 PMC5583026 · DOI
  168. Wang, J., Gu, X., Yang, J., Wei, Y., & Zhao, Y. (2019). Gut microbiota dysbiosis and increased plasma LPS and TMAO levels in patients with preeclampsia. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 9, 1– 11. 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00409 31850241 PMC6901393 · DOI
  169. Wang, J., Shi, Z., Yang, J., Wei, Y., Wang, X., & Zhao, Y. (2020). Gut microbiota dysbiosis in preeclampsia patients in the second and third trimesters. Chinese Medical Journal, 133, 1057– 1065. 10.1097/cm9.0000000000000734 32265423 PMC7213634 · DOI
  170. Wang, L., Zhu, Q., Lu, A., Liu, X., Zhang, L., Xu, C., Liu, X., Li, H., & Yang, T. (2017). Sodium butyrate suppresses angiotensin II‐induced hypertension by inhibition of renal (pro)renin receptor and intrarenal renin‐Angiotensin system. Journal of Hypertension, 35, 1899– 1908. 10.1097/HJH.0000000000001378 28509726 PMC11157961 · DOI
  171. Whelan, K., Judd, P. A., Preedy, V. R., Simmering, R., Jann, A., & Taylor, M. A. (2005). Fructooligosaccharides and fiber partially prevent the alterations in fecal microbiota and short‐chain fatty acid concentrations caused by standard enteral formula in healthy humans. Journal of Nutrition, 135, 1896– 1902. 10.1093/jn/135.8.1896 16046714 · DOI · Paper page
  172. Widmer, M., Cuesta, C., Khan, K. S., Conde‐Agudelo, A., Carroli, G., Fusey, S., Karumanchi, S. A., Lapaire, O., Lumbiganon, P., Sequeira, E., Zavaleta, N., Frusca, T., Gülmezoglu, A. M., & Lindheimer, M. D. (2015). Accuracy of angiogenic biomarkers at ⩽20weeks’ gestation in predicting the risk of pre‐eclampsia: A WHO multicentre study. Pregnancy Hypertension: an International Journal of Women's Cardiovascular Health, 5, 330– 338. 10.1016/j.preghy.2015.09.004 26597750 · DOI
  173. Wilck, N., Matus, M. G., Kearney, S. M., Olesen, S. W., Forslund, K., Bartolomaeus, H., Haase, S., Mahler, A., Balogh, A., Marko, L., Vvedenskaya, O., Kleiner, F. H., Tsvetkov, D., Klug, L., Costea, P. I., Sunagawa, S., Maier, L., Rakova, N., Schatz, V., … Muller, D. N. (2017). Salt‐responsive gut commensal modulates TH17 axis and disease. Nature, 551, 585– 589. 10.1038/nature24628 29143823 PMC6070150 · DOI · Paper page
  174. Xue, P., Zheng, M., Gong, P., Lin, C., Zhou, J., Li, Y., Shen, L., Diao, Z., Yan, G., Sun, H., & Hu, Y. (2015). Single administration of ultra‐low‐dose lipopolysaccharide in rat early pregnancy induces TLR4 activation in the placenta contributing to preeclampsia. PLoS One, 10, 1– 16. 10.1371/journal.pone.0124001 PMC4390151 25853857 · DOI
  175. Xue, Y., Wang, H., Du, M., & Zhu, M. J. (2014). Maternal obesity induces gut inflammation and impairs gut epithelial barrier function in nonobese diabetic mice. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 25, 758– 764. 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.03.009 PMC4050341 24775094 · DOI
  176. Yan, Q., Gu, Y., Li, X., Yang, W., Jia, L., Chen, C., Han, X., Huang, Y., Zhao, L., Li, P., Fang, Z., Zhou, J., Guan, X., Ding, Y., Wang, S., Khan, M., Xin, Y., Li, S., & Ma, Y. (2017). Alterations of the gut microbiome in hypertension. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 7, 1– 9. 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00381 28884091 PMC5573791 · DOI
  177. Yang, T., Aquino, V., Lobaton, G. O., Li, H., Colon‐Perez, L., Goel, R., Qi, Y., Zubcevic, J., Febo, M., Richards, E. M., Pepine, C. J., & Raizada, M. K. (2019). Sustained captopril‐induced reduction in blood pressure is associated with alterations in gut‐brain axis in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Journal of the American Heart Association, 8(4), e010721. 10.1161/jaha.118.010721 30755073 PMC6405665 · DOI
  178. Yao, Y., Cai, X., Chen, C., Fang, H., Zhao, Y., Fei, W., Chen, F., & Zheng, C. (2020). The role of microbiomes in pregnant women and offspring: Research progress of recent years. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 11, 1– 10. 10.3389/fphar.2020.00643 32457628 PMC7225329 · DOI
  179. Yatsunenko, T., Rey, F. E., Manary, M. J., Trehan, I., Dominguez‐Bello, M. G., Contreras, M., Magris, M., Hidalgo, G., Baldassano, R. N., Anokhin, A. P., Heath, A. C., Warner, B., Reeder, J., Kuczynski, J., Caporaso, J. G., Lozupone, C. A., Lauber, C., Clemente, J. C., Knights, D., … Gordon, J. I. (2012). Human gut microbiome viewed across age and geography. Nature, 486, 222– 227. 10.1038/nature11053 22699611 PMC3376388 · DOI · Paper page
  180. Zhao, D., Su, H., Cheng, J., Wang, X., Xie, M., Li, K., Wen, L., & Yang, H. (2015). Prenatal antibiotic use and risk of childhood wheeze/asthma: A meta‐analysis. Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, 26, 756– 764. 10.1111/pai.12436 26126682 · DOI
  181. Zhao, Y., Zheng, Y. F., Liu, X. X., Luo, Q. Q., Wu, D., Liu, X. P., & Zou, L. (2018). Inhibiting trophoblast PAR‐1 overexpression suppresses sFlt‐1‐ induced anti‐angiogenesis and abnormal vascular remodeling: A possible therapeutic approach for preeclampsia. Molecular Human Reproduction, 24, 158– 169. 10.1093/molehr/gax068 29325127 · DOI
  182. Zhou, C. C., Zhang, Y., Irani, R. A., Zhang, H., Mi, T., Popek, E. J., Hicks, M. J., Ramin, S. M., Kellems, R. E., & Xia, Y. (2008). Angiotensin receptor agonistic autoantibodies induce pre‐eclampsia in pregnant mice. Nature Medicine, 14, 855– 862. 10.1038/nm.1856 PMC3267158 18660815 · DOI

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Ishimwe, J. A.
Affiliations
University of Mississippi Medical Center (US)
Corresponding author
Ishimwe, Jeanne A.
ORCID
Ishimwe, Jeanne A.
Venue
Physiological Reports
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2021-05
Volume
9
Issue
10
Pages
e14875-e14875
ISSN
2051-817X (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.14814/phy2.14875
PMC
PMC8157769
OpenAlex
W3164286985
Cited by
45
References
21
Citations by year
2026: 6 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 2
FWCI
1.52
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Physiological Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
  • American Heart Association (20PRE35120561)
  • National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL134711)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Pregnancy and preeclampsia studies
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Birth, Development, and Health
Keywords
preeclampsia, maternal microbiome, gut microbiota, fetal programming, developmental programming, offspring health, adverse pregnancy outcomes, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, pathophysiology
MeSH terms
Animals, Female, Humans, Pre-Eclampsia, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Probiotics, Fetal Development, Prebiotics, Microbiota

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review