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Parent and Child Traits Associated with Overparenting
Abstract
Overparenting involves the application of developmentally inappropriate levels of parental directiveness, tangible assistance, problem-solving, monitoring, and involvement into the lives of children. Based on theories of family enmeshment, effective parenting, and personality development, this parenting behavior was hypothesized to be associated with negative traits in parents (i.e., anxiety and regret) as well as in young adult children (i.e., narcissism, poor coping styles, anxiety, and stress). Participants were 653 parent-adult child dyads from 32 of the 50 United States who completed measures of overparenting and maladaptive traits. A latent variables analysis showed that parental anxiety was positively associated with overparenting, and that parental regret had an indirect effect on overparenting through greater anxiety. In adult children, overparenting was associated with higher levels of narcissism and more ineffective coping skills (e.g., internalizing, distancing). These ineffective coping skills were associated with greater anxiety and stress in young adult children.
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“Emerging evidence suggests that overprotective and controlling parenting, often referred to as “helicopter parenting” may have negative implications on the child's mental health such as anxiety and depression.”
From A Systematic Review of “Helicopter Parenting” and Its Relationship With Anxiety and Depression (2022) · cites this paper as Segrin et al., 2013
In the citing paper
“No direct effect of helicopter parenting on anxiety levels”
From A Systematic Review of “Helicopter Parenting” and Its Relationship With Anxiety and Depression (2022) · cites this paper as Segrin et al. (2013)
In the citing paper
“No direct effect of helicopter parenting on anxiety levels”
From A Systematic Review of “Helicopter Parenting” and Its Relationship With Anxiety and Depression (2022) · cites this paper as Segrin et al. (2013)
In the citing paper
“However, in the remaining 5 studies there was no direct relationship between helicopter parenting and anxiety (Segrin et al., 2013; Schiffrin et al., 2014; Reed et al., 2016; Darlow et al., 2017; Wenze et al., 2019).”
From A Systematic Review of “Helicopter Parenting” and Its Relationship With Anxiety and Depression (2022) · cites this paper as Segrin et al., 2013
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“2015), as well as decreased perceptions of wellbeing and increased levels of psychological adversity (LeMoyne and Buchanan 2011), such as anxiety, stress (Segrin et al. 2013), depression, and lowered life satisfaction for the emerging adult child (Schiffrin et al.”
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BackgroundPetegem, S. V., Antonietti, J., Nunes, C. E., Kins, E., & Soenens, B. (2019) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-019-01126-8 · Cited by 164
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“Further research should investigate the role of additional intervening variables, such as coping skills (Segrin et al., 2013a, 2013b; Bradley-Geist and OlsonBuchanan, 2014).”
A Systematic Review of “Helicopter Parenting” and Its Relationship With Anxiety and Depression
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“In addition, rather than enhancing child outcomes, over-involved parenting has been associated with having adult-aged children with higher levels of narcissism (Segrin et al. 2013) and entitlement (Segrin et al.”
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BackgroundInfluentialDodman, N. H., Brown, D. C., & Serpell, J. A. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0192846 · Cited by 86
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“Several other studies also suggested that helicopter parenting was associated with lower self-regulatory abilities and selfworth but higher levels of risk behaviors and sense of entitlement among college students (e.g., Bradley-Geist and Olson-Buchanan, 2014; Nelson et al. 2015; Segrin et al. 2012; Segrin et al. 2013;…”
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BackgroundLeader development begins at home: Overparenting harms adolescent leader emergence.
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“This is associated with ineffective coping skills (Segrin et al., 2012, 2013).”
BackgroundXu, X., Dai, D. Y., Liu, M., & Deng, C. (2019) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjdp.12308 · Cited by 31
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“…(Segrin et al., 2012), less qualitative parent-adolescent communication (Segrin et al., 2012), more depressive symptoms (Schiffrin et al., 2014; Segrin, Givertz, & Montgomery, 2013), a lower internal locus of control (Kwon, Yoo, & Bingham, 2016), less school engagement (Padilla-Walker &…”
Overparenting and Homework: The Student's Task, But Everyone's Responsibility
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“In this research, overparenting has been defined as high levels of parental monitoring, advice and communication with their university-aged child about their coursework (e.g., Segrin, Woszidlo, Givertz, Bauer, & Taylor Murphy, 2012; Segrin, Woszidlo, Givertz, & Montgomery, 2013).”
BackgroundHelicopter parenting and female university students’ anxiety: does parents’ gender matter?
Love, H., Cui, M., Allen, J. W., Fincham, F. D., & May, R. W. (2019) · Families Relationships and Societies · doi:10.1332/204674319x15653625640669 · Cited by 32
Parent– Emerging‐Adult‐Child Attachment and Overparenting
Jiao, J., & Segrin, C. G. (2020) · Family Relations · doi:10.1111/fare.12473 · Cited by 32
Self-citationDeacon, S. H., Rodriguez, L. M., Elgendi, M. M., King, F. E., Nogueira‐Arjona, R., Sherry, S., & Stewart, S. H. (2021) · Couple and Family Psychology Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/cfp0000171 · Cited by 28
The Intensification of Parenting in Germany: The Role of Socioeconomic Background and Family Form
Walper, S., & Kreyenfeld, M. R. (2022) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci11030134 · Cited by 26
Banica, I., Sandre, A., & Weinberg, A. (2019) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2018.12.013 · Cited by 33
The Relation of Helicopter Parenting to Maladaptive Perfectionism in Emerging Adults
Hayes, K. N., & Turner, L. A. (2021) · Journal of Family Issues · doi:10.1177/0192513x21993194 · Cited by 25
“If a parent is anxious about their child’s success and afraid to let the child fail, the parent may engage in helicopter parenting behaviors to reduce child mistakes (Nelson, 2010; Segrin et al., 2013).”
BackgroundEvaluating the Structure and Correlates of Helicopter Parenting in Mainland China
Zong, W., & Hawk, S. T. (2022) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-022-02370-6 · Cited by 29
“Consistent with previous suggestions that parental anxiety is a likely antecedent of HP (Segrin et al., 2013), all HP total and subscale scores except for advice/ affect management were positively correlated with parental anxiety (Study 2).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialStein, C. H., Osborn, L. A., & Greenberg, S. C. (2016) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-016-0366-0 · Cited by 29
Venard, G., Zimmermann, G., Antonietti, J., Nunes, C. E., & Petegem, S. V. (2024) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-024-02945-5 · Cited by 32
Overparenting is associated with perfectionism in parents of young adults.
Segrin, C. G., Burke, T. J., & Kauer, T. (2020) · Couple and Family Psychology Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/cfp0000143 · Cited by 29
Self-citationHall, E. D., Shebib, S. J., & Scharp, K. M. (2020) · Journal of Family Communication · doi:10.1080/15267431.2020.1859510 · Cited by 32
Jiao, J., & Segrin, C. G. (2023) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-022-02528-2 · Cited by 32
“Other mechanisms linking overparenting and child mental distress include ineffective coping (Segrin et al., 2013), low distress tolerance (Perez et al., 2020), maladaptive perfectionism (Hong and Doh, 2018), lack of self-control or self-regulation (Hong & Cui 2020; Moilanen & Manuel 2019), and…”
BackgroundSelf-citationKvalnes, Ø., & Sandseter, E. B. H. (2023) · Critical cultural studies of childhood · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-25552-6 · Cited by 22
Geographical Cues and Developmental Exposure
Schug, M. G. (2015) · Human Nature · doi:10.1007/s12110-015-9245-4 · Cited by 21
Exploring Overparenting within the Context of Youth Development Programs
Garst, B. A., & Gagnon, R. J. (2015) · Journal of Youth Development · doi:10.5195/jyd.2015.416 · Cited by 24
Garst, B. A., Gagnon, R. J., & Stone, G. A. (2019) · Leisure Sciences · doi:10.1080/01490400.2019.1646172 · Cited by 20
Peh, O. H., Rapisarda, A., & Lee, J. (2019) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2019.10.029 · Cited by 21
Jankowska, A. M., Włodarczyk, A., Campbell, C., & Shaw, S. R. (2015) · Health Psychology Report · doi:10.5114/hpr.2015.51903 · Cited by 20
“Furthermore, parental anxiety might be augmented by strong feelings of regret, and both can manifest in over-protectiveness (Segrin et al., 2013).”
BackgroundIt’s OK to Fail: Individual and Dyadic Regulatory Antecedents of Mastery Motivation in Preschool
Lunkenheimer, E. S., & Wang, J. (2017) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-016-0633-0 · Cited by 19
“These results on persistence in the face of failure may be important in light of the recent trend of overparenting (Segrin et al. 2013), defined as developmentally inappropriate levels of involvement and directiveness and lower levels of autonomy granting with children (Padilla-Walker and Nelson…”
BackgroundHelicopter Parenting and Adolescent Development: From the Perspective of Mental Health
Srivastav, D., & Mathur, M. N. L. (2020) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.93155 · Cited by 31
Sandseter, E. B. H., Sando, O. J., Lorås, H. W., Kleppe, R., Storli, L., BRUSSONI, M. J., Bundy, A. C., Schwebel, D. C., Ball, D. J., Haga, M., et al. (2023) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/45857 · Cited by 23
“In addition, there are indications that the lack of risky play and autonomy increases the likelihood of anxiety, both in childhood [21-24] and subsequently in adolescence and adulthood [18,25-29].”
BackgroundZimmermann, G., Antonietti, J., Mageau, G. A., Mouton, B., & Petegem, S. V. (2022) · Swiss Psychology Open · doi:10.5334/spo.31 · Cited by 21
McCoy, S. S., Dimler, L. M., & Rodrigues, L. (2024) · Journal of Adult Development · doi:10.1007/s10804-024-09496-5 · Cited by 33
“Thus, even though helicopter parenting is distinct from other forms of parental control (Padilla-Walker et al., 2021) and may come from a place of parental care (Segrin et al., 2013), this type of overinvolved parenting was consistently correlated with poorer functioning, as measured in this study.”
Carone, N., Benzi, I. M. A., Muzi, L., Parolin, L. A. L., & Fontana, A. (2023) · Research in Psychotherapy Psychopathology Process and Outcome · doi:10.4081/ripppo.2023.693 · Cited by 17
Richardson, E. W., Simons, L. G., & Futris, T. G. (2016) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-016-0592-5 · Cited by 17
Sadoughi, M. (2024) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104579 · Cited by 25
Examining Overparenting and Child Gender in Adolescence
Gagnon, R. J., & Garst, B. A. (2019) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-019-01467-9 · Cited by 15
Understanding and Treating Narcissism With EMDR Therapy
Mosquera, D., & Knipe, J. (2015) · Journal of EMDR Practice and Research · doi:10.1891/1933-3196.9.1.46 · Cited by 15
Hierarchical Factor Analysis and Factorial Invariance of the Chinese Overparenting Scale
Leung, J. T. Y., & Shek, D. T. L. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01873 · Cited by 15
Cui, M., Janhonen‐Abruquah, H., & Darling, C. A. (2021) · Journal of Comparative Family Studies · doi:10.3138/jcfs.52.4.06 · Cited by 14
“The American culture promotes verbal communication and highly values the role of communication in developing positive interpersonal relationships (McCroskey and Richmond, 1990) and positive well-being (Segrin et al., 2013).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Segrin, C., Woszidlo, A., Givertz, M., & Montgomery, N.
- Affiliations
- University of Arizona (US)
- University of Kansas (US)
- California State University, Chico (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology
- Publisher
- Guilford Publications
- Published
- 2013-06
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 569-595
- ISSN
- 0736-7236 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2142556532
- Semantic Scholar
- f48977ebac7f5bc0752b0a8bae8ebcd495edfe7b
- Cited by
- 265
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 13.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Demography › Family Dynamics and Relationships
- Keywords
- overparenting, parental anxiety, parental regret, narcissism, coping styles, family enmeshment, effective parenting, young adult children, stress, distancing coping
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