Choice Coding in Frontal Cortex during Stimulus-Guided or Action-Guided Decision-Making
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To optimally obtain desirable outcomes, organisms must track outcomes predicted by stimuli in the environment (stimulus–outcome or SO associations) and outcomes predicted by their own actions (action–outcome or AO associations). Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) are implicated in tracking outcomes, but anatomical and functional studies suggest a dissociation, with ACC and OFC responsible for encoding AO and SO associations, respectively. To examine whether this dissociation held at the single neuron level, we trained two subjects to perform choice tasks that required using AO or SO associations. OFC and ACC neurons encoded the action that the subject used to indicate its choice, but this encoding was stronger in OFC during the SO task and stronger in ACC during the AO task. These results are consistent with a division of labor between the two areas in terms of using rewards associated with either stimuli or actions to guide decision-making.
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OFC encodes outcome-related information during Pavlovian (cue-outcome) learning rather than during instrumental (action-outcome) learning, while ACC shows the opposite contribution.
“In line with this, comparative studies of ACC and OFC highlight their dissociative roles in encoding outcome value; the OFC encodes outcome-related information during Pavlovian (cue-outcome) learning rather than during the instrumental (action-outcome) learning, while the opposite contribution is found in the ACC47,48.”
From Dissociable roles of prefrontal plasticity in decision-making strategy and execution of habitual behavior (2026) · cites this paper as [48]
The Results report a small proportion of OFC neurons encoding stimulus–outcome associations and ACC neurons encoding action–outcome associations, consistent with the claimed direction. But they found no difference between areas in the prevalence or strength of outcome encoding across tasks. The Discussion also says the stimulus–outcome task could not be performed through Pavlovian approach responses, so calling this a finding about Pavlovian learning overstates the study. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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- Authors
- Luk, C.-H., & Wallis, J. D.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2013-01-30
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1864-1871
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC3711610
- OpenAlex
- W2086244298
- Cited by
- 96
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 7
- FWCI
- 7.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA019028, F31DA026352)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (P01NS040813)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Keywords
- anterior cingulate cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, action-outcome associations, stimulus-outcome associations, decision-making, single-unit recording, reward prediction, functional specialization, frontal cortex
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Behavior, Animal, Choice Behavior, Cues, Decision Making, Frontal Lobe, Macaca mulatta, Male, Movement, Neurons, Reaction Time
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