Double Dissociation of Stimulus-Value and Action-Value Learning in Humans with Orbitofrontal or Anterior Cingulate Cortex Damage
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Adaptive decision making involves selecting the most valuable option, typically by taking an action. Such choices require value comparisons, but there is debate about whether these comparisons occur at the level of stimuli (goods-based) value, action-based value, or both. One view is that value processes occur in series, with stimulus value informing action value. However, lesion work in nonhuman primates suggests that these two kinds of choice are dissociable. Here, we examined action-value and stimulus-value learning in humans with focal frontal lobe damage. Orbitofrontal damage disrupted the ability to sustain the correct choice of stimulus, but not of action, after positive feedback, while damage centered on dorsal anterior cingulate cortex led to the opposite deficit. These findings argue that there are distinct, domain-specific mechanisms by which outcome value is applied to guide subsequent decisions, depending on whether the choice is between stimuli or between actions.
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OFC encodes outcome-related information during Pavlovian (cue-outcome) learning rather than during instrumental (action-outcome) learning, while ACC shows the opposite contribution.
“In line with this, comparative studies of ACC and OFC highlight their dissociative roles in encoding outcome value; the OFC encodes outcome-related information during Pavlovian (cue-outcome) learning rather than during the instrumental (action-outcome) learning, while the opposite contribution is found in the ACC47,48.”
From Dissociable roles of prefrontal plasticity in decision-making strategy and execution of habitual behavior (2026) · cites this paper as [47]
The Discussion (page not available) reports a double dissociation: OFC damage impaired value-based choices between stimuli but not actions, while dACC damage showed the opposite pattern. The Materials and Methods describe choices followed by reward feedback, not a separate Pavlovian cue–outcome task; the lesion results also do not directly measure neural encoding. Thus the regional dissociation is supported, but the claim's Pavlovian-versus-instrumental framing is not established by this study. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredHuman lesion data has led to the suggestion that orbital prefrontal cortex implements encoding of stimulus value with dorsal cingulate cortex implementing encoding of action value.
“We note also that human lesion data has led to the suggestion that orbital prefrontal cortex implements encoding of stimulus value with dorsal cingulate cortex implementing encoding of action value (Camille et al., 2011).”
From Goals and Habits in the Brain (2013) · cites this paper as Camille et al., 2011
The anterior cingulate cortex appears to be involved in learning actions to obtain rewards (action-outcome learning), where the outcome refers to the reward or punisher for which an action is being learned.
“However, the anterior cingulate cortex appears to be involved in learning actions to obtain rewards (action–outcome learning), where the outcome refers to the reward or punisher for which an action is being learned (Rudebeck et al., 2008; Camille et al., 2011; Rushworth et al., 2011, 2012; Rolls, 2019b,c).”
From The orbitofrontal cortex: reward, emotion and depression (2020) · cites this paper as Camille et al., 2011
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- Authors
- Camille, N., Tsuchida, A., & Fellows, L. K.
- Affiliations
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Fellows, Lesley K.
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2011-10-19
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 42
- Pages
- 15048-15052
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC6623552
- OpenAlex
- W2102726432
- Cited by
- 195
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 8.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research (97821_1, MOP-77583)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- orbitofrontal cortex, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, frontal lobe lesions, adaptive decision-making, value-based choice, positive feedback, outcome value
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Analysis of Variance, Brain Injuries, Brain Mapping, Choice Behavior, Female, Frontal Lobe, Gyrus Cinguli, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Reward, Case-Control Studies, Problem-Based Learning
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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