Going and stopping: dichotomies in behavioral control by the prefrontal cortex
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The rodent dorsal medial prefrontal cortex (PFC), specifically the prelimbic cortex (PL), regulates the expression of conditioned fear and behaviors interpreted as reward-seeking. Meanwhile, the ventral medial PFC, namely the infralimbic cortex (IL), is essential to extinction conditioning in both appetitive and aversive domains. Here we review evidence that supports, or refutes, this "PL-go/IL-stop" dichotomy. We focus on the extinction of conditioned fear and the extinction and reinstatement of cocaine- or heroin-reinforced responding. We then synthesize evidence that the PL is essential for developing goal-directed response strategies, while the IL supports habit behavior. Finally, we propose that some functions of the orbital PFC parallel those of the medial PFC in the regulation of response selection. Integration of these discoveries may provide points of intervention for inhibiting untethered drug seeking in drug use disorders, failures in extinction in Post-traumatic Stress Disorder, or co-morbidities between the two.
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Other data suggest that, more generally, PL encodes for the learning of rules, while IL allows for rule reversal.
“However, there are other data to suggest that, more generally, PL encodes for the learning of rules, while IL allows for rule reversal [18].”
From Prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and threat processing: implications for PTSD (2022) · cites this paper as [18]
In Part 2, “The PL regulates reward-related decision making” (page unavailable), the review links PL to response–outcome learning and encoding reinforcement value. “The IL supports habit behavior” (page unavailable) describes IL involvement in switching between old and new habits. These findings are related to behavioral flexibility, but the copy does not establish the broader division that PL encodes rule learning while IL enables rule reversal. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe mPFC of the rodent regulates a balance between goal-oriented and habitual behaviors.
“The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of the rodent regulates a balance between goal-oriented and habitual behaviors [18, 19].”
From Prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and threat processing: implications for PTSD (2022) · cites this paper as [18]
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- Authors
- Gourley, S. L., & Taylor, J. R.
- Affiliations
- Emory University (US)
- Yale University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gourley, Shannon L
- Venue
- Nature Neuroscience
- Published
- 2016-04-26
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 656-664
- ISSN
- 1097-6256 (ISSN-L)
- 1546-1726
- PMC
- PMC5087107
- OpenAlex
- W2345112163
- Cited by
- 195
- References
- 152
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 11
- FWCI
- 17.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Pittsburgh
- National Institutes of Health (P51OD011132)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH101477)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R03DA036737, R21DA034808, P20DA027844, R01DA011717)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- prefrontal cortex, dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, prelimbic cortex, infralimbic cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, fear extinction, reward seeking, cocaine reinstatement, drug-seeking behavior, goal-directed behavior, response selection, post-traumatic stress disorder, drug use disorders
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