Neurons in the frontal lobe encode the value of multiple decision variables
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A central question in behavioral science is how we select among choice alternatives to obtain consistently the most beneficial outcomes. Three variables are particularly important when making a decision: the potential payoff, the probability of success, and the cost in terms of time and effort. A key brain region in decision making is the frontal cortex as damage here impairs the ability to make optimal choices across a range of decision types. We simultaneously recorded the activity of multiple single neurons in the frontal cortex while subjects made choices involving the three aforementioned decision variables. This enabled us to contrast the relative contribution of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), the orbito-frontal cortex, and the lateral prefrontal cortex to the decision-making process. Neurons in all three areas encoded value relating to choices involving probability, payoff, or cost manipulations. However, the most significant signals were in the ACC, where neurons encoded multiplexed representations of the three different decision variables. This supports the notion that the ACC is an important component of the neural circuitry underlying optimal decision making.
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PFo neurons can represent value independent of stimulus identity.
“Although PFo has long been thought to represent positive and negative valuations, it has only recently been appreciated that PFo neurons can represent value independent of stimulus identity (86–89).”
From Localization of Dysfunction in Major Depressive Disorder: Prefrontal Cortex and Amygdala (2011) · cites this paper as [89]
Neurons in monkey MFa signal the value of expected rewards.
“neurophysiological studies in awake, behaving monkeys have revealed that neurons in MFa signal the value of expected rewards (89).”
From Localization of Dysfunction in Major Depressive Disorder: Prefrontal Cortex and Amygdala (2011) · cites this paper as [89]
dACC/dmPFC neurons signal the net value of rewards associated with effort.
“In addition, single-unit studies have shown that dACC/dmPFC neurons signal the net value of rewards associated with effort, and the necessity of this region in cost–benefit valuation has been demonstrated by lesion studies that report that inactivation of medial prefrontal cortex impairs an animal’s ability to overcome effort costs [15, 16, 25, 48, 55].”
From Neurocomputational mechanisms underlying subjective valuation of effort costs (2017) · cites this paper as [55]
Inactivation of medial prefrontal cortex impairs an animal's ability to overcome effort costs.
“In addition, single-unit studies have shown that dACC/dmPFC neurons signal the net value of rewards associated with effort, and the necessity of this region in cost–benefit valuation has been demonstrated by lesion studies that report that inactivation of medial prefrontal cortex impairs an animal’s ability to overcome effort costs [15, 16, 25, 48, 55].”
From Neurocomputational mechanisms underlying subjective valuation of effort costs (2017) · cites this paper as [55]
Neurons sensitive to reward information have been identified in the dlPFC.
“Neurons sensitive to reward information have been identified in the dlPFC [55, 57–59], and the activity of lateral prefrontal areas in humans correlates with predicted SVs that guide decision making [60].”
From Neurocomputational mechanisms underlying subjective valuation of effort costs (2017) · cites this paper as [55]
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Self-citationLocalization of Dysfunction in Major Depressive Disorder: Prefrontal Cortex and Amygdala
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Self-citationThe influence of predicted arm biomechanics on decision making
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Self-citationDecision Making: From Neuroscience to Psychiatry
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The lateral prefrontal cortex and complex value-based learning and decision making
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Reconciling persistent and dynamic hypotheses of working memory coding in prefrontal cortex
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Attention for Learning Signals in Anterior Cingulate Cortex
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Distinct Roles of Three Frontal Cortical Areas in Reward-Guided Behavior
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Values encoded in orbitofrontal cortex are causally related to economic choices
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“Importantly, orbito-frontal and medial prefrontal-anterior cingulate neurons are sensitive to the motivational value of cues [100–104] and actions associated with goal pursuit [105,106].”
BackgroundA neural network for information seeking
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Neural Basis of Motivational and Cognitive Control
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- Authors
- Kennerley, S. W., Dahmubed, A. F., Lara, A. H., & Wallis, J. D.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- ORCID
- Kennerley, Steven W.
- Venue
- Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
- Publisher
- MIT Press - Journals
- Published
- 2009-06-01
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1162-1178
- ISSN
- 0898-929X (ISSN-L)
- 1530-8898
- PMC
- PMC2715848
- OpenAlex
- W2048142524
- Cited by
- 453
- References
- 106
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 22
- FWCI
- 16.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5f32mh081521-02)
- National Institute of Mental Health (F32MH-081521)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01-DA19028, R01DA019028)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (P01NS040813)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- decision-making, frontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, lateral prefrontal cortex, single-unit recording, payoffs, success probability, cost, value encoding, optimal choice
- MeSH terms
- Action Potentials, Analysis of Variance, Animals, Brain Mapping, Decision Making, Eye Movements, Frontal Lobe, Functional Laterality, Macaca mulatta, Male, Neural Pathways, Neurons, Neuropsychological Tests, Photic Stimulation, Probability, Reaction Time, Reward, Time Factors
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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