The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT): validation of a screening instrument for use in medical settings
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The concurrent, construct, and discriminant validity of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) were evaluated. AUDIT consists of a 10-item Core questionnaire and an 8-item Clinical procedure. AUDIT was designed to identify hazardous drinkers (whose drinking increases their risk of alcohol-related problems, though alcohol-associated harm has not yet occurred); harmful drinkers (who have had recent physical or mental harm from their drinking, but who are not alcohol-dependent); and people with alcohol dependence. METHOD: Known alcoholics (n = 65) and general medical patients (n = 187) completed self-report questionnaires and underwent a diagnostic interview, physical examination and laboratory testing. RESULTS: AUDIT scores correlated significantly with scores on the MAST and MacAndrew alcoholism screening tests, and with ALAT, ASAT, GGT and MCV levels, which reflect recent heavy drinking. AUDIT scores were correlated with measures of alcoholism vulnerability (e.g., familial alcoholism and sociopathy), and with somatic and affective consequences of drinking. Receiver operating characteristic and discriminant function analyses indicated that the AUDIT Core and Clinical Instruments were sensitive and specific in discriminating alcoholics from medical patients, most of whom were nonalcoholics. The AUDIT Core was superior to the MAST and the AUDIT Clinical in discriminating hazardous drinkers from nonhazardous drinkers. It was also superior to the AUDIT Clinical in discriminating harmful from nonharmful drinkers. CONCLUSIONS: The AUDIT Core Instrument is useful for early detection of hazardous or harmful drinking, while the AUDIT Clinical Instrument is better applied to identification and/or confirmation of cases of alcohol dependence.
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In the AUDIT, a high score in the first three items and a low score in the other items indicate serious harmful drinking; a high score in items 4, 5, and 6 denotes a significant degree of alcohol dependence; and a high score in the last four items demonstrates hazardous drinking.
“A high score in the first three items and a low score in the other items indicate serious harmful drinking, while a high score in items 4, 5, and 6 denotes a significant degree of alcohol dependence, and a high score in the last four items demonstrate hazardous drinking (40).”
The AUDIT has a cutoff score of ≥8 indicating the presence of alcohol use disorder.
“It has a cutoff score of ≥8 indicating the presence of alcohol use disorder.”
The AUDIT consists of 10 items and three domains: three items for amount and frequency of alcohol consumption, three for alcohol dependence, and four for problems caused by alcohol.
“The tool consists of 10 items and three domains, in which three items are designated to the amount and frequency of the alcohol consumption domain, three items are assigned to alcohol dependence domain, and another four items are allocated to various problems caused by the alcohol domain.”
The Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT) is a self-administered tool used to assess the severity of alcohol use disorder among alcohol users.
“This self-administered tool is used to assess the severity of alcohol use disorder among alcohol users.”
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- Authors
- Bohn, M. J., Babor, T. F., & Kranzler, H. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Studies on Alcohol
- Publisher
- Alcohol Research Documentation, Inc.
- Published
- 1995-07
- Volume
- 56
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 423-432
- ISSN
- 0096-882X (ISSN-L)
- 1934-2683
- OpenAlex
- W2103318471
- Cited by
- 1,356
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 44 · 2025: 86 · 2024: 75 · 2023: 79 · 2022: 93 · 2021: 91 · 2020: 73 · 2019: 76 · 2018: 75 · 2017: 76 · 2016: 47 · 2015: 41 · 2014: 42 · 2013: 46 · 2012: 47
- FWCI
- 7.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Studies on Alcohol (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5p50aa003510-27, 5r29aa009948-02)
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (T32AA07290, R29-AA09948, T32AA007290, P50- AA03510)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Alcohol Consumption and Health Effects
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, auditing, alcohol screening, alcoholism, hazardous drinking, screening tool validation, medical patients, alcohol-related harm
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Alcohol Drinking, Alcoholism, Family Practice, Female, Humans, Liver Function Tests, Male, Mass Screening, Middle Aged, Patient Care Team, Personality Inventory, Psychometrics, Risk Factors, ROC Curve, Reproducibility of Results
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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